Typhoon Rammasun
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2014) |
Very strong typhoon (JMA scale) | |
---|---|
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |
![]() Rammasun at peak intensity while nearing Hainan Island on July 18 | |
Formed | July 9, 2014 |
Dissipated | July 20, 2014 |
Highest winds | 10-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph) 1-minute sustained: 250 km/h (155 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 935 hPa (mbar); 27.61 inHg |
Fatalities | 195 total |
Damage | $7.13 billion (2014 USD) |
Areas affected | |
Part of the 2014 Pacific typhoon season |
Typhoon Rammasun, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Glenda, was a powerful tropical cyclone that had destructive impacts across the Philippines, South China, and Vietnam in July 2014. It was the seventh storm of the season to be named by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). Rammasun is a Siamese word for thunder god.[1] After Lingling and Kajiki earlier in 2014, Rammasun became the third tropical cyclone, and the first typhoon to directly impact the Philippines in 2014. The storm formed in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, an area near the equator where the northeast and southeast trade winds come together, and slowly drifted northwestwards. Having passed through the islands of Micronesia, the system turned westwards and quickly progressed along its path under the influence of a subtropical ridge (STR). Rammasun posed a significant threat to the Philippine island of Luzon, as it was expected to reach typhoon intensity before making landfall there.[2] Though initially forecast to make landfall in Cagayan Valley, the storm followed a more westerly path and was later expected to make landfall in the Bicol Region and then pass through Bataan and Zambales before brushing past Metro Manila.[3]
In preparation for the storm, Governor of Guam Eddie Calvo declared the island in Condition of Readiness 3[4] and later upgraded it to Condition of Readiness 1. On July 11, NASA satellites revealed Rammasun passing directly over Guam.[5] American National Weather Service stated that an unexpected rise in wind shear kept the system from intensifying much further before reaching Guam. Rammasun only made landfall on Guam as a tropical depression, with winds much weaker than earlier anticipated.[6] However, under the influence of the system, the island did receive a substantial amount of rainfall, making that day the wettest in around 3 months. The United States territory received 25 to 50 mm (1 to 2 inches) of rain.[7] Apart from Philippines, Taiwan was also expecting some impact whatsoever from Rammasun. Moderate to heavy rainfall was expected through most of the country.[8][9] Chinese meteorologists were focusing on a second and/or third landfalls in the Chinese Hainan province and northern Vietnam. Residents of Hong Kong were also advised of rainfall and subsequent landslides.[10]
Following the closure of maritime seaports, more than 100 passengers were reportedly stranded at the Port of Batangas, along with 39 rolling cargoes. Meanwhile, at least 841 passengers were stranded in five ports in the Bicol region, namely Matnog, Tabaco, Bulan, Cataingan and Pilar.[11] A total 50 flights were cancelled and over 100 thousand families were evacuated as the typhoon neared landfall.[12][13] The Philippine Department of Health said that they have prepared all government hospitals to aid the rescue and relief process during and after the typhoon. They claimed that they are much better prepared now, than they were for earlier typhoons.[14] Ahead of the landfall, a city in the province of Albay had declared a state of calamity.[15] At around 17:00 Philippine Standard Time (09:00 UTC), Rammasun's eye passed directly over Rapu-Rapu, Albay while the storm was at peak intensity.[16] Various parts of the National Capital Region reported power outages during the storm. They were reportedly caused by "a temporary system balance at 1:29 a.m. due to a sudden plant outage."[17] At least 6,000 people were stranded at various seaports throughout the country due to the storm.[18]
Throughout its devastating journey through southern Luzon, the powerful typhoon barely weakened but instead maintained its strength and even intensified as it made its way across the Bicol Region.
