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Brussels Islamic State terror cell

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The ISIL Brussels terror cell is a group of individuals that have been connected to the November 2015 Paris attacks, the 2016 Brussels bombings, and other smaller scale terror attacks against European targets. The terror cell is connected to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), a designated terrorist group primarily based in Iraq and Syria.

Abdelhamid Abaaoud

Main article: Abdelhamid Abaaoud

Salah Abdeslam

Main article: Salah Abdeslam

Paris assailants

Nationalities of the terrorists[1]
Country Number from country
 France
5
 Belgium
2

Three teams, comprising three people each, executed the attacks.[1][2] They wore explosive vests and belts with identical detonators.[3] Seven perpetrators died at the scenes of their attacks.[4][5] The other two were killed five days later during the Saint-Denis police raid.

Three suicide bombers blew themselves up near the Stade de France:

  • Bilal Hadfi, a 20-year-old French citizen who had been living in Belgium. Hadfi attempted to enter the Stade de France but blew himself up nearby after being denied entry.[6] He fought with ISIL in Syria for more than a year and was a supporter of the Nigerian extremist group Boko Haram.[7] In the months before the attacks, he was active on social media, posting pro-jihadist messages, and communicated with a Libyan branch of ISIL.[8] Belgian prosecutors knew Hadfi had gone to fight in Syria but did not know of his return to the EU.[6]
  • Another bomber carried a passport belonging to a 25-year-old Syrian named "Ahmad al-Mohammad".[6][7] A passport-holder claiming to be a Syrian refugee with that name was registered on Leros in October upon his arrival from Turkey.[9] The dead attacker's fingerprints matched those taken at the registration on Leros.[6][10][11][12][13] French officials concluded that "Ahmad al-Mohammad" is probably a dead Syrian soldier whose passport was stolen after he was killed in Syria.[14][15]
  • The third bomber has not been named by French police yet, but his image released by the authorities has been matched by the BBC with a photo on arrival papers at Leros belonging to a man travelling together with "Ahmad al-Mohammed" under the name of "M. al-Mahmod".[16]

Three men are thought to have carried out the shootings at bars and restaurants in Paris:

  • Brahim Abdeslam, a 31-year-old French member of the Molenbeek terror cell living in Belgium, carried out shootings in the 10th and 11th arrondissements. Shortly afterwards, he blew himself up at the Comptoir Voltaire restaurant on the boulevard Voltaire.[17][6][7][18][19]
  • Chakib Akrouh, a 25-year-old Belgian citizen of Moroccan descent who blew himself up during the Saint-Denis police raid that occurred five days after the Paris attacks. Akrouh was not identified until 15 January 2016.[20]
  • Abdelhamid Abaaoud.[21][6]

Three other men attacked the Bataclan theatre using AKMs and took hostages.[17] Two blew themselves up when police raided the theatre. The third was hit by police gunfire and his vest blew up when he fell.[17] According to French police, they were:

  • Samy Amimour, a 28-year-old from Paris who fought in Yemen and was known to the intelligence services,[6][22] had reportedly been on the run from police since 2012 due to being wanted over terrorism related charges.[23]
  • Omar Ismail Mostefai, a 29-year-old from the Paris suburb of Courcouronnes, of Algerian descent,[6] travelled to Syria in 2013 and may have spent time in Algeria.[24] In 2010, the French authorities had put Mostefai on a database of suspected Islamic radicals.[6] He was identified by a severed finger found inside the Bataclan.[7][25]
  • Foued Mohamed-Aggad, a 23-year-old from Strasbourg, of Moroccan descent, who travelled to Syria in 2013.[6][26]

Ibrahim and Khalid El Bakraoui

The Bakraoui brothers were born in Brussels and raised in Laken, a residential district in northwestern Brussels.[27] They were Belgian nationals of Moroccan descent.[28] Their father, a retired butcher and devout Muslim, emigrated from Morocco; their mother was described as "conservative and reclusive".[27]

