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List of human evolution fossils

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 216.185.188.2 (talk) at 05:12, 12 May 2012 (→‎5.3 million - 2.58 million years old). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

The following charts give a brief overview of several notable primate fossil finds relating to human evolution. As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare,[1] this overview is not meant to be complete, but does show some of the most important finds. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and/or incremental dating. The species name represents current consensus, when there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated; deprecated classifications may be found on the fossil's page. Most of the fossils shown are not considered direct ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to direct ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage.

Late Miocene

7 million - 5.3 million years old

Name Age Species Year
discovered
Country Discovered by
TM 266 (Toumai) 7 Ma[2] Sahelanthropus tchadensis 2001 Chad Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye
BAR 1000'00 6 Ma[3] Orrorin tugenensis 2000 Kenya Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut,

5.3 million - 2.58 million years old

Name Age Species Year
discovered
Country Discovered by
Ardi 4.4 Ma[4] Ardipithecus ramidus 1994 Ethiopia Yohannes Haile Selassie
KNM-LT 329 4.2 - 5 Ma[5] Australopithecus anamensis 1967 Kenya Arnold Lewis, Bryan Patterson[6][7]
KNM-TH 13150 4.15-5.25 Ma[8] Australopithecus anamensis 1984 Kenya -
KNM-KP 271 4 Ma[9] Australopithecus anamensis 1965 Kenya Bryan Patterson[6]
http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/laetolifoot.html Laetoli Footprints 3.7 Ma Bipedal hominid 1976 Tanzania Mary Leakey
http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/lh4.html LH 4 2.9 - 3.9 Ma Australopithecus afarensis 1974 Hadar region, Ethiopia Donald Johanson[10]
K 12 (Abel) 3.5 Australopithecus bahrelghazali 1995 Chad Michel Brunet
http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/wt40000.html KNM WT 40000 3.5 Ma Kenyanthropus platyops 1999 Kenya Justus Erus
Stw 573 (Little foot) 3.3 Ma Australopithecus ? 1994 South Africa Ronald J. Clarke
DIK-1 (Selam) 3.3 Ma Australopithecus afarensis 2000 Ethiopia Zeresenay Alemseged
AL 288-1 (Lucy) 3.2 Ma Australopithecus afarensis 1974 Ethiopia Tom Gray, Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb
AL 200-1 3 - 3.2 Ma Australopithecus afarensis 1975 Ethiopia Donald Johanson Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb
AL 129-1 3 - 3.2 Ma Australopithecus afarensis 1973 Ethiopia Donald Johanson
http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/al444-2.html AL 444-2 3 Ma Australopithecus afarensis 1991 Ethiopia Bill Kimbel

