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2010 Asian Games

The 2010 Asian Games, also known as the XVI Asiad, was a multi-sport event in Guangzhou, China that began on 12 November and finished on 27 November 2010. Guangzhou was the second Chinese city to host the Games, after Beijing in 1990. A total of 476 events in 42 sports was contested by athletes, making it the largest event in the history of the Games. It was also the last iteration of the Games to have featured such big events, as the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) have enforced new hosting rules for future games, beginning with the 2014 Games.

Guangzhou was awarded the right to host the Games on July 1, 2004, as the sole bidding city. This came after the withdrawal of several cities, Amman, Kuala Lumpur and Seoul. The games were co-hosted by Dongguan, Foshan and Shanwei, the three neighbouring cities.

The opening and closing ceremonies were held along the Pearl River in Haixinsha Island, and was the first time in history that the opening ceremony for a major sports event was not held inside a stadium. The final medal tally was led by traditional powerhouse China, followed by South Korea and third place Japan. China set a new Games record with 199 gold medals.[1] Some three World and 103 Asian records were broken.[2] In addition, the Badminton men's singles gold medalist Lin Dan was voted as Most Valuable Player (MVP).[3] The President of Olympic Council of Asia Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah hailed the Games as "outstanding" and "one of the best ever".[4]

Organisation

Bid

On July 1, 2004, Guangzhou was awarded the right to host the Games; the decision was announced in Doha, Qatar.[5] This decision came after several other cities withdrew due to separate reasons. Seoul withdrew after considering the short span of time between 2002 and 2010, because South Korea hosted the 2002 Games eight years before in Busan.[6] Kuala Lumpur was forced to withdraw its bid after it was boycotted by the cabinet due to the high cost of hosting the Games, leaving Guangzhou as the sole bidder.[7][8]

Marketing

The 2010 Asian Games' official emblem was unveiled at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall on November 26, 2006. It is a stylized representation of Guangzhou's famous Statue of the Five Goats (五羊雕像) fused with a running track. The goat, in Chinese tradition, is a blessing and brings people luck while the host city Guangzhou is known as the "City of Goats".[9] The orange and yellow emblem also resembles a flame.

Five sporty rams were the mascots of the Games. They were unveiled on April 28, 2008 at the Guangzhou Baiyun International Convention and Exhibition Center.[10][11] The five rams, including four small rams with one large ram, are named A Xiang (祥), A He (和), A Ru (如), A Yi (意) and Le Yangyang (樂洋洋). The Chinese character "yang," or "goat," is an auspicious symbol because, when read together, the Chinese names of the five rams are a message of blessing, literally meaning "harmony, blessings, success and happiness" (祥和如意樂洋洋).[12]

The official theme song was released on September 30, 2010, and is called "Reunion" (in Chinese, "Chongfeng" [重逢]), and was composed by Wu Liqun, with lyrics written by Xu Rongkai, while the English version was translated by Chen Ning Yang, a Chinese-American physicist, and his wife, Weng Fan. The song was also performed by Sun Nan and Bella Yao (姚贝娜).[13] Sun Nan then performed it again with Mao Amin for a music video.[14]

Costs

Several statements were made prior to the official statement about the cost. On March 11, 2005, Lin Shusen of the Guangzhou Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) said the Games "will not cost more than ￥2 billion",[15] in stark contrast to an earlier report, which had claimed that the cost could exceed ￥200 billion.[16]

In March 2009, the director of the marketing department of the Games, Fang Da’er, claimed that the Games were short of funds, due to lack of sponsorship and the global financial crisis.[17] An informal estimate put the Games' expenditure at about US$420 million and revenue at US$450 million.[18]

On October 13, 2010, Mayor of Guangzhou Wan Qingliang officially revealed in a press conference that the total cost of staging the Asian Games and Asian Para Games is about ￥122.6 billion (Unknown country code for year 2021: CNY billion), with ￥109 billion spent on infrastructure, ￥6.3 billion on the venues and some ￥7.3 billion spent on Games' operation.[19]

Venues

Guangdong Olympic Stadium
Main article: Venues of the 2010 Asian Games

There are 53 competition venues and 17 training venues available for the Games, with four venues held outside the Guangzhou. These include the Asian Games Town, which consists of the Athletes' Village, Technical Officials' Village, Media Village, Main Media Center and International Broadcast Center.[20] Organisers revealed that the total investment is over ￥15 billion.[21]