The brothers were known to the Belgian authorities. Unlike other radicalised ISIL adherents, who started as petty criminals, the men had a history of committing more serious crimes.[27] They were believed to have rented an apartment that housed some of the assailants involved in the November 2015 Paris attacks and supplied ammunition for them.[29] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States had been aware of the brothers and sent information about them to authorities in the Netherlands on 16 March 2016, nearly a week before the bombings.[30] Ibrahim died in one of the suicide bombings at Brussels Airport, while Khalid died in the suicide bombing at the metro station. Both of them had evaded capture during a police raid in Brussels on 15 March 2016.[31]

Ibrahim El Bakraoui

Ibrahim El Bakraoui (born 9 October 1986 in Brussels) was involved in the attempted robbery of a currency exchange office in January 2010, where he shot at police with a Kalashnikov rifle while providing a lookout for his accomplices. One police officer was shot in the leg but survived.[27] The Mayor of Brussels, Freddy Thielemans, and the Mayor of Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, Philippe Moureaux, described the shooting as a "fait divers" (a small daily news item) and "normal in a large city", causing controversy.[32] In 2010, Ibrahim was sentenced to 10 years in prison, but was released on parole in 2014 under the condition that he not leave the country for longer than a month. He failed to abide by the conditions of parole and was sought again by the authorities.[27]

According to the authorities in Turkey, they arrested Ibrahim as a "suspected terrorist" in June 2015 and deported him to Europe, where he chose to get to the Netherlands.[33] Belgian authorities were informed of the detention and deportation, but they apparently ignored the warnings, and the Netherlands released Ibrahim after failing to establish any link to terrorism.[34][29] The FBI had been tracking Ibrahim and his criminal activities since September 2015.[30]

Authorities found a laptop belonging to Ibrahim inside a waste container near a house raided following the bombings.[31] The laptop had a suicide note stored on it, in which Ibrahim stated that he was "stressed out", felt unsafe, and was "afraid of ever-lasting eternity".[35] It also contained images of the home and the office of the Belgian Prime Minister, Charles Michel, among information on multiple other locations in Brussels.[36]

Khalid El Bakraoui

Khalid El Bakraoui (born 12 January 1989 in Brussels) was one of three men involved in a bank robbery on 27 October 2009, in which they kidnapped an employee and forced her to drive them to her workplace in Brussels and deactivate the alarm. They made off with €41,000. About two weeks later, Khalid stole a vehicle and was later found with it and a number of other stolen vehicles in a warehouse. Though he was detained, he was not charged at the time.[27] Khalid was also arrested in 2011 for the possession of Kalashnikov rifles. In September 2011, he was convicted of the carjackings, possession of weapons, and the 2009 bank robbery, being sentenced to five years in prison. He was released from prison after serving most of his sentence.[27]

Following his release, Khalid was arrested upon meeting with a former criminal accomplice in May 2015, which violated a term of his parole, but a judge released him because he continued to meet the rest of his parole conditions. From October 2015, he failed his parole appointments and abandoned his address, resulting in a cancelled parole as of February 2016.[37] Interpol issued a warrant for his arrest in August 2015.[38] Two further arrest warrants were issued for Khalid on 11 December 2015, one international and one European.[39] Both were issued by a Paris judge investigating the November 2015 Paris attacks, because Khalid rented the Charleroi house where fingerprints of Abdelhamid Abaaoud, the mastermind of those attacks, as well as an involved suicide bomber, Bilal Hadfi, were found.[40]

On 16 March 2016, the FBI informed Dutch authorities that he was wanted for "terrorism, extremism and recruitment".[41] On 30 March, Security and Justice Minister Ard van der Steur wrote that the report "came from the New York Police Department's Intelligence Division and was forwarded by the Dutch embassy liaison in Washington".[42]

