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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
  Founder States (1961)
  Other Member States
SecretariatParis, France
Membership34 states,
20 founder states (1961)
Leaders
• Secretary General
Mexico José Ángel Gurría
Establishment
• as the OEEC1
16 April 1948
• reformed as the OECD
30 September 1961
Website
www.oecd.org
  1. Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, Template:Lang-fr) is an international economic organisation of 34 countries founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It defines itself as a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identifying good practices, and co-ordinating domestic and international policies of its members.

The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Later, its membership was extended to non-European states. In 1961, it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.

The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France.

History

Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), was formed in 1948 to administer American and Canadian aid in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.[1] It started its operations on 16 April 1948. Since 1949, it has been headquartered in the Chateau de la Muette in Paris, France. After the Marshall Plan ended, the OEEC focused on economic questions.[2]

In the 1950s the OEEC provided the framework for negotiations aimed at determining conditions for setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the European Economic Community of the six and the other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up under the OEEC.

Foundation of the OECD

Following the 1957 Rome Treaties to launch the European Economic Community, the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was drawn up to reform the OEEC. The Convention was signed in December 1960 and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961. It consisted of the European founder countries of the OEEC plus the United States and Canada, with Japan joining three years later. During the next 12 years Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation starting with the establishment of the OECD until its dissolution.[3]

More than just increasing its internal structure, OECD progressively created agencies: the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe

In 1989, after the political changes in Central and Eastern Europe, the OECD started to assist these countries to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the Programme "Partners in Transition" was launched for the cooperation with Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland.[3][4] This programme also included a membership option for these countries.[4] As a result of this, in 1994–2000 Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia as well as Mexico and the Republic of Korea became members of the organisation.

Reform and further enlargement

In 2003, the OECD established a working group headed by Japan's Ambassador to the OECD Seiichiro Noboru to work out a strategy for the enlargement and co-operation with non-members. The working group proposed that the selection of candidate countries to be based on four criteria: "like-mindedness", "significant player", "mutual benefit" and "global considerations". The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 and 14 May 2004. Based on these recommendations work, the meeting adopted an agreement on operationalisation of the proposed guidelines and on the drafting of a list of countries suitable as potential candidates for membership.[3] As a result of this work, on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, the Russian Federation and Slovenia and to strengthen co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement.[5] On May 7, 2010, Chile became the organization's 31st member.[6] On July 21, 2010, Slovenia became the 32nd member.[7] On September 7, 2010, Israel became the 33rd member.[8] On December 9, 2010, Estonia became the 34th member.

Objectives and activities

One of a number of posters created by the Economic Cooperation Administration to promote the Marshall Plan in Europe

Aim

The OECD defines itself as a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a setting to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies.[9] Its mandate covers economic, environmental, and social issues. It acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement "soft law"—non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties. In this work, the OECD cooperates with businesses, trade unions and other representatives of civil society. Collaboration at the OECD regarding taxation, for example, has fostered the growth of a global web of bilateral tax treaties.

The OECD promotes policies designed:

  • to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy;
  • to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as nonmember countries in the process of economic development; and
  • to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.

International investments and multinational enterprises

Between 1995 and 1998, the OECD designed the Multilateral Agreement on Investment, which was abandoned because of a widespread criticism from civil society groups and developing countries. In 1976, the OECD adopted the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, which was rewritten and annexed by the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in 2000.

Among other areas, the OECD has taken a role in co-ordinating international action on corruption and bribery, creating the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, which came into effect in February 1999. It has been ratified by thirty-eight countries.[10]

The OECD has also constituted an anti-spam task force, which submitted a detailed report, with several background papers on spam problems in developing countries, best practices for ISPs, e-mail marketers, etc., appended. It works on the information economy[11] and the future of the Internet economy.[12]

PISA

Further information: Programme for International Student Assessment

The OECD publishes the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) which is an assessment that allows for a comparison of educational performances between countries.

