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List of fatal crowd crushes

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This is a list of notable human stampedes.

18th century

  • 11 October 1711: 245 people were killed in a stampede on the bridge of the Guillotière in Lyon. This was caused by the coach of Madame Servient being in the middle of the bridge while many people came back from a festival on the other side of the Rhône.

19th century

Estimated Deaths Date Name Nat. Principal victims
100 March 29, 1809 Ponte das Barcas Portugal Hundreds of Portuguese civilians die trying to cross the Ponte das Barcas bridge in a desperate attempt to escape the troops of Marshal Soult, assaulting Oporto in the context of the Napoleonic Wars. The bridge was not able to endure the pressure of the terrorized multitude.
110 February 12, 1823 Convent of the Minori Osservanti Malta 110 children died in a stampede while attempting to leave the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta during the Carnival celebrations.[1]
19 October 10, 1872 Ostrów Wielkopolski Synagogue Poland 19 women and children were killed in a stampede and resulting stairs collapse in a synagogue in Ostrów Wielkopolski during the fast of Yom Kippur. Failure of gas lighting engulfed a synagogue balcony (apparently, the women's gallery) in darkness, causing panic among the women.
278 December 5, 1876 Brooklyn Theatre fire USA Crushes on gallery and balcony staircases during the Brooklyn Theatre fire delayed the evacuation of the building, a contributing factor in the deaths of at least 278 individuals.[2]
12 May 30, 1883 Brooklyn Bridge USA 12 people were killed and dozens injured after a woman tripped on the stairway at the Brooklyn Bridge, which had been open for eight days at the time. The crush was exacerbated by fears the bridge was about to collapse.[3]
180 June 16, 1883 Victoria Hall disaster England Over 1,100 children stampeded down the stairs to collect gifts from the entertainers after the end of a variety show in Sunderland.
1389 May 18, 1896 Khodynka Tragedy Russian Empire (Moscow) A crush of those desiring to get presents during the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II - 1,300 more were injured.