Meteorological history
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rammasun_2014_track.png/275px-Rammasun_2014_track.png)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
![triangle](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/18px-ArrowUp.svg.png)
During July 9, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started to monitor a tropical disturbance, that had developed to the east of the Micronesian State of Chuuk.[19] At this time the system had a broad and ill defined circulation center which was associated with flaring and disorganized atmospheric convection.[19] Over the next day the system gradually consolidated within an area of favorable conditions, with convection wrapping around the systems obscured low level circulation center.[20] The system was subsequently declared a tropical depression during the next day, by both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the JTWC with the latter assigning it the designation 09W.[21][22] Early on July 11, the JTWC reported that the system had intensified into a tropical storm, after they had assessed the intensity slightly higher than the Dvorak estimates from various agencies.[23] Later that day as the system approached Guam, the JTWC reported that the system had not intensified into a tropical storm and downgraded it to a tropical depression.[24] This was because of the lack of supporting Dvorak estimates from various agencies and various observations from Guam, that showed the system was a poorly defined low level circulation center with deep convection sheared to the northwest of the center.[24] Early on July 12, the JMA reported that the depression had become a tropical storm and named it Rammasun, as the system passed through the Rota Channel to the north of Guam.[25][26] Later that day as Rammasun moved westwards under the influence of the subtropical ridge of high pressure, the JTWC reported that it had regained tropical storm status after Dvorak estimates from various agencies supported it and the low level structure of the system had improved.[27]
Rammasun entered the Philippine area of responsibility and was given a local name, Glenda on July 13.[28] The storm maintained intensity while a burst of deep central convection developed and the LLCC became slightly more well defined.[29] Over the next couple of hours, vertical wind shear decreased gradually. Rammasun tracked in a westerly direction along the periphery of the steering subtropical ridge. Outflow improved along the southwestern quadrant[30] and Rammasun became a typhoon.[31] The LLCC consolidated while convective banding became well defined and tightly wrapped. During July 14, both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded Rammassun to a typhoon after dvorak estimates from various agencies suggested a minimum windspeed of 65 knots (120 km/h; 75 mph).[32][33]
Shortly before its Philippine landfall, Rammasun developed a 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) wide eye. The storm had vigorous equatorward and westward outflow. At that time, the storm was peaking at 80 knots (150 km/h; 92 mph) on the 1 minute scale[34] and 75 knots (139 km/h; 86 mph) on the 10 minute scale.[35] Though initially expect to maintain that intensity and make landfall before weakening into a tropical storm again due to land interaction, Rammasun further intensified. Some six hours later the JTWC first spotted an eye, the agency was now reporting a 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) eye, twice as wide as previously reported. The windspeed was also pegged at 100 knots (190 km/h; 120 mph) on the 1 minute scale, making it a category 3 equivalent on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS).[36] Rammasun continued to strengthen, despite land interaction. Post landfall, the storm's windspeed continued to rise, as it was located in a very favorable environment. JTWC initially reported winds of 110 knots (200 km/h; 130 mph) on the one minute scale[37] before correcting it to 115 knots (213 km/h; 132 mph) on their best track, making it a category-4 equivalent typhoon.[38] By 00:00 UTC on July 16, Rammasun's eye had re-emerged into the South China Sea. The typhoon lost its eye feature due to its interaction with Philippine's rugged terrain. The convective structure slightly degraded. However, convective banding remained tightly wrapped around the LLCC.[39]
On July 18, Rammasun entered another area of very warm sea-surface temperatures, as it strengthened into a category 4 super typhoon status again by the JTWC,[40] but this time it reached its peak intensity.[41] Later that day, the center of Rammasun made landfall over Hainan.[42] The next day, the storm started to weaken as a very weak category 2 storm. Later that day, both agencies downgraded Rammasun to a tropical storm as it moved to the province of Guangxi and made its third landfall.[43][44] The JTWC made its final warning on the system in the night of the same day. Early on July 20, the JMA reported that Rammasun had weakened into a tropical depression before it was last noted later that day over the Chinese Province of Yunnan.[45][46][47]
Preparations and impact
Rank | Typhoon | Season | Damage (2023 USD) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Doksuri | 2023 | $28.4 billion |
2 | Mireille | 1991 | $22.4 billion |
3 | Hagibis | 2019 | $20.6 billion |
4 | Jebi | 2018 | $17 billion |
5 | Songda | 2004 | $15 billion |
6 | Fitow | 2013 | $13.6 billion |
7 | Faxai | 2019 | $11.9 billion |
8 | Saomai | 2000 | $11.1 billion |
9 | Lekima | 2019 | $11.1 billion |
10 | Prapiroon | 2000 | $10.9 billion |
Source: [1] |
Mariana Islands