Taxation

See also: FATF Blacklist

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention which serves as a template for bilateral negotiations regarding tax coordination and cooperation. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries which reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. This model generally allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective as between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be very unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings).

Since 1998, the OECD has led a charge against harmful tax practices, principally targeting the activities of tax havens (while principally accepting the policies of its member countries which would tend to encourage tax competition). These efforts have been met with mixed reaction: the primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.[13] The OECD maintains a 'blacklist' of countries it considers uncooperative in the drive for transparency of tax affairs and the effective exchange of information, officially called "The List of Uncooperative Tax Havens".[14] In May 2009, all remaining countries were removed from the list.[15]

On 22 October 2008, at an OECD meeting in Paris, 17 countries led by France and Germany decided to draw up a new blacklist of tax havens. The OECD has been asked to investigate around 40 new tax havens in the world where undeclared revenue is hidden and which host many of the non-regulated hedge funds that have come under fire during the 2008 financial crisis. Germany, France and other countries called on the OECD to specifically add Switzerland to a blacklist of countries which encourage tax fraud.[16]

Publishing

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary.

Books

The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:

  • The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries.
  • The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
  • The OECD Factbook, published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables and graphs. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via Statlinks.
  • OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine with six issues a year. News, analysis, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges. Contains book reviews and special section listing the latest OECD books, plus ordering information.
  • The OECD Communications Outlook and OECD Information Technology Outlook, which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
  • In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration.

All OECD books are available on the iLibrary and the online bookshop.

Statistics

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on a wide number of subjects.

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

  • as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
  • as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
  • as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL which links to the underlying data).

Working papers

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

Reference works

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continually updated document which is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).

It has published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, which shows that tackling the key environmental problems we face today—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.

Structure

The OECD's structure revolves around three major bodies:

  • The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries acts through the meetings.
  • The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Angel Gurria). The Secretariat is organised in directorates. There are some 2,500 agents in the OECD Secretariat.
  • The OECD committees, one for each work area of the OECD. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member countries. The committees commission all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). The committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.

Meetings

Delegates from the member countries attend committees' and other meetings, principally organised by the secretariat. Former Deputy-Secretary General Pierre Vinde estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.[17] This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations. In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

Noteworthy meetings include:

  • The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
  • The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. This takes the form of conferences and discussions and is open to public participation.
  • Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (ie. all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
  • The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.

Secretariat

Exchanges between OECD governments flow from information and analysis provided by the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. It also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:

  • Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development
  • Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
  • Development Co-operation Directorate
  • Directorate for Education
  • Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs
  • Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
  • Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry
  • Economics Department
  • Environment Directorate
  • Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate
  • Statistics Directorate
  • Trade and Agriculture Directorate
  • General Secretariat
  • Executive Directorate
  • Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

The work of the secretariat is financed from the OECD's annual budget, currently around USD $510 million (EUR 342.9 million). The budget is funded by the member countries based on a formula related to the size of each member's gross national product.[18] The largest contributor is the United States, which contributes about one quarter of the budget, followed by Japan with 16%, Germany with 9% and the U.K. and France with 7%. The OECD governing council sets the budget and scope of work on a two-yearly basis.

As an international organisation the terms of employment of the OECD Secretariat staff are not governed by the laws of the country in which their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard the organisation's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. Hiring and firing practices, working hours and environment, holiday time, pension plans, health insurance and life insurance, salaries, expatriation benefits and general conditions of employment are managed according to rules and regulations associated with the OECD. In order to maintain working conditions which are similar to similarly structured organisations, the OECD participates as an independent organisation in the system of co-ordinated European organisations, whose other members include NATO, the Western European Union and the European Patent Organisation.

Secretary Generals

Committees

Representatives of the 30 OECD member countries and a number of observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.[19]

Special bodies

Member countries

Current members

There are currently 34 members of the OECD.