20th century

Estimated Deaths Date Name Nation Place Description
115 September 19, 1902 Shiloh Baptist Church disaster USA Birmingham, Alabama The stampede claimed the lives of people attending a convention featuring Booker T. Washington, following a false fire alarm.
602 December 30, 1903 Iroquois Theatre Fire USA Chicago Many people died of crush asphyxiation in the rush to escape.
16 January 11, 1908 Barnsley Public Hall Disaster England Barnsley, South Yorkshire The 16 who died were children.
73 December 24, 1913 Italian Hall Disaster USA Calumet, Michigan People were crushed to death, and the event is considered the source for the often-cited legal limit of protected speech, i.e., that one may not falsely shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater.
354 October 23, 1942 unnamed Italy Genoa People were killed by stampede during an attack by the RAF Bomber Command in WWII as they made their way into Galleria delle Grazie, a railway tunnel in use as an air-raid shelter. Rushing down the 150 steps leading underground into the shelter, people fell on top of one another in a crush, accounting for the extremely heavy toll of the stampede.[4]
33 March 9, 1946 Burnden Park disaster England Bolton At an FA Cup Quarter-final, people were killed when the collapse of two crash barriers in an overcrowded stand led to the crowd falling forward upon each other.
500-800 February 3, 1954 1954 Kumbh Mela stampede India Kumbh Mela, Allahabad A surging crowd broke through the barriers separating them from a procession of sadhus and holy men of various akharas, resulting in a stampede.
124 January 1, 1956 unnamed Japan Yahiko People were killed during the New Year panic and stampede at the Yahiko Shinto shrine in central Niigata.
328 May 24, 1964 Estadio Nacional disaster Peru Estadio Nacional de Lima As of September 2015, the worst disaster in association football history. After a referee's unpopular call, home fans began a pitch invasion and the Peruvian police fired tear gas canisters into one of the grandstands to prevent further fans from invading the field of play, causing panic among attendees who then began a mass exodus. Departing spectators moved down the enclosed stairways, pressing those in the lead against solid corrugated steel shutters at the bottom of tunnels, which were closed. The shutters finally burst outward from pressure of the crush of bodies inside. All of those that died were killed in the jammed stairwells, most from internal haemorrhaging by crushing pressure, or by asphyxia. An additional 500 people were injured, many critically.[5]
66 January 2, 1971 Second Ibrox Disaster Scotland Ibrox Stadium, Glasgow People were killed when the collapse of stairway barriers occurred after someone fell as fans were leaving the stadium, leading to a crush. The tragedy included many children who died, and most of the deaths were caused by compressive asphyxia, with bodies being stacked up to six feet deep in the area. More than 200 others were injured.
11 December 3, 1979 1979 The Who concert disaster USA Riverfront Coliseum, Cincinnati People were killed during a crush at a concert by The Who. The incident led to a reduced use of festival seating at U.S. venues.
66 October 20, 1982 Luzhniki disaster Russia, USSR Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow A crush began after a person fell and a dense moving crowd, their direction limited by metal banisters, pushed over the fallen, crushing them. Others stumbled over the bodies in a domino effect creating a large chain-reaction pile-up of people.[6]
39 May 29, 1985 Heysel Stadium disaster Belgium Heysel Stadium, Brussels The stampede occurred when fans escaping a confrontation between competing fan groups were pressed against a collapsing wall in the stadium before the start of the 1985 European Cup Final. 600 were injured, and the disaster was later described as "the darkest hour in the history of the UEFA competitions".[7]
93 March 13, 1988 Kathmandu stadium disaster Nepal Dasarath Rangasala Stadium People were killed when fans at Nepal's national football stadium stampeded for the exits during a hailstorm. Surging toward the only cover (the west stand), the crowd was beaten back by police, but when they returned to the south terrace, there a crush developed in a tunnel exit through the terrace. The crowd could not escape because the stadium doors were locked, causing a fatal crush at the front of the crowd. 100 more were injured.
2 August 20, 1988 unnamed England Donington Park Fans died during a Guns N' Roses concert at a Monsters of Rock festival where they were crushed to death by the slam-dancing (moshing) crowd. Rolling Stone reported the band members said they stopped playing several times to try to calm fans.[8] Upon exiting the stage, Axl Rose shouted to fans to have a good day and "... don't kill yourselves," but was unaware of the deaths at the time.[8] The head of concert security, present at the scene, wrote a presentation paper about the event for a seminar on mass crowd events.[9]
96 April 15, 1989 Hillsborough disaster England Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield In one of the world's worst football disasters, 766 people were injured, in addition to the people who died. The intensity of the crush broke the crush barriers on the terraces, while those trapped were packed so tightly in the pens that many victims died of compressive asphyxia while still standing. The 1990 official inquiry concluded that the primary cause was the failure of police control, as too many people were let into the stadium. On 12 September 2012, the Hillsborough Independent Panel released its own report after a reinvestigation to add to public understanding of the disaster and its aftermath. The panel concluded that crowd safety was compromised at every level by lack of police control.
1,426 July 2, 1990 1990 Hajj stampede Saudi Arabia Mina, Mecca A stampede inside a pedestrian tunnel (Al-Ma'aisim tunnel) leading out from Mecca towards Mina, Saudi Arabia and the Plains of Arafat led to the deaths of many religious pilgrims while they were traveling to perform the Stoning of the Devil ritual during the Hajj.
40 January 13, 1991 Orkney Stadium Disaster South Africa Oppenheimer Stadium, Orkney People were killed at a football match attended by about 30,000 fans in a stadium with a capacity for 23,000. When brawls broke out, people panicked, and trying to escape, were crushed against riot-control fences in the melee.
42 February 13, 1991 unnamed Mexico Chalma sanctuary Beyond those who died, an additional 55 religious pilgrims were injured after being overwhelmed by a crowd trying to enter the atrium of the sanctuary church to receive the divine signal from the ashes. The crowd pushed on for access to the atrium, with most the dead and injured being trampled.[10]
105 September 24, 1991 1991 Taiyuan Illumination show stampede China Jikong Bridge, Shanxi Province In a stampede during a large-scale light show with severe overcrowding, people were killed and 108 more were injured.[11][12]
9 December 28, 1991 unnamed USA City College New York At an oversold charity basketball game featuring rap stars, people were killed and 29 others injured while entering an overcrowded gymnasium while funneling through a small stairwell area.[13]
0 June 27, 1992 unnamed Germany Olympiastadion, Munich More than 500 people were injured when the crowd at Michael Jackson's debut Dangerous concert became hysterical and began rushing at the barriers, causing several people to have to be lifted from the crowd.
21 January 1, 1993 unnamed China Lan Kwai Fong, Hong Kong People were killed and 67 injured as a crowd of 15,000 to 20,000 revellers celebrated New Year's Eve in the Hong Kong night-club district, controlled by 118 police officers. The victims were mostly teenagers and young people in their 20's. The Independent reported witnesses as saying it was impossible to distinguish between the yelps of the partying crowd and the victim's agonized screams.[14][15][16]
0 October 30, 1993 The Camp Randall Crush USA Camp Randall Stadium, Madison, Wisconsin 73 student fans were injured by a crowd crush, six critically, when students charged the field in celebration after Wisconsin Badgers football game.
270 May 23, 1994 unnamed Saudi Arabia Jamarat Bridge, Mecca Religious pilgrims were killed and injured during a stampede at the stoning of the Devil ritual.
113 November 23, 1994 1994 Gowari stampede India Nagpur, Maharashtra Gowari people in a political protest, mostly women and children, perished in a stampede triggered by the cane-wielding police who attempted to prevent the estimated crowd of 40,000 from pressing towards the Vidhan Bhavan, Nagpur. 500 more people were injured.
83 October 16, 1996 The October 16 disaster Guatemala Estadio Mateo Flores, Guatemala City In addition to those who died, 147 more people were injured on the steep stadium stairway prior to the World Cup qualifying match. The crowd was estimated at 50,000 in the stadium designed to seat 37,500.
118 April 9, 1998 unnamed Saudi Arabia Jamarat Bridge, Mecca Hajj pilgrims were trampled to death, 180 more injured in an incident on Jamarat Bridge.[17]
53 January 15, 1999 1999 Sabarimala stampede India Sabarimala shrine, Kerala When a landslide caused a cave-in at a temple during a Hindu pilgrimage on the day of Makara Jyothi, panic ensued and 200,000 male devotees stampeded as the hill upon which they stood collapsed into the temple. The BBC reported that "Some of the dead were buried in the collapse, but most died in a stampede to avoid the landslide."[18]
53 May 30, 1999 Nyamiha disaster Belarus Nemiga metro station, Minsk A sudden thunderstorm caused a number of young people to race for nearby shelter during an open-air concert. The stampede was funneled toward the underpass of the metro station and many people were killed in the crush when they started slipping on the wet pavement, falling and trampling each other.