On April 19, 2009, organisers chose Haixinsha Island, along with the Pearl River, as the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies, the only venue which was not for competition purposes.[22]

Transport

MTR KTT with Games advertisment

To prepare for the Games, the public infrastructure has been upgraded significantly.[23] Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport had been upgraded, in contracted to Crisplant, to support massive volume of passengers.[24] A new Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway was opened on December 26, 2009, shorten the travel time between two destinations.[25]

In order to ease the traffic congestion and air pollution, the government had ordered to reduce 40 percent of vehicles,[26] and offered 1,000 buses during the Games and Para Games.[27] Government also had free-ride offer for public transportation during the month of Games,[28] but cancelled one week prior to the Games due to overwhelming response from the citizens.[29] Instead, government offered ￥150 (Unknown country code for year 2021: CNY ) cash subsidies to each household with permanent residence for commuting purposes.[30]

Torch relay

Torch relay route
Main article: 2010 Asian Games torch relay

Two torch designs were short-listed in September 2009 for the 2010 Asian Games. A design named The Tide was chosen over one named Exploit by the organisers as the torch of the Games. The Tide weighs 98g and is 70 cm long, and is tall and straight in shape, while dynamic in terms of image.[31]

The torch relay route was unveiled on March 4, 2010. For financial reasons,[32] the torch relay duration around Guangdong and two other cities off Guangdong are 30 days. The flame of the torch was lit in the Great Wall of China on October 9, 2010, and travelled around the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. 21 cities were present in the list of relay, with 2,010 torchbearers expected to carry it from October 12 to November 12, 2010;[33][34] however, two cities were added later to the route for a single day on October 15, 2010, the host of 2007 Asian Winter Games and 2012 Asian Beach Games, increasing the number of torchbearers to 2,068 people.[35]

The relay in Harbin was held in the main venue of the 1996 Asian Winter Games, the Harbin Ice Hockey Rink, while the relay on October 22, 2010 was affected by Typhoon Megi as it was held under the rain.[36] The relay from November 6–8 acted as a demonstration relay.

Calendar

In the following calendar for the 2010 Asian Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport were held.

 OC  Opening ceremony  ●   Event competitions  1  Gold medal events  CC  Closing ceremony
November 7th
Sun 		8th
Mon 		9th
Tue 		10th
Wed 		11th
Thu 		12th
Fri 		13th
Sat 		14th
Sun 		15th
Mon 		16th
Tue 		17th
Wed 		18th
Thu 		19th
Fri 		20th
Sat 		21st
Sun 		22nd
Mon 		23rd
Tue 		24th
Wed 		25th
Thu 		26th
Fri 		27th
Sat 		Events
Ceremonies OC CC —
Aquatics Artistic swimming 1 1 1 53
Diving 2 2 2 2 2
Swimming 6 6 7 7 6 6
Water polo  ●  ●  ●  ● 1  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 1
Archery  ●  ● 1 1 1 1 4
Athletics 6 6 8 4 11 10 2 47
Badminton  ●  ● 2  ●  ●  ● 1 2 2 7
Baseball  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 1 1
Basketball  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 1 1 2
Board games Chess  ●  ●  ● 2  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 2 9
Go  ●  ● 1  ●  ●  ● 2
Xiangqi  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 2
Bowling 1 1 1 1  ● 2  ● 4  ● 2 12
Boxing  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●   6 7 13
Canoeing Slalom ● 2 ● 2 16
Sprint ● ● 6 6
Cricket  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 1  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 1 2
Cue sports  ● 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 10
Cycling BMX 2 18
Mountain biking 2
Road cycling 2 1 1
Track cycling 1 3  ● 2 4
Dancesport 5 5 10
Dragon boat 2 2 2 6
Equestrian 1 ● 1 ● ● 2 1 1 6
Fencing 2 2 2 2 2 2 12
Football  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 1  ● 1 2
Golf  ●  ●  ● 4 4
Gymnastics Artistic 1 1 2 5 5 18
Rhythmic 1 1
Trampolining  ● 2
Handball  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 2 2
Field hockey  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 1 1 2
Judo 4 4 4 4 16
Kabaddi  ●  ●  ●  ● 2 2
Karate 5 4 4 13
Modern pentathlon 2 2 4
Roller sports 4 2  ● 3 9
Rowing  ●  ●  ● 7 7 14
Rugby sevens  ●  ● 2 2
Sailing  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 14 14
Sepak takraw  ●  ●  ●  ● 2  ●  ● 2  ●  ● 2 6
Shooting 6 4 8 4 6 4 4 4 2 2 44
Softball  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 1 1
Soft tennis  ● 2 1  ● 2  ● 2 7
Squash  ●  ●  ● 2  ●  ●  ● 2 4
Table tennis  ●  ●  ● 2  ●  ● 3 2 7
Taekwondo 4 4 4 4 16
Tennis  ●  ●  ● 2  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 3 2 7
Triathlon 1 1 2
Volleyball Beach volleyball  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 1 1 4
Indoor volleyball  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ● 1 1
Weightlifting 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 15
Wrestling 3 3 3 3 3 3 18
Wushu 2 2 2 2 7 15
Daily medal events 28 35 31 36 40 32 36 40 21 27 30 28 39 48 5 476
Cumulative Total 28 63 94 130 170 202 238 278 299 326 356 384 423 471 476
November 7th
Sun 		8th
Mon 		9th
Tue 		10th
Wed 		11th
Thu 		12th
Fri 		13th
Sat 		14th
Sun 		15th
Mon 		16th
Tue 		17th
Wed 		18th
Thu 		19th
Fri 		20th
Sat 		21st
Sun 		22nd
Mon 		23rd
Tue 		24th
Wed 		25th
Thu 		26th
Fri 		27th
Sat 		Total
events