Country Membership[20] Geographic location Notes
 Australia 7 June 1971 Oceania
 Austria 29 September 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Belgium 13 September 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Canada 10 April 1961 North America
 Chile 7 May 2010 South America
 Czech Republic 21 December 1995 Europe
 Denmark 30 May 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Estonia 9 December 2010 Europe
 Finland 28 January 1969 Europe
 France 7 August 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Germany 27 September 1961 Europe Joined OEEC in 1955 (West Germany).
 Greece 27 September 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Hungary 7 May 1996 Europe
 Iceland 5 June 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Ireland 17 August 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Israel 7 September 2010 Asia
 Italy 29 March 1962 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Japan 28 April 1964 Asia
 South Korea 12 December 1996 Asia
 Luxembourg 7 December 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Mexico 18 May 1994 North America
 Netherlands 13 November 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 New Zealand 29 May 1973 Oceania
 Norway 4 July 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Poland 22 November 1996 Europe
 Portugal 4 August 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Slovakia 14 December 2000 Europe
 Slovenia 21 July 2010 Europe
 Spain 3 August 1961 Europe Joined OEEC in 1959.
 Sweden 28 September 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
  Switzerland 28 September 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 Turkey 2 August 1961 Eurasia OEEC founding member.
 United Kingdom 2 May 1961 Europe OEEC founding member.
 United States 12 April 1961 North America

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU Member States.[21]

Enlargement

  •  Cyprus: It applied for membership in 1995, but, according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.[22]
  •  Latvia: In 1996, Latvia along with Estonia and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness of the three Baltic States to become full members of the OECD.[23]
  •  Lithuania: (See Latvia.)
  •  Malta: In September 2005 the government of Malta applied to join the OECD as full member.[24]
  •  Russia: The OECD agreed to invite Russia to become a full member in May 2007.

Former members

Relations with non-members

  OECD members
  Accession candidate countries
  Enhanced engagement countries

Currently, 25 non-members participate as regular observers or full participants in OECD Committees. About 50 non-members are engaged in OECD working parties, schemes or programmes. The OECD conducts a policy dialogue and capacity building activities with non-members (Country Programmes, Regional Approaches and Global Forums) to share their views on best policy practices and to bear on OECD's policy debate. The OECD's Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members develops and oversees the strategic orientations of the relations with non-members.

On 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with the Russian Federation.[5] The OECD Ministerial Council of 2007 also decided to strengthen OECD's co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa, through a process of enhanced engagement.[5]

The OECD explores the possibilities for enhanced co-operation with selected countries and regions of strategic interest to the OECD, giving priority to South East Asia with a view to identifying countries for possible membership.

Criticism

See also: OECD controversy

The OECD has been criticised by several civil society groups and developing countries. The main criticism has been the narrowness of the OECD because of its limited membership to a select few rich nations.[25] In 1997–1998, the draft Multilateral Agreement on Investment was heavily criticized by several non-governmental organisations and developing countries. Many critics argued that the agreement would threaten protection of human rights, labor and environmental standards, and the least developed countries. A particular concern was that the MAI would result in a 'race to the bottom' among countries willing to lower their labor and environmental standards to attract foreign investment. Also the OECD's actions against harmful tax practices has raised criticism. The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.[13]