Lower Paleolithic: 2.58 million - 300,000

Name Age Species Date
discovered
Country Discovered by
Taung 1
(Taung Child)
2.5 Ma Australopithecus africanus 1924 South Africa Raymond Dart
KNM WT 17000
(The Black Skull)
2.5 Ma Paranthropus aethiopicus 1985 Kenya Alan Walker
http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sts14.html STS 14 2.04-2.58 Ma Australopithecus africanus 1947 South Africa Robert Broom
STS 71 2.04 - 2.58 Ma Australopithecus africanus 1947 South Africa Robert Broom
http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sts52.html STS 52 2.04 -2 .58 Ma Australopithecus africanus 1947 South Africa Robert Broom
STS 5
(Mrs. Ples)
2.04Ma Australopithecus africanus 1947 South Africa Robert Broom
TM 1517 2 Ma Paranthropus robustus 1938 South Africa Gert Terblanche
MH1 image at
Scientific American
MH1 1.977-1.98 Ma[11] Australopithecus sediba 2008 South Africa Lee R. Berger
KNM ER 1813 1.9 Ma Homo habilis 1973 Kenya Kamoya Kimeu
KNM ER 1470 1.9 Ma Homo habilis 1972 Kenya Bernard Ngeneo[12]
OH 24
(Twiggy)
1.8 Ma Homo habilis 1968 Tanzania Peter Nzube
OH 8 image
of foot at
Modern Human
Origins
OH 8 1.8 Ma Homo habilis 1960 Tanzania
OH 5
(Zinj or
nutcracker man)
1.8 Ma Paranthropus boisei 1959 Tanzania Mary Leakey
D 2700 1.8 Ma Homo erectus 2001 Georgia
OH 7 1.75 Ma Homo habilis 1960 Tanzania Jonathan Leakey
KNM ER 3733 1.75 Ma Homo erectus 1975 Kenya Bernard Ngeneo
KNM ER 1805 1.74 Ma Homo habilis Kenya
Yuanmou Man 1.7 Ma Homo erectus 1965 China Fang Qian
OH 13[citation needed] 1.7 Ma Homo habilis 1963 Tanzania N. Mbuika
KNM ER 406 1.7 Ma Paranthropus boisei 1969 Kenya Richard Leakey
KNM ER 732[citation needed] 1.7 Ma Paranthropus boisei 1970 Kenya Richard Leakey
KNM ER 23000[citation needed] Kenya
KNM WT 17400[citation needed] 1.7 Ma Paranthropus boisei Kenya
KNM WT 15000
(Turkana Boy)
1.6 Ma Homo erectus 1984 Kenya Kamoya Kimeu
STW 53
image at
Modern Human
Origins
StW 53 1.5 - 2 Ma Homo gautengensis 1976 South Africa A. R. Hughes
SK 847
image at
Modern Human
Origins
SK 847 1.5 - 2 Ma Homo habilis 1949 South Africa
DNH 7
image at
Modern Human
Origins
DNH 7
(Eurydice)
1.5 - 2 Ma Paranthropus robustus 1994 South Africa André Keyser
SK 46 1.5 - 2 Ma Paranthropus robustus 1949 South Africa Robert Broom
Peninj Mandible 1.5 Ma Paranthropus boisei 1964 Tanzania Richard Leakey
Chellean OH 9
Image at
Modern Human
Origins
OH 9
(Chellean Man)
1.5 Ma Homo erectus 1960 Tanzania Louis Leakey
KNM ER 992 1.5 Ma Homo erectus 1971 Kenya Richard Leakey
KNM ER 3883 1.4 - 1.6 Ma Homo erectus Kenya Richard Leakey
KGA 10-525[citation needed] 1.4 Ma Paranthropus boisei 1993 Ethiopia A. Amzaye
Atapuerca Jawbone[13] 1.2 Ma Homo erectus 2008 Spain Eubold Carbonel
Daka 1.0 Ma Homo erectus 1997 Ethiopia Henry Gilbert
Sangiran 4 1 Ma Homo erectus 1939 Indonesia G.H.R. von Koenigswald
780k - 858k Homo erectus 1994 Spain Bermúdez & Arsuaga
Sangiran 2
image at
Modern Human
Origins
Sangiran 2 0.7 - 1.6 Ma Homo erectus 1937 Indonesia G.H.R. von Koenigswald
Trinil 2
Pithecanthropus-1
or
Java Man
0.7 -1 Ma Homo erectus 1891 Indonesia Eugène Dubois
Ternifine 2-3[citation needed] 700k Homo erectus 1954 Algeria C. Arambourg
Sangiran 17
image at
Modern Human
Origins
Sangiran 17 700k Homo erectus 1969 Indonesia S. Sartono
Peking Man 680k - 780k Homo erectus 1921 China Davidson Black
Bodo
image at
Modern Human
Origins
Bodo 600k Homo rhodesiensis 1976 Ethiopia A. Asfaw
Mauer 1
(Heidelberg Man)
500k Homo heidelbergensis 1907 Germany Daniel Hartmann
Saldanha man Saldanha man 500k Homo rhodesiensis 1953 South Africa
Eartham Pit, Boxgrove Boxgrove Man 478k - 524k Homo heidelbergensis 1994 UK
Hexian PA830
image at
Modern Human
Origins
Hexian 400k - 500k Homo erectus 1980 China
Skull 5 (Miguelón) 400k Homo heidelbergensis 1992 Spain Bermúdez, Arsuaga & Carbonell
Swanscombe Man 400k Homo heidelbergensis 1935 UK Alvan T Marston
Sale[citation needed] 400k Homo rhodesiensis 1971 Morocco
Arago XXI
image at
Modern Human
Origins
Arago 21
(Tautavel Man)
400k Homo heidelbergensis 1971 France Henry de Lumley
[1] Ndutu 350k Homo rhodesiensis 1973 Tanzania A.A. Mturi
Steinheim Skull 350k Homo heidelbergensis 1933 Germany