Games

Firework displays at the Canton Tower

Opening ceremony

Main article: 2010 Asian Games opening ceremony

The opening ceremony officially began on November 12, 2010 at 20:00 local time. For the first time in history, the ceremony was not held inside a stadium; instead, it was held along the Pearl River on Haixinsha Island.[37] The ceremony was directed by Chen Weiya, assistant director of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, and featured a cast of about 6,000 performers.[38] It was attended by the Premier of the People's Republic of China, Wen Jiabao,[39] President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari,[40] Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva,[41], Chief Secretary for Administration of Hong Kong Henry Tang,[42] as well as President of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah and President of International Olympic Committee Jacques Rogge.[43] The ceremony lasted for three hours, and together with the closing ceremony cost about ￥380 million (Unknown country code for year 2021: CNY million).[44]

Athletes were paraded by boats along the Pearl River.[45] The ceremony featured the water-themed arts show and culture of Guangzhou. The last torchbearer, diver He Chong lit up the cauldron, after igniting the traditional Chinese firecrackers whose flare shot up to the top of the tower where the cauldron was held.[46]

The ceremony was regarded as successful by IOC President Jacques Rogge who described it as "absolutely fantastic",[47] and said Guangzhou has the ability to host the Olympics.[48] OCA director general Husain Al-Musallam praised the games saying that it was unique, fantastic and "just better than the Beijing Olympics".[49]

Sports

Compared to the 28 events in the Olympic Games, the 2010 Asian Games featured 42 sports throughout the 16 days of the competition, with added disciplines in some events. 28 and five gold medalists emerged during the opening day and final day respectively, while a total of 48 gold medalists were awarded on November 26, 2010, the most in single day.[50] Twenty20 cricket is one of the debut sports,[51] while dancesport, dragon boat, weiqi and roller sport is unique in the Games.[52] Bodybuilding was dropped due to judging controversy in the 2006 Games.[53]

Closing ceremony

The closing ceremony began on November 27, 2010 at 8:06pm local time in front of 35,000 spectators.[54] The show began with the theme "Leave Your Song Here", which included music and dance from China, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, Japan, Kazakhstan and Mongolia.[2] The singers included the only Indian singer invited by Asian Games authority 'Ravi k Tripathi' with Tanya, who sang "Saajan ji Ghar Aaye" and "Aao re Jhumo re",[55] Indonesian's "Sing Sing So" and Japanese "Sakura".[56] Various artists from Taiwan, Hong Kong and mainland China performed "Triumphant Return" (凯旋), among them are Alan Tam, Leo Ku and Hacken Lee.[56]

The ceremony also included an eight-minute segment from Incheon with singer and actor Rain performing the segment.[57] The Mayor of Incheon Song Young-gil received the Games flag for 2014 Games.[58]

The closing ceremony ended with the song "Everyone" (每一个人) and "Cheer for Asia" (为亚细亚喝彩).[59]

Medal table

Main article: 2010 Asian Games medal table

China led the medal table for the eighth consecutive time with a new record for the most number of gold medals (at 199 gold medals) won in a single Games. This bettered their previous record of 183 gold medals won by China at Beijing in 1990.[1] Macau,[60] and Bangladesh won their first Asian Games gold medal from wushu and cricket, respectively.[61] Some 35 NOCs (except Kuwait who competed under the Olympic flag) won at least a single medal with 27 NOCs winning at least a single gold medal, thus leaving nine NOCs failing to win any medal at the Games.

The top ten ranked NOCs at these Games are listed below. The host nation, China, is highlighted.

  *   Host nation (China)

RankNOCGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 China (CHN)*19911998416
2 South Korea (KOR)766591232
3 Japan (JPN)487494216
4 Iran (IRI)20152459
5 Kazakhstan (KAZ)18233879
6 India (IND)14173465
7 Chinese Taipei (TPE)13163867
8 Uzbekistan (UZB)11222356
9 Thailand (THA)1193252
10 Malaysia (MAS)9181441
11–36Remaining58101135294
Totals (36 entries)4774796211,577

Participation

All 45 members of the Olympic Council of Asia participated in the Games. All National Olympic Committees were ordered to submit their entries before September 30, 2010. Organisers allowed each NOC to submit additional entries and injury replacements after the deadline. After the final registration deadline, some 9,704 athletes, as well as some 4,750 team officials, took part in the Games, an increase of 184 athletes from the previous Asian Games in Doha.[62] According to the Games' official website, Kuwaiti athletes participated the Games under the Olympic flag because the Kuwait Olympic Committee was suspended due to political interference in January 2010.[63]

Below is a list of all the participating NOCs; the number of competitors per delegation is indicated in brackets.

Controversies

Sports

Cricket is among the five debut sports in the Games. However, India, despite its historical record, decided not to send its cricket team to the Games. According to the Board of Control for Cricket in India, the decision was due to other international commitments.[109] However, its main rivals, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, confirmed their participation.[110]

In ten-pin bowling, the Asian Bowling Federation decided to compete the Games behind closed doors, this resulted in protests from many delegates.[111]

On November 17, Yang Shu-chun of Chinese Taipei, was abruptly disqualified with 12 seconds left in the first round of the taekwondo competition, while leading her opponent 9–0. She was accused of having or attempting to have installed an illegal sensor on the heel of her socks.[112][113] The event quickly turned into an international incident, with officials, politicians and public opinion from Chinese Taipei, China and South Korea trading accusations of manipulation and fraud.[114]

About 1,400 random doping tests had been carried during the Games,[115] two positive cases were found, judoka Shokir Muminov on 19 November 2010 and Greco-Roman wrestler Jakhongir Muminov on 24 November 2010, both from Uzbekistan and tested positive for methylhexanamine.[116]

Languages

In July 2010, the citizens of Guangzhou opposed the proposal suggested by the city committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) to use Mandarin more in television news programmes, rather than Guangzhou's main language, Cantonese.[117] The debates eventually led to a series of public protests.

In late October 2010, in order to protest the government over the language policy in Tibetan area, the Tibetan Youth Congress (TYC) used the games as a channel to voice their concern.[118]

Environment

Like the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, Guangzhou also attempted to raise the air quality of the city. The authority had pledged ￥600 million to fight the problem, and had ordered around 32 chemical plants to stop production by the end of 2009.[119] A report shown on July 13, 2010 indicates that the air quality was rated at 95.07% in 2009, an increase of 12.01% since 2004;[120] this improvement eventually cost authorities ￥24 billion.[121] Later action from organisers to curb the pollution included decreasing the movement of vehicles up to 40 percent,[122] and banning barbeque stalls in 11 cities.[123]

Between 2005 and 2008 about 150 Guolang villagers survived by growing tomatoes, beans and cabbages while fighting the government for fairer compensation after their homes were flattened for Asian games infrastructure. The Panyu government set aside a date to listen to petitioners complaint in October 18, 2010.[124]

Prior to the opening of the games, Conghua reported 429 cases of Norovirus outbreak. The government officials stressed that the people recovered before November 12.[125]

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