Indicators

Land areas, populations, ecconomic indicators and various indexes of member states
Country Area[26]
(km²)		 Population[27]
(thousands)
2010		 GDP (PPP)[27]
(millions, Intl. $)
2010		 GDP (PPP)
per capita[27]
(Intl. $)
2010		 HDI[28]
2010		 FSI[29]
2010		 CPI[30]
2010		 IEF[31]
2011		 GPI[32]
2010		 WPFI[33]
2010		 DI[34]
2010		 Income
inequality[35]
late-2000s
 Australia 7,741,220 21,472 901,509.0 41,985 0.937 27.3 8.7 82.5 1.467 5.38 9.22 0.336
 Austria 83,871 8,397 334,510.6 39,837 0.851 27.2 7.9 71.9 1.290 0.50 8.49 0.265
 Belgium 30,528 10,566 405,159.7 38,346 0.867 32.0 7.1 70.2 1.400 4.00 8.05 0.269
 Canada 9,984,670 39,575 1,331,266.5 37,945 0.888 27.9 8.9 80.8 1.392 7.00 9.08 0.319
 Chile 756,102 17,135 253,788.6 14,811 0.783 38.0 7.2 77.4 1.616 10.50 7.67 0.503
 Czech Republic 78,867 10,279 274,112.6 26,667 0.841 41.5 4.6 70.4 1.360 7.50 8.19 0.255
 Denmark 43,094 5,485 215,455.4 39,281 0.866 22.9 9.3 78.6 1.341 2.50 9.52 0.248
 Estonia 45,228 1,339 28,346.4 21,170 0.812 50.7 6.5 75.2 1.751 2.00 7.68 0.313
 Finland 338,145 5,347 196,673.3 36,782 0.871 19.3 9.2 74.0 1.352 0.00 9.19 0.263
 France 643,427 62,452 2,232,694.4 35,751 0.872 34.9 6.8 64.6 1.636 13.38 7.77 0.293
 Germany 357,022 82,834 3,108,389.0 37,526 0.885 35.4 7.9 71.8 1.398 4.25 8.38 0.295
 Greece 131,957 11,284 316,701.1 28,066 0.855 45.9 3.5 60.3 1.887 19.00 7.92 0.321
 Hungary 93,028 10,007 210,364.0 21,022 0.805 50.1 4.7 66.6 1.495 7.50 7.21 0.272
 Iceland 103,000 306 11,481.2 37,520 0.869 29.8 8.5 68.2 1.212 0.00 9.65 0.279
 Ireland 70,273 4,347 175,104.5 40,282 0.895 22.4 8.0 78.7 1.337 2.00 8.79 0.299
 Israel 22,072 7,285 218,019.6 29,927 0.872 —a 6.1 68.5 3.019 23.25 7.48 0.371
 Italy 301,340 59,004 1,995,233.4 33,815 0.854 45.7 3.9 60.3 1.701 15.00 7.83 0.337
 Japan 377,915 127,176 4,330,283.7 34,050 0.884 31.3 7.8 72.8 1.247 2.50 8.08 0.329
 South Korea 99,720 48,875 1,423,703.8 29,129 0.877 41.3 5.4 69.8 1.715 13.33 8.11 0.315
 Luxembourg 2,586 479 42,172.5c 88,784c 0.852 27.3 8.5 76.2 1.341 4.00 8.88 0.273
 Mexico 1,964,375 108,396 1,647,212.0 15,196 0.750 76.1 3.1 67.8 2.216 47.50 6.93 0.476
 Netherlands 41,543 16,448 693,319.3 42,152 0.890 27.9 8.8 74.7 1.610 0.00 8.99 0.294
 New Zealand 267,710 4,258 128,614.2 30,205 0.907 23.9 9.3 82.3 1.188 1.50 9.26 0.330
 Norway 323,802 4,762 274,469.1 57,637 0.938 18.7 8.6 70.3 1.322 0.00 9.80 0.250
 Poland 312,685 37,798 752,088.2 19,898 0.795 49.0 5.3 64.1 1.618 8.88 7.05 0.314
 Portugal 92,090 10,626 272,467.9 25,642 0.795 33.1 6.0 64.0 1.366 12.36 8.02 0.361
 Slovakia 49,035 5,401 130,703.3 24,200 0.818 48.8 4.3 69.5 1.536 11.50 7.35 0.246
 Slovenia 20,273 2,025 57,600.5 28,445 0.828 36.0 6.4 64.6 1.358 13.44 7.69 0.236
 Spain 505,370 44,683 1,503,121.2 33,640 0.863 43.5 6.1 70.2 1.588 12.25 8.16 0.309
 Sweden 450,295 9,237 368,979.8 39,946 0.885 20.9 9.2 71.9 1.354 0.00 9.50 0.259
  Switzerland 41,277 7,671 359,976.4 46,927 0.874 21.8 8.7 81.9 1.424 0.00 9.09 0.276
 Turkey 783,562 76,505 1,118,839.0 14,624 0.679 77.1 4.4 64.2 2.420 49.25 5.73 0.409
 United Kingdom 243,610 62,309 2,213,646.4 35,527 0.849 33.9 7.6 74.5 1.631 6.00 8.16 0.341
 United States 9,826,675 310,233 14,582,400.0 47,005 0.902 35.3 7.1 77.8 2.056 6.75 8.18 0.378
OECDb 36,226,367 1,228,060 42,108,407.0 34,289 0.853 36.3 6.9 71.7 1.578 9.21 8.27 0.313