21st century

2000

  • June 30, 2000: The Roskilde Festival disaster, in which 9 people were crushed during a Pearl Jam concert at Roskilde Festival, Denmark.

2001

2003

2004

  • February 4, 2004: At least 37 people were killed with 15 were injured when a crowd stampeded during Lantern Festival in Mihong Park, Miyun County, Beijing, China.[24]
  • February 1, 2004: 251 people were killed at Jamarat Bridge in Mecca during the stoning of the devil.
  • April 12, 2004: At least 21 women were killed in a stampede after people rushed to collect free sarees in Lucknow, India. Referred to as Saree Stampede.[25]
  • September 1, 2004: Three died in a Saudi ikea shop stampede.[26]

2005

2006

2007

  • June 2, 2007: 12 people were killed during a stampede at the end of a football game between Zambia and Republic of Congo in Chililabombwe, Zambia.[28]
  • October 3, 2007: At least 14 women were crushed to death at a train station in northern India.[29]
  • October 5, 2007: After a crowd of 15,000 watched a public execution in a stadium in Sunchon, North Korea, 6 people were crushed to death and 34 injured.[30]
  • November 11, 2007: 3 people were killed and more than 30 injured at the Supermarket Carrefour in Chongqing, China when the shop was offering 20% discounts on cooking oil.[31]

2008

  • March 27, 2008: 8 people were killed and 10 injured at an Indian temple crush during a pilgrimage.[32]
  • June 20, 2008: At least 12 people were killed and 13 injured at a Mexico City nightclub stampede during a police raid.[33]
  • August 3, 2008: At least 162 people were killed and 47 injured in a stampede at the Naina Devi temple in Himachal Pradesh in mountainous northern India after a rain shelter collapsed, which worshipers mistakenly took to be a landslide.
  • September 14, 2008: At least 11 people were killed when a riot was dispersed by tear gas during a football match in Butembo, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  • September 30, 2008: 224 people were killed and 425 were injured during the Jodhpur stampede at the Chamunda Devi temple in Jodhpur, India. The tragedy was caused by a rumor that a bomb was planted in the temple complex.[34] Local authorities, however, blamed steep, slippery slopes leading to the temple.[35]
  • October 2, 2008: About 20 children died in a stampede in an overcrowded children's dance hall in Tanzania.[36]
  • November 28, 2008: A worker died at a Long Island Wal-Mart after being trampled in a Black Friday stampede.[37]

2009

2010

  • March 4, 2010: At least were 71 killed and over 200 injured at Ram Janki Temple, in Kunda, India, in a stampede after the gates of the temple collapsed.
  • May 4, 2010: 63 people were injured when a panic-driven stampede broke out during the Remembrance of the Dead ceremony on Dam Square, Amsterdam.
  • June 6, 2010: 14 people were injured when fans rushed to get inside Makulong Stadium after free tickets were given out to a friendly soccer match between Nigeria and North Korea.
  • July 24, 2010: 21 people were killed and more than 500 were injured during crowd turbulences at the Love Parade in Duisburg, Germany.[39]
  • November 22, 2010: A stampede during a water festival near Cambodia's royal palace in Phnom Penh killed at least 347 people.