Middle Paleolithic: 300,000 - 50,000 years old

Name Age Species Year
discovered
Country Discovered by
Petralona 1
image at
Modern Human
Origins
Petralona 1 250k - 500k Homo heidelbergensis 1960 Greece
Ngandong 7 250k Homo erectus 1931 Indonesia C. ter Haar and G. H. R. von Koenigswald
Altamura Man 250k Homo neanderthalensis Italy
Bontnewydd (Pontynewydd) 230k Homo neanderthalensis 1981 UK
Dali
image at
Modern Human
Origins
Dali (fossil) 209k Homo erectus
or
Homo sapiens
1978 China Shuntang Liu
Broken Hill 1
(Kabwe Cranium
or
Rhodesian Man)
200k - 300k Homo rhodesiensis 1921 Zambia Tom Zwiglaar
Omo 1
Image at
Modern Human
Origins
Omo 1 190k Homo sapiens 1967 Ethiopia Richard Leakey
Omo II
Image at
Modern Human
Origins
Omo 2 190k Homo rhodesiensis Ethiopia Richard Leakey
Herto skull
images at
ABC Science
Herto remains 160k Homo sapiens idaltu 1997 Ethiopia Tim White
Jebel Irhoud 1
skull
image at
Max Planck Institute
Jebel Irhoud 1 160k Homo sapiens 1991 Morocco
Jebel Irhoud 2 160k Homo sapiens 1991 Morocco
Jebel Irhoud 3
Mandible
Image at
PhysOrg.com
Jebel Irhoud 3 160k Homo sapiens 1991 Morocco
Jebel Irhoud 4 160k Homo sapiens 1991 Morocco
Tabun 1
Image at
Modern Human
Origins
Tabun C1 120k Homo neanderthalensis 1967 Israel Arthur Jelinek
Krapina C
Images at
Modern Human
Origins
Krapina 100k - 127k [14] Homo neanderthalensis 1899 Croatia Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger
Qafzeh VI
images at
Modern Human
Origins
Qafzeh 6 90k - 100k[14] Homo sapiens 1930 Israel R. Neuville M Stekelis
Qafzeh IX 90k - 100k[14] Homo sapiens[15] 1933 Israel T. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr.
Qafzeh VI
Image at
Modern Human
Origins
Qafzeh VI 90k - 100k[14] Homo sapiens 1933 Israel T. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr.
Scladena 80k - 127k[14] Homo neanderthalensis Belgium
Skhul V 80k - 120k Homo sapiens 1933 Israel T. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr.
Skhul IX 80k - 120k Homo sapiens Israel
Klasies
Images at
Modern Human
Origins
Klasies River Caves 75k - 125k Homo sapiens 1960 South Africa Ray Inskeep, Robin Singer, John Wymer, Hilary Deacon
Obi-Rakhmat 1[16] 75k [14] Homo neanderthalensis 2003 Uzbekistan
Teshik-Tash Skull[17] 70k Homo neanderthalensis 1938 Uzbekistan A. Okladnikov
La Ferrassie 1 70k Homo neanderthalensis 1909 France R. Capitan and D. Peyrony
Saccopastore 1
Image at
Modern Human
Origins
Saccopastore 1 60k Homo neanderthalensis Italy
Shanidar 1 60k - 80k Homo neanderthalensis 1961 Iraq Ralph Solecki
La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 60k Homo neanderthalensis 1908 France A. and J. Bouyssonie and L. Bardon
Amud 7
Image at
Modern Human
Origins
Amud 7 50k - 60k Homo neanderthalensis Israel