On July 10, as the JTWC initiated advisories on the system, the United States National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tiyan, Guam (NWS Guam) issued a tropical storm watch for Guam, Rota, Tinian, Saipan and surrounding waters out to 75 km (45 mi)*.[48][48] Later that day the Governor of Guam Eddie Calvo, declared the island nation to be in Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness 3 (TCCOR 3), as the strongest winds over the island were expected to peak between 50–60 mph (80–97 km/h)*.[49] Both of these warnings meant that destructive tropical storm force winds were possible on the islands during the next 48 hours.[48] After the system was declared a tropical storm, tropical storm warnings were issued for Guam and Rota, while TCCOR 2 was declared for Guam.[50][51][52] After TCCOR 2 was declared, all of the non essential agencies of the Guam Government and several business were shut down, including the Judiciary and University.[51][52][53][54] Six elementary schools around the island were used as storm shelters, while woman who had been pregnant for more than 38 weeks and or high risk were asked to report to the Guam Memorial Hospital.[51] A TCCOR 1 was subsequently declared during July 11, as destructive winds were expected to impact the island nation within twelve hours.[54] As a result all outdoor activity was prohibited until early the next day when the watches and warnings were cancelled after the system was downgraded to a tropical depression.[55][56] Eddie Calvo subsequently reverted the TCCOR for Guam to the seasonal TCCOR, as no damaging or destructive winds were expected to affect Guam as the depression moved through the Rota Channel.[57] NWS Guam subsequently noted that heavy thunderstorms had developed near the center of the system as it moved through the Rota Channel and that the weather over Guam could have been a lot worse.[26]
Philippines
|
Rank | Storm | Season | Damage | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHP | USD | ||||
1 | Yolanda (Haiyan) | 2013 | ₱95.5 billion | $2.2 billion | [59] |
2 | Odette (Rai) | 2021 | ₱51.8 billion | $1.02 billion | [60] |
3 | Pablo (Bopha) | 2012 | ₱43.2 billion | $1.06 billion | [61] |
4 | Glenda (Rammasun) | 2014 | ₱38.6 billion | $771 million | [62] |
5 | Ompong (Mangkhut) | 2018 | ₱33.9 billion | $627 million | [63] |
6 | Pepeng (Parma) | 2009 | ₱27.3 billion | $581 million | [64] |
7 | Ulysses (Vamco) | 2020 | ₱20.2 billion | $418 million | [65] |
8 | Rolly (Goni) | 2020 | ₱20 billion | $369 million | [66] |
9 | Paeng (Nalgae) | 2022 | ₱17.6 billion | $321 million | [67] |
10 | Pedring (Nesat) | 2011 | ₱15.6 billion | $356 million | [61] |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Animation_of_PSWS_Glenda.gif/200px-Animation_of_PSWS_Glenda.gif)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Typhoon_Rammasun_2014_making_landfall.gif/250px-Typhoon_Rammasun_2014_making_landfall.gif)
Rammasun (known as "Glenda" in the Philippines) was the first typhoon to impact the Philippines in over eight months, the previous being Typhoon Haiyan. Preparations for Rammasun started in the island nation, early on July 14.[68] In the wake of the storm, The National Transmission Corporation of the country said in their statement, "Preparations included ensuring the reliability of communications equipment, availability of hardware materials and supplies necessary for the repair of damages to facilities, as well as the positioning of line crews in strategic areas, to facilitate immediate restoration work."[69] Storm warning signal number 3 was hoisted over Catanduanes, while signal number 2 was raised over areas such as Camarines Norte, Burias Island, Ticao Island, Marinduque, and southern Quezon.[70] Several islands in southern Luzon and eastern western, and central Visayas were put under storm signal number 1. Over 12 million people, in all, were asked to brace for the typhoon. Classes on all levels were reportedly suspended for the next two days.[71] Philippine National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council's head Alexander Pama, in an interview, said "We are already warning the public to be on alert for possible effects of the weather disturbance: landslides, flash floods, strong rains and winds." more than 1,300 villages were advised about floods or landslides.[72] The Embassy of the United States in Manila cancelled non-immigrant visa applicant interviews scheduled for July 15 and 16. All applicants were asked to reschedule their interviews.[73]
The Philippine Coast Guard asked all shipping vessels to refrain from travelling. Spokesperson Armand Balilo said "Authorities are already on standby to prevent any maritime vessels from sailing as the Philippines braces for Glenda (Ramassun).[74] Department of the Interior and Local Government Director Edgar Tabell said "All DILG offices in Luzon and Eastern Visayas have been activated to prepare for Glenda. Evacuation centers have been prepared and power lines, bridges and roads have also been checked." He also asked all local officials to fully cooperate with them and provide support to the residents.[75] As the typhoon neared the coastline of Philippines, the entire nation was put on red alert.[76] By the early hours of July 15, the government reportedly evacuated eastern coastal areas of the nation. PAGASA said "Storm surges of up to three meters were expected in coastal villages."[77] However, that evening, several other residents fled their homes as the typhoon intensified much more than anticipated.[78] The civil defence chief of Bicol, in an interview said "We are preparing for the worst... it is critical now that we finish the evacuations. About 6,000 residents had already moved to evacuation centres, with authorities aiming to have another 39,000 take shelter before the typhoon hits.[79] Several cities were warned of storm surge ranging from 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) to 3 metres (9.8 ft).[80]
Immediately after the landfall, three fishermen were reported missing. They were reported to have gone out fishing a day ago from the Philippine province of Catanduanes, and failed to return.[81] A wall collapse in Quezon City injured two people.[82]
At least 90% of the total residents of Metro Manila lost power, as poles were toppled and lines downed. The national grid corporation posted on Twitter, saying "Around 90% of Meralco’s franchise area is experiencing power outage brought about by downed poles, lines and outages of NGCP’s (National Grid Corporation of the Philippines) transmission lines due to Typhoon Glenda."[83] Strong winds from the storm destroyed several homes in the slums. Most of the capital area was also completely shut down.[84] As of July 17, the NDRRMC reported that the damages from the storm had reached 1 billion ($27 million).[85]
Hong Kong
Typhoon signal number 1 was issued by the Hong Kong Observatory in the evening hours of July 16, followed by a typhoon signal number 3 in the afternoon of July 17. At that time, the typhoon had wind speeds of up to 180 kilometres per hour (110 mph).