2011

  • January 15, 2011: 102 people died and 100 were injured during a stampede near Sabarimala temple in Kerala, India.
  • January 15, 2011: 3 girls died and 14 people were injured in a panic-driven stampede in a Budapest discothèque during a party.[40]
  • November 8, 2011: 16 people were killed at Haridwar, India during a religious ceremony on the banks of Ganges river.

2012

  • November 1, 2012: 5 girls died in a panic-driven stampede during a Halloween party at a municipal arena of the city of Madrid, Spain.[41]

2013

2014

2015

  • February 8, 2015: 28 people died after a stampede that occurred at a football game in Cairo, Egypt.[52][53]
  • February 17, 2015: More than 16 people died after a stampede occurred during the Shrove Tuesday festival in Port-au-Prince, Haiti after a man was shocked by high-voltage wires.
  • July 9, 2015: At least 23 people were killed and 50 injured following a stampede at a free clothing drive in the northern Bangladeshi city of Mymensingh. [54][55]
  • July 14, 2015: At least 27 pilgrims died in a stampede on the banks of the Godavari River in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The Hindu pilgrims had gathered to take a dip in the river at the start of the Maha Pushkaralu festival.[56]
  • September 24, 2015: At least 717 Muslim (14 Indian) pilgrims were killed in Mina, Saudi Arabia in a stampede during the Haj pilgrimage. A further 863 were injured. The overall number of pilgrims is around 2 million according to the Saudi authorities.[57]