Upper Paleolithic: 50,000 - 10,000 years old

Name Age Species Date
discovered
Country Discovered by
Sidrón Cave[citation needed] 49 k Homo neanderthalensis 1994 Spain
La Quina 5[citation needed] 45k - 60k[14] Homo neanderthalensis France
La Quina 18[citation needed] 45k - 60k[14] Homo neanderthalensis France
Kents Cavern 41k - 45k Homo sapiens 1927 UK
Amud 1
Image at
Modern Human
Origins
Amud 1 41k [18] Homo neanderthalensis Israel
Mungo Man 40k - 60k. Homo sapiens 1974 Australia
Mount Circeo 1
Image at
Modern Human
Origins
Mt. Circeo 1 40k - 60k Homo neanderthalensis 1939 Italy Prof. Blanc
Neanderthal 1
images at
Modern Human
Origins
Neanderthal 1 40k Homo neanderthalensis 1856 Germany Johann Carl Fuhlrott
hominin toe bone 40k Homo ? (possible Neanderthal-Denisovan hybrid) 2011 Russia
Hofmeyr Skull 36k Homo sapiens 1952 South Africa
Images of Peştera cu Oase Peştera cu Oase 36k Homo sapiens 2002 Romania
Red Lady of Paviland 33k Homo sapiens 1823 UK William Buckland
Yamashita-Cho Man 32k Homo sapiens 1962 Japan
[2] Engis 30k-50k [14] Homo neanderthalensis 1829 Belgium Philippe-Charles Schmerling
Gibraltar 1
Image at
Modern Human
Origins
Gibraltar 1 30k-50k [14] Homo neanderthalensis 1848 Gibraltar Lieutenant Flint
Le Moustier 30k-50k Homo neanderthalensis 1909 France
Denisovan tooth 30k - 50k Homo ? 2000 Russia
Cro-Magnon 1 30k Homo sapiens 1868 France Louis Lartet
NG 6 27k - 53k Homo erectus 1931 Indonesia C. ter Haar and GHR von Koenigswald
Predmosti 3
images at
Modern Human
Origins
Predmost 3 26k Homo sapiens 1894 Czech Republic K.J. Maska
[3] Eel Point 24k Homo sapiens 1997 UK
LB 1 (Hobbit) 18k Homo floresiensis 2003 Indonesia Peter Brown
Minatogawa 1
images at
Modern Human
Origins
Minatogawa 1 16k - 18k Homo sapiens 1970 Japan
Tandou[citation needed] 15k Homo sapiens 1967 Australia Duncan Merrilees
[4] [5] Gough's Cave 14.7k Homo sapiens 1927–1968 UK
Iwo Eleru Skull 13k[19] Homo rhodesiensis 1965 Nigeria
Cerro Sota 2[citation needed] 11k Homo sapiens 1936 Chile Junius Bird
Wadjak 1[citation needed] 10k - 12k Homo sapiens 1888 Indonesia Eugene Dubois

Holocene

Mesolithic / Neolithic: 10,000 - 5000 years old

Name Age Species Year
discovered
Country Discovered by
La Brea Woman approx 10k Homo sapiens 1914 United States
Combe Capelle 9.6 k[20] Homo sapiens 1909 France O. Hauser
Cheddar Man 9k 1903 UK
Kow Swamp 1 9k - 13k Homo sapiens 1968 Australia A.G. Thorne
Afalou 13[citation needed] 8k - 12k Homo sapiens 1920 Algeria C. Arambourg
Wadi Halfa 25[citation needed] 8k - 12k Homo sapiens 1963 Sudan G. Armelagos, E. Ewing, D. Greene
Wadi Kubbaniya[citation needed] 8k - 20k Homo sapiens 1982 Egypt Fred Wendorf
Lo 4b[citation needed] 6k - 9k Homo sapiens 1965 H. Robbins B.M. Lynch
Tepexpan man 5k - 11k Homo sapiens 1947 Mexico H. de Terra
SDM 16704[citation needed] 4.9k - 11.8 Homo sapiens 1929 United States M.J. Rogers

Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name

  • AL - Afar Locality, Ethiopia
  • ARA-VP - Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
  • BOU-VP - Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
  • ER - East (Lake) Rudolf, Kenya
  • KGA - Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia
  • KNM - Kenya National Museum
  • KP - Kanapoi, Kenya
  • OH - Olduvai Hominid, Tanzania
  • SK - Swartkrans, South Africa
  • Sts,Stw - Sterkfontein, South Africa
  • TM - Transvaal Museum, South Africa
  • TM - Toros-Menalla, Chad
  • WT - West (Lake) Turkana, Kenya