China
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Typhoon_Rammasun_2014_making_landfall_over_China.gif/220px-Typhoon_Rammasun_2014_making_landfall_over_China.gif)
On July 17, Rammasun made landfall near Wenchang City on the island province of Hainan.The city's mayor, Liu Chun-mei, told the Xinhua News Agency that many houses had been damaged and more than 700,000 people evacuated. Qionghai also suffered heavy damage. Hainan closed all its airports while kindergartens and other schools were shut. Resorts in Hainan were ordered to close and the high speed train in Guangdong bound for Hainan suspended. The typhoon killed one person on the island[86] and injured 21. Waves reached up to 13 m (43 ft) on the northern and eastern coasts of the island and the Leizhou Peninsula.[87] The local government dispatched 66 officials in 13 locales to supervise preparations for the typhoon. Xinhua reported that 6,000 people on Hainan were evacuated. Bus companies also suspended operations due to heavy rains and high winds.[88]
51,000 homes were destroyed in Hainan[89] and at least 62 people were killed throughout the country.[90] Economic losses amounted to US$6.25 billion.[90]
In Haikou, the capital of Hainan, a large number of trees were blown down throughout the city. Damage to shops, bus stops and vehicles due to rain and flooding was widespread. Large parts of the city were left without power and water. The army was called in to help clear fallen trees from roads. Along the shore of the city, several barges and other vessels ran aground, in particular those involved in the construction of the bridge connecting Haikou with Nanhai Pearl Artificial Island. Rammasun is considered to be the most severe typhoon to hit the city in 41 years.
Vietnam
Vietnamese authorities ordered an evacuation of people from parts of the northern coast of the country on July 18 in preparation for Rammasun.[91] Typhoon Rammasun affected the nearby provinces of Haiphong, Thái Bình, and Nam Định. The officials of Quảng Ninh Province have evacuated more than 1,300 people to safe shelters. Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng ordered authorities to help in evacuation and "require all boats to remain close to the shore". He commanded the army to install its forces in the areas for possible search and rescue operations.[92] Heavy rains caused minor flooding in urban areas of Hai Phong and the capital, Hanoi. It also submerged the streets of Nguyen Khuyen, Minh Khai, Truong Dinh and Hang Chuoi. Duong Anh Dien, a government official, told Tuoi Tre that he ordered the cancellation of "all administrative meetings". Residents near the coast areas were evacuated to the nearest designated evacuation sites. All vessels and boats were banned from leaving port. The National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting said the eye of the storm was about 210 kilometers east of Hoàng Sa with wind speeds reaching 149 kilometers per hour. The mountainous province of Bắc Kạn, Cao Bằng, Lai Chau, Lạng Sơn and Lào Cai were put on high alert for flash floods and landslides. Over twenty flights by Vietnam Airlines were cancelled or delayed yesterday at Noi Bai International Airport. The trade department reserved foods and goods to assure support for at least 250,000 people in case of an emergency.[93][94] Overall, around 500 homes were damaged. Throughout Vietnam, Rammasun is responsible for 27 deaths had caused damages of US$6 million.[95]
Retirement
Due to the damage cost reached at least PHP 1 billion and it was ranked at number 3 of the Costliest Typhoons in the Philippines, the name Glenda has been retired by PAGASA. Officially the name Gardo was been selected by PAGASA to replace Glenda even though it has the same name on the 4th Auxillary list of typhoon names assigned by PAGASA.[96]
See also
Notes
- ^ Total damages figure includes agriculture, infrastructure, casualties, etc. damages.
References
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{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Weather Forecast Office in Tiyan, Guam (July 12, 2014). "Area Forecast Discussion July 12, 2014 06z". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ a b Dual typhoons kill 64 in China
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Super Typhoon Headed for Vietnam". Voanews.com. Retrieved 2014-07-19.
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- JMA General Information of Typhoon Rammasun (1409) from Digital Typhoon
- JMA Best Track Data of Typhoon Rammasun (1409) Template:Ja
- JMA Best Track Data (Graphics) of Typhoon Rammasun (1409)
- JMA Best Track Data (Text)
- 09W.RAMMASUN from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory