Cypriot syllabary
| Cypriot | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | Syllabary
|
Time period | 11th–4th centuries BCE |
| Direction | Right-to-left script  |
| Languages | Cypriot Greek, Eteocypriot |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Linear A
|
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Cprt (403), Cypriot syllabary |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Cypriot |
The Cypriot syllabary is a syllabic script used in Iron Age Cyprus, from ca. the 11th to the 4th centuries BCE, when it was replaced by the Greek alphabet. A pioneer of that change was king Evagoras of Salamis. It is descended from the Cypro-Minoan syllabary, in turn a variant or derivative of Linear A.
Origin
The island of Cyprus has always been known to possess its own script during the classical period. The Cypriot Syllabary however, only refers to the script used during iron age Greece. The script used during bronze age Greece is generally known as Cypro-Minoan script.[1] Most texts using the script are in the Arcadocypriot dialect of Greek, but some bilingual (Greek and Eteocypriot) inscriptions were found in Amathus.
Evolution
It has been established that the Cypriot Syllabary is derived from the Linear A script and most probably, the Minoan writing system. The most obvious change is the disappearance of ideograms, which were frequent and represented a significant part of Linear A.[2] The earliest inscriptions of this script is found on clay tablets. Parallel to the evolution of cuneiform, the signs soon became simple patterns of lines. There are some evidence of a Semitic influence due to trade, but this pattern seemed to have evolved as the result of habitual use.[1]
Structure
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| To see this, you must have a compatible font installed, and your web browser must support Unicode characters in the U+10800–U+1083F (67584–67647) range.[1] |
The structure of Cypriot Syllabary is very similar to that of Linear B. This is due to their common origin and underlying language (albeit different dialects).[1] The Cypriot script contains 56 signs.[3] Each sign generally stands for a syllable in the spoken language: e.g. ka, ke, ki, ko, ku etc. Hence, it is classified as a syllabic writing system.[2] Because each sign stands for an open syllable (CV) rather than a closed one (CVC), the Cypriot syllabary is also a so-called 'open' syllabary.[3]
Differences between Cypriot Syllabary and Linear B
The main difference between the two lies not in the structure of the syllabary but the use of the symbols. Final consonants in the Cypriot Syllabary are marked by a final, silent e. For example, final consonants, n, s and r are noted by using ne, re and se. Groups of consonants are created using extra vowels. Diphthongs, such as ae, au, eu and ei, are spelled out completely. In addition, nasal sounds which occur before another consonant are omitted completely.[1] Compare Linear B 𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦 (a-to-ro-qo) to Cypriot 𐠀𐠰𐠦𐠡𐠩 (a-to-ro-po-se), both forms of standard ἄνθρωπος (anthrōpos) "human." One other minor difference involves the representation of the manner of articulation. In the Linear B script, liquid sounds /l/ and /r/ are covered by one series, while there are separate series for the dentals /d/ and /t/. In the Cypriot syllabary, /d/ and /t/ are combined, whereas /l/ and /r/ are distinct.[2]
Paleography
There are minor differences in the forms of the signs used in different sites.[1] However, the syllabary can be subdivided into two different subtypes based on area: the “Common” and the South-Western or “Paphian”.[2] However, no detailed analysis between the two exists.
Decipherment
The script was deciphered in the 19th century by G. Smith due to a Phoenician-Cypriot bilingual inscription. About 1000 inscriptions in the Cypriot Syllabary have been found throughout many different regions. However, these inscriptions vary greatly in length and credibility.[2] Most inscriptions found are dated to be around the 6th century. Unfortunately, there are no inscriptions known to be before the 8th century. Most of the tablets found are from funerary monuments and contained no useful information but name of the deceased. A few dedicatory inscriptions were also found but of very little contribution to decipherment. The most important tablets are mainly found in Enkomi and Paphos.
Enkomi
The earliest known inscription from Cyprus was discovered at Enkomi in 1955. It was a part of a thick clay tablet with only three lines of writing. Although some of the writing was distinctly different from any other Greek writing systems, epigraphers immediately saw a resemblance. Because the date of the fragment was found to be around 1500 BCE, considerably earlier than Linear B, linguists determined that the Cypriot Syllabary was derived from Linear A and not Linear B. Several other fragments of clay tablets were also found in Enkomi. They date to a later period, around the late 13th or 12th century BCE. The script found on these tablets has considerably evolved and the signs have become simple patterns of lines. Linguists named this new script as Cypro-Minoan syllabary.[1]
Paphos
Paphos is located in the south-west region of Cyprus. It houses the temple of Aphrodite, also known as “the Cyprian Goddess.” From this area, archeologists found many of the later Cypriot syllabic scripts. In fact, the region Paphos held the most significant contribution to the decipherment of Cypriot Syllabary – the Tablet of Idalium. It is a large bronze tablet with long inscriptions on both sides.[1] The Tablet of Idalium is dated to about 480-470BCE. Excluding a few features in morphology and vocabulary, the text is a complete and well understood document. It details a contract made by the king Stasicyprus and the city of Idalium with the physician Onasilus and his brothers.[2] As payment for the physicians’ care for wounded warriors during a Persian siege of the city, the king promises them certain plots of land. This agreement is put under the protection of the goddess Athena.[2]
Recent Discoveries
Recent discoveries include a small vase dating back to the beginning of 5th century and a broken marble fragment in Paphian (Paphos) script. The vase is inscribed on two sides, providing two lists of personal names with Greek formations. The broken marble fragment describes a fragment of an oath. This inscription often mentions King Nicocles, the last king of Paphos and includes some important words and expressions.[2]
Future Prospects
The number of discoveries of new inscriptions has increased, but unfortunately, most of the new discoveries have been short or bear only a few signs. One example includes a small clay ball.[1]
Unicode
| Cypriot Syllabary[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+1080x | 𐠀 | 𐠁 | 𐠂 | 𐠃 | 𐠄 | 𐠅 | 𐠈 | 𐠊 | 𐠋 | 𐠌 | 𐠍 | 𐠎 | 𐠏 | |||
| U+1081x | 𐠐 | 𐠑 | 𐠒 | 𐠓 | 𐠔 | 𐠕 | 𐠖 | 𐠗 | 𐠘 | 𐠙 | 𐠚 | 𐠛 | 𐠜 | 𐠝 | 𐠞 | 𐠟 |
| U+1082x | 𐠠 | 𐠡 | 𐠢 | 𐠣 | 𐠤 | 𐠥 | 𐠦 | 𐠧 | 𐠨 | 𐠩 | 𐠪 | 𐠫 | 𐠬 | 𐠭 | 𐠮 | 𐠯 |
| U+1083x | 𐠰 | 𐠱 | 𐠲 | 𐠳 | 𐠴 | 𐠵 | 𐠷 | 𐠸 | 𐠼 | 𐠿 | ||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chadwick, John (1987). Linear B and related Scripts. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mitford, T. B.; Masson, Olivier Masson (1982). Boardman, John; Hammond (eds.). The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521234474.005.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|Editor2-first=ignored (|editor2-first=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Robinson, Andrew (2002). Lost Languages. New York City: BCA.