References

  1. ^ Vella, Fiona (16 February 2015). "Carnival tragedy in 1823". Little Rock. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  2. ^ 'The Class of People who Go To The Gallery' "Special Report of the Fire Marshall" in Papers Relating to the Burning Down of the Brooklyn Theatre British House of Commons London: 1877. page 15
  3. ^ Dead On The New Bridge – Fatal Crush At The Western Approach. – Front Page – Nytimes.Com. New York Times (2011-01-02). Retrieved on 2011-01-19.
  4. ^ La "Galleria delle Grazie" (in Italian). Railways on Web, ferrovieinrete.com. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  5. ^ Piers Edwards (23 May 2014). "Lima 1964: The world's worst stadium disaster". BBC News. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  6. ^ Зайкин, В. (1989-07-20).Трагедия в Лужниках. Факты и вымысел, Известия (in Russian), 202, September 24, 1991. Retrieved 2012-02-06
  7. ^ Quote from UEFA Chief Executive Lars-Christer Olsson in 2004, uefa.com.
  8. ^ a b Tannenbaum, Rob, The Hard Truth About Guns N' Roses, Rolling Stone, Issue 539, November 17, 1988. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  9. ^ Upton, Mick, Incident at Donington Monster of Rock, 8 December, 1995, safeconcerts.com. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  10. ^ At Least 41 Die in Ash Wednesday Church Stampede, AP News Archive, February 13, 1991. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  11. ^ 1991年太原踩踏事件
  12. ^ Yingze Park "Light sea coal" light show King casualties, Taiyuan Chronicles Network, Taiyuan Public Security Bureau Chronicles, November 17, 2009. Google translation. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  13. ^ McFadden Robert D., Stampede at City College; Inquiries Begin Over City College Deaths, The New York Times, December 30, 1991. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  14. ^ 20 killed in Hong Kong stampede, The Independent, 2 January 1993. Accessed 2015-0924.
  15. ^ Kemal Bokhary (February 23, 1993). Lan Kwai Fong Tragedy last investigation report by Judge Kemal Bokhary. Hong Kong Government.
  16. ^ Chow, W.K. and Pang, Edgar C.L., Another Crowd Disaster: Shanghai New Year Stampede 2015 and Lan Kwai Fong Disaster 1993, Hot Issues in Fire Engineering, January 2015. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  17. ^ "Saudis identifying nationalities of 118 dead pilgrims". BBC News. April 9, 1998.
  18. ^ World: South Asia Stampede tragedy at Hindu shrine, BBC News, 15 January 1999. Accessed 2015-09-25.
  19. ^ Lessons from Hajj deaths at BBC News - 6 March 2001
  20. ^ "Death toll rises to 126 in Ghana soccer stampede". USA Today. Associated Press. 19 June 2001. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  21. ^ Kyodo News, "Ex-cop pleads not guilty in fatal '01 Akashi crush", Japan Times, 20 January 2012, p. 1.
  22. ^ На 21.12.2001 г. при нещастен случай в столичната дискотека "Индиго" загиват 7 деца. Bedstvia.start.bg (2001-12-21). Retrieved on 2011-01-19.
  23. ^ "Fourteen killed in Hajj stampede". BBC News. February 11, 2003.
  24. ^ China Daily: 37 killed in Beijing lantern festival stampede. 2004-02-06
  25. ^ "India News, Latest Sports, Bollywood, World, Business & Politics News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  26. ^ "Three die in Saudi shop stampede". BBC News. September 1, 2004. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  27. ^ "Deadly stampede at Yemeni rally". BBC News. September 12, 2006. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  28. ^ At least 12 people were crushed to death in Zambia after an African Cup qualifier win over Republic of Congo – International Herald Tribune
  29. ^ "Women die in India train stampede". BBC News. October 3, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  30. ^ 순천 돌 가공 공장 지배인 공개 처형 (PDF). 오늘의 북한소식 (in Korean). Seoul: 사단법인 좋은벗들 북한연구소. October 17, 2007. pp. 7–8. Retrieved September 7, 2011. 워낙 많은 군중이 모이다보니 처형이 끝나고 흩어지면서 사람들에 깔려 6명이 사망하고, 34명이 다치는 사고가 일어났다. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Three die in China sale stampede". BBC News. November 10, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  32. ^ "BBC NEWS - South Asia - India temple stampede kills eight". Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  33. ^ Mexico City nightclubbers stampede during police raid; at least 12 dead – L.A. Times
  34. ^ "Death toll rises to 147 in Jodhpur temple stampede; 80 dead". ibnlive.com. September 30, 2008. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
  35. ^ Dey, Anindo; Parmar, Ajay (September 30, 2008). "177 feared dead in temple stampede in Jodhpur". Times of India. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
  36. ^ 20 children die in Tanzania stampede – The Times of India. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2008-10-02). Retrieved on 2011-01-19.
  37. ^ "Worker dies at LI Wal-Mart after stampede". NY Daily News. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  38. ^ Ivorian stadium stampede kills 22. BBC News (2009-03-29). Retrieved on 2011-01-19.
  39. ^ Authorities blame organizer for deadly Love Parade Yahoo News. 28 July 2010
  40. ^ Index – Bulvár – Tragédia a West Balkánban: öten őrizetben. Index.hu. Retrieved on 2011-01-19.
  41. ^ F. Javier Barroso, Madrid Arena tragedy claims fifth victim, El Pais, 4 December 2012. Accessed 2015-09-25.
  42. ^ 60 crushed to death in Ivory Coast stampede CNN News (2013-01-01) Retrieved on 2013-01-01
  43. ^ "Angola vigil crush at Luanda stadium kills 10". BBC News. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  44. ^ "More than 230 die in Brazil nightclub fire". 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
  45. ^ "Kumbh Mela chief Azam Khan resigns over stampede". BBC. 2013-02-11. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  46. ^ "Death toll in MP stampede reaches 115; Congress wants CM to quit". Times of India. 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-14.
  47. ^ "32 die in Patna Dasehra stampede". The Tribune, Chandigarh. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  48. ^ "PTI, Multan administration trade blame after 8 people killed in Qasim Bagh stampede". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  49. ^ IANS (21 November 2014). "11 killed in Zimbabwe stadium stampede". Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  50. ^ "Shanghai new year crush kills 36". BBC News. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  51. ^ "New Year's Eve stampede in Shanghai kills dozens". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  52. ^ "Stampede leaves 22 dead at Egypt football match". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  53. ^ "19 Zamalek fans killed in clashes with Egyptian police - Ministry of Health". Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  54. ^ Associated Press (10 July 2015). "Stampede at charity handout in Bangladesh leaves 23 dead". Washington Post. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  55. ^ "Bangladesh stampede kills several at free clothing drive". BBC News. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  56. ^ "India stampede 'kills 27 pilgrims' in Andhra Pradesh". BBC News. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  57. ^ "PM Modi condoles loss of Lives during Stampede at Mina in Saudi Arabia". news.biharprabha.com. ANI. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
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