a The FSI index supplies no figure for Israel, but rather supplies a figure (84.6) for a hypothetic union of Israel and the West Bank. b OECD total used for indicators 1 through 3; OECD weighted average used for indicator 4; OECD unweighted average used for indicators 5 through 12. c Data are for 2009.
Note: Green-colored cells indicate highest value or best performance in index, while yellow-colored cells indicate the opposite.

See also

References

  1. ^ Christopher, Warren (1998). In the stream of history: shaping foreign policy for a new era. Stanford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 9780804734684.
  2. ^ "Organisation for European Economic Co-operation". OECD. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  3. ^ a b c "History of relations between Slovenia and the OECD". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  4. ^ a b "The Czech Republic in the OECD". Permanent Delegation of the Czech Republic to the OECD.
  5. ^ a b c "Chair's summary of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, Paris, 15–16 May 2007 – Innovation: Advancing the OECD Agenda for Growth and Equity" (Press release). OECD. 16 May 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  6. ^ "Chile's accession to the OECD". OECD.org. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  7. ^ "Ratification of the Convention on the OECD". OECD.org. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
  8. ^ "Ratification of the Convention on the OECD". OECD.org. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
  9. ^ "About OECD". OECD. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
  10. ^ "OECD Anti-Bribery Convention". OECD. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
  11. ^ "Information and Communications Policy". OECD. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
  12. ^ "Shaping Policies for a Digital World". OECD. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
  13. ^ a b Christians, Allison (August 29, 2008). "Sovereignty, Taxation, and Social Contract". Minnesota Journal of International Law. 18.
  14. ^ "Sanctions threat to 'tax havens'". BBC News. 2000-06-26. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  15. ^ "List of Unco-operative Tax Havens". OECD. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  16. ^ "17 countries call for new 'tax haven blacklist'". EuroNews. 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  17. ^ "The Power of Peer-Learning, chapter 3: OECD's Basic Rules of Conduct – A Sociology of its Institutional Culture". IRDC. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
  18. ^ "OECD.org". OECD.org. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  19. ^ On-Line Guide to OECD Intergovernmental Activity
  20. ^ http://www.oecd.org/document/58/0,3746,en_2649_201185_1889402_1_1_1_1,00.html
  21. ^ "Member Countries". Oecd.org. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  22. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/826CB014C0CDE8DEC22571B100229450?OpenDocument
  23. ^ http://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/policy/economic/oecd/Cooperation/
  24. ^ http://www.maltamedia.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=6&num=7485
  25. ^ Jorma Julin (December 2003). "The OECD: Securing the future". The OECD Observer (240/241). OECD. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
  26. ^ CIA.gov
  27. ^ a b c OECD. "OECD Statistics (GDP, unemployment, income, population, labour, education, trade, finance, prices...)". Stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  28. ^ "Statistics | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)" (PDF). Hdr.undp.org. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  29. ^ "Failed States Index Scores 2010". The Fund for Peace. 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  30. ^ Transparency.org
  31. ^ "Country rankings for trade, business, fiscal, monetary, financial, labor and investment freedoms". Heritage.org. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
  32. ^ "Rankings & Results « Vision of Humanity". Visionofhumanity.org. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  33. ^ RSF.org
  34. ^ "Democracy Index 2010" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  35. ^ "Society at a Glance 2011 - OECD Social Indicators". 12 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-14.

Video clips

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