Najim Laachraoui

Najim Laachraoui (also known under his cover name, Soufiane Kayal; born 18 May 1991 in Ajdir, Morocco)[43] was confirmed to be one of the two suicide bombers at the airport on 23 March.[44] He was born in Morocco but raised in the Schaerbeek neighbourhood of Brussels, where he attended a Catholic high school. Laachraoui studied engineering at the Université libre de Bruxelles from 2009 to 2010, but did not complete his degree. He then studied electromechanics at the Université catholique de Louvain from 2010 to 2011.[45]

Laachraoui reportedly travelled to Syria in February 2013, where his family lost contact with him.[44][46] His travel to Syria resulted in the mayor of Schaerbeek declaring that Laachraoui had been removed from the voting rolls in 2015, but being "powerless to do more".[47] In February 2016, Laachraoui was suspected of involvement with a possible terrorist cell led by Khalid Zerkani, who recruited fighters in Syria, including Abdelhamid Abaaoud, the mastermind of the November 2015 Paris attacks. He went to trial and was awaiting sentencing at the time of the Brussels bombings, which was scheduled for May.[45]

Like the Bakraoui brothers, he evaded capture during the police raids on 15 and 18 March 2016 which captured Salah Abdeslam.[48] Laachraoui is believed to be an accomplice of Abdeslam, with whom he travelled across Europe under the false identity of Soufiane Kayal.[44][48] Laachraoui is also believed to have made the suicide vests used in the attacks against the Bataclan theatre and the Stade de France in Paris.[44] He also rented a house occupied by assailants involved in the Paris attacks.[45]

Mohamed Abrini

Main article: Mohamed Abrini
Still from CCTV footage showing Najim Laachraoui (left), Ibrahim El Bakraoui (centre), and Mohamed Abrini (right).[49][50][51][52]

Mohamed Abrini (born 27 December 1984)[53] is a Belgian Islamic State militant who is believed to have been involved in the planning and execution of the November 2015 Paris attacks and the 2016 Brussels bombings.[54]

Abrini is a Belgian national of Moroccan descent and was a childhood friend of both Salah Abdeslam and his brother Brahim. He was 31 at the time of his arrest.[55] Abrini grew up in Brussels, where he worked in a bakery, earning the nickname "Brioche", before becoming involved in petty crime and then with radical Islamists living in the Brussels district of Molenbeek.[56] His brother was killed in Syria fighting for the Islamic State.[57] Abrini is also believed to have fought for the Islamic State in Syria.[58]

During the manhunt for Salah Abdeslam, video footage was recovered, showing Abrini with Abdeslam at a petrol station on 11 November. In the footage, the two had stopped at the station with a a black Renault Clio.[59][60] Abrini is believed to have driven Abdeslam to Paris on 11 November.[61]

A manhunt for Abrini was launched after his association with Abdeslam was uncovered. Belgian authorities issued a warrant for his arrest, and described him as being dangerous and likely armed.[62]

Abrini is the "man in the hat" seen with Brussels airport attackers Najim Laachraoui and Ibrahim el-Bakraoui.[63] On 8 April 2016, he was arrested in the Anderlecht municipality of Brussels.[55][64] After being confronted with photographs he admitted he was the "man in a hat" seen on airport security cameras.[65]

Osama Krayem

Main article: Osama Krayem

Osama Krayem is a Swedish national of Syrian origin and a suspected terrorist involved in the 2016 Brussels bombings.[66] He was one of five men arrested on 8 April 2016 by the Belgian police.[67]

Krayem is believed to be the man seen on CCTV at the Brussels City 2 shopping centre, where he bought the rucksacks used later for the bombings in Brussels Airport in Zaventem. He is also thought to have been the second man alongside bomber Khalid el-Bakraoui at the Pétillon metro station. El-Bekraoui is thought to have carried out the bombing of Maelbeek metro station minutes later on the morning of 22 March 2016.[68]

Other suspects

November 2015 Paris attacks

On 14 November, a car was stopped at the Belgium–France border and its three occupants were questioned then released. Three more people were arrested in Molenbeek.[69] Links to the attacks were investigated in an arrest in Germany on 5 November, when police stopped a 51-year-old man from Montenegro and found automatic handguns, hand grenades and explosives in his car.[70]