See also

Further reading

  • Gibbons, Ann. The First Human : The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor. Anchor Books (2007). ISBN 978-1-4000-7696-3
  • Hartwig, Walter, ed. (2002. Reprinted 2004). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2Template:Inconsistent citations {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link).
  • Johanson, Donald & Wong, Kate. Lucy's Legacy : The Quest for Human Origins. Three Rivers Press (2009). ISBN 978-0-307-39640-2
  • Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R (Editors). (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46786-5Template:Inconsistent citations {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) (Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history).
  • Leakey, Richard & Lewin, Roger. Origins Reconsidered : In Search of What Makes us Human. Little, Brown and Company (1992). ISBN 0-316-90298-5
  • Lewin, Roger. Bones of Contention : Controversies in the Search for Human Origins. Penguin Books (1987). ISBN 0-14-022638-9
  • Morwood, Mike & van Oosterzee, Penny. A New Human : The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the 'Hobbits' of Flores, Indonesia. Smithsonian Books (2007). ISBN 978-0-06-089908-0
  • Oppenheimer, Stephen. Out of Eden : The Peopling of the World. Constable (2003). ISBN 1-84119-697-5
  • Roberts, Alice. The Incredible Human Journey : The Story of how we Colonised the Planet. Bloomsbury (2009). ISBN 978-0-7475-9839-8
  • Shreeve, James. The Neanderthal Enigma : Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. Viking (1996). ISBN 0-670-86638-5
  • Stringer, Chris. The Origin of Our Species. Allen Lane (2011). ISBN 978-1-84614-140-9
  • Stringer, Chris & Andrews, Peter. The Complete World of Human Evolution. Thames & Hudson (2005). ISBN 0-500-05132-1
  • Stringer, Chris & McKie, Robin. African Exodus : The Origins of Modern Humanity. Jonathan Cape (1996). ISBN 0-224-03771-4
  • van Oosterzee, Penny. The Story of Peking Man. Allen & Unwin (1999). ISBN 1-86508-632-0
  • Walker, Allan & Shipman, Pat. The Wisdom of the Bones : In Search of Human Origins. Weidenfeld and Nicholson (1996). ISBN 0-297-81670-5
  • Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn : Recovering the Lost History of our Ancestors. Penguin Press (2006). ISBN 978-0-7156-3658-9
  • Weiss, M.L., & Mann, A.E (1985). "'Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective" (Document). Boston: Little BrownTemplate:Inconsistent citations {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |edition= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |isbn= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) (Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history).
  • Wells, Spencer. The Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press (2002). ISBN 0-7139-9625-0

References

  1. ^ "Prominent Hominid Fossils". Retrieved 2006-08-31.
  2. ^ http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/toumai.html
  3. ^ http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/bar-100200
  4. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2009-10-01). "Fossil finds extend human story". BBC News.
  5. ^ http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/156/4/731.abstract
  6. ^ a b c Andrew Hill & Steven Ward (1988). "Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 31 (59): 49–83. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  7. ^ Bryan Patterson, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, & William D. Sill (6 June 1970). "Geology and Fauna of a New Pliocene Locality in North-western Kenya". Nature. 226 (5249): 918–921. doi:10.1038/226918a0. PMID 16057594Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) Key details from select sources
  8. ^ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.1330720104/abstract
  9. ^ https://www.msu.edu/~heslipst/contents/ANP440/anamensis.htm
  10. ^ http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00467.html
  11. ^ Jonathan, Amos (2011-09-08). "African fossils put new spin on human origins story". http://www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/sediba/index.xhtml. BBC News. Retrieved 9 September 2011. {{cite news}}: External link in |work= (help)
  12. ^ Mai, L.L., Owl, M.Y., & Kersting, M.P. (2005), p.286
  13. ^ http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080326/full/news.2008.691.html
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/11/08/1010906107.full.pdf
  15. ^ Qafzeh IX
  16. ^ http://anthropology.net/2008/05/26/new-hominin-remains-from-uzbekistan-are-kinda-sorta-neandertal-like/
  17. ^ http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/f-teshik-tash
  18. ^ http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=54
  19. ^ http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2011/september/mystery-of-a-west-african-skull-from-13000-years-ago103799.html
  20. ^ Seidler, Christoph (9 February 2011). "Forscher entzaubern Steinzeitmann". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-19.