On 15–16 November, French tactical police units raided over 200 locations in France, arresting 23 people and seizing weapons.[71] Another 104 people were placed under house arrest.[72][73]

On 17 November, police followed a cousin of the attacker and ringleader, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, to a block of flats in Saint-Denis where they saw Abaaoud with her.[74][75] Following a police raid on a flat in Saint-Denis during the next day, in which Abaaoud and restaurant shooter Chakib Akrouh died, which lasted several hours,[76][77][78][20] eight suspected militants were arrested at or near the flat.[79]

On 24 November, five people in Belgium had been charged on suspicion of their involvement in the Paris attacks, and Belgian prosecutors issued an arrest warrant for Mohamed Abrini, a 30-year-old suspected accomplice of Salah Abdeslam.[80] Abrini was subsequently reported to have been arrested on 8 April 2016.[81] He is also suspected of having been involved in the 2016 Brussels bombings.[82]

A person involved in the attacks made phone calls to Birmingham, England, just prior to the day of the attacks.[83]

Fabien Clain was identified as the person who released an audio recording the day before the attacks in which he personally claimed responsibility for the attacks. Clain is known to intelligence services as a veteran jihadist belonging to ISIL, and of French nationality.[84] A French national, he served 5 years from 2009 to 2014 in a French prison for recruiting fighters to go to Syria for jihad. Clain has been linked to other executed and planned terror attacks and is seen as a leader of known terrorists.[85]

2016 Brussels bombings

On 24 March, six people were arrested in police raids in Brussels, Jette and Schaerbeek, all in connection with the investigation into the bombings.[86]

On 25 March, a 28-year-old Moroccan man was detained following a routine police check in Giessen, Germany; the man, a failed asylum-seeker, was believed to have been in contact with the Brussels attackers' immediate network.[87] On the same day, a second man, identified as Samir E., had been arrested in Düsseldorf, Germany, reportedly in connection to the bombings. The next day, it was reported that both people were exonerated of having connections with the cell. The man detained in Giessen had an acquaintance with a similar name to Khalid El Bakraoui, while a text message with the word "fin" was found on his cell phone. The "fin" was initially interpreted as "the end" in French, though it turned out to be the word "where", transcribed from Arabic language.[88]

As of 26 March, twelve men were arrested in connection with the bombings.[89] The same day, Belgian prosecutors charged Fayçal Cheffou, who had been detained two days prior in front of the Belgian prosecutor's office, with "terrorist murders, attempted murder relating to terror plots, and links to terror groups"; Cheffou was suspected of being the man on the right in the CCTV footage of the airport.[90] However, on 28 March, Cheffou was released due to a lack of evidence.[91]

On 27 March, an Algerian who was part of a counterfeiting ring that provided forged documents to the perpetrators in both the Paris and Brussels attacks was arrested in Italy. The Belgian government had issued a European Arrest Warrant for the man, who the ANSA news agency identified as 40-year-old Djamal Eddine Ouali on 6 January. Ouali's name emerged during searches carried out in October in the Saint-Gilles borough of Brussels, which yielded around 1,000 digital images that were being used to make false identity documents.[92]

Planned terrorist activities

The cell initially planned to launch a second assault on Paris following the November 2015 attacks there. However, they chose to rush an attack on Brussels after being surprised by the progress of the Belgian investigation and the sudden arrest of Salah Abdeslam.[93]

See also

References

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  91. ^ Cassandra Vinograd (28 March 2016). "Brussels Attacks 'Suspect' Faycal Cheffou Freed Due to Lack of Evidence". NBC News. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  92. ^ Lilia Blaise. "Italy Arrests Algerian Tied to Forgery in Paris and Brussels Attacks". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  93. ^ Raphael Satter; Raf Casert (10 April 2016). "Officials: Group that hit Brussels planned 2nd France attack". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
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