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Pennsylvania
State
CountryUnited States
Admitted to the UnionDecember 12 1787 (2nd)
CapitalHarrisburg
Largest cityPhiladelphia
Government
 • GovernorEd Rendell (D)
 • Upper house{{{Upperhouse}}}
 • Lower house{{{Lowerhouse}}}
U.S. senatorsArlen Specter (R)
Rick Santorum (R)
Population
 • Total12,281,054
 • Density274.02/sq mi (105.80/km2)
Language
 • Official languageAmerican English
Latitude39°43'N to 42°N
Longitude74°43'W to 80°31'W

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (pronounced [pɛnsl̩ˈveɪnjə] or [pɛnsl̩ˈveɪniə]) is a state in the northeastern part of the United States.

Pennsylvania has been known as the Quaker State since 1776; prior to that, it was known as the Quaker Province,[1] in recognition of Quaker[2] William Penn's First Frame of Government[3] constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience. Penn knew of the hostility[4] Quakers faced when they opposed rituals, oaths, violence, and ostentatious frippery.[5]

Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State since 1802,[6] based in part upon its central location among the original Thirteen Colonies forming the United States.[6] Pennsylvania, however is not only geographically the keystone state, but economically as well, having both the industry common to the North, making such wares as Conestoga wagons[7] and rifles,[8] and the agriculture common to the South, producing feed, fiber, food, and tobacco.[9]

Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km)[10] of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km)[11] of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Philadelphia is home to a major seaport and shipyards on the Delaware River.[12]

Geography

Further information: Geography of Pennsylvania
Further information: List of Pennsylvania counties

Pennsylvania is 160 miles (290 km) north to south and 283 miles east to west.[13] Of 46,055 square miles, 44817 square miles are land, 490 square miles are inland waters and 749 square miles are waters of Lake Erie.[14] It is the 33rd largest state in the United States.[14] The highest point of 3,213 feet (979 m) above sea level is at Mount Davis, the lowest point is at sea level on the Delaware River, and the approximate mean elevation is 1100 feet (336 meters).[15]

Pennsylvania is in the Eastern time zone.[16]

The original southern boundary of Pennsylvania was supposed to be at 40° North latitude,[17] but as a result of a bad faith compromise by Lord Baltimore during Cresap's War, the king's courts moved the boundary 20 miles south[18] to 39° 43' N.[13] The city of Philadelphia, at 40°0'N 75°8'W,[19] would have been split in half by the original boundary. When a captive Cresap, a Marylander, was paraded through Philadelphia, he taunted the officers by announcing that Philadelphia was one of the prettiest towns in Maryland.[18]

History

Main article: History of Pennsylvania
Further information: List of Pennsylvania firsts

Before the state existed, the area was home to the Delaware (also known as Lenni Lenape), Susquehannock, Iroquois, Eriez, Shawnee, and other Native American tribes.[20]

John Dickinson, founding father to a nation

In 1681, Charles II of England granted a land charter[21] to William Penn, one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.[22] That land included both present-day Delaware and Pennsylvania ("Penn's Woods", named in honor of his father). He established government with two innovations that were much copied in the new world: the county commission, and freedom of religious conviction.[22] Writer Murray Rothbard in his four-volume history of the U.S., Conceived in Liberty, refers to the years of 1681-1690 as "Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment."[23]

The first meeting of the thirteen colonies was the Stamp Act Congress in 1765, called at the request of the Massachusetts Assembly, but only 9 colonies sent delegates.[24] John Dickinson of Philadelphia wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances that came out of the Stamp Act Congress - then followed it up with Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.[25] When the Founding Fathers to convene in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 of the 13 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress.[26]

The First Continental Congress drew up and signed the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia,[27] but when that city was captured by the British, the Continental Congress escaped westward, meeting at the Lancaster courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then moving to York, where they drew up the Articles of Confederation, forming the independent colonies into a new nation. Later, the Constitution was written, Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Nation.[28]

Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on December 12, 1787,[29] five days after Delaware became the first.

James Buchanan, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, was the only bachelor President of the United States.[30] The Battle of Gettysburg - the major turning point of the Civil War - took place near Gettysburg.[31]

Demographics

Demographics of Pennsylvania (csv)
By race White Black AIAN* Asian NHPI*
2000 (total population) 87.60% 10.71% 0.43% 2.04% 0.07%
2000 (Hispanic only) 2.74% 0.44% 0.06% 0.03% 0.02%
2005 (total population) 86.83% 11.20% 0.45% 2.46% 0.09%
2005 (Hispanic only) 3.52% 0.53% 0.07% 0.05% 0.02%
Growth 2000–05 (total population) 0.32% 5.83% 5.64% 22.23% 18.99%
Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) -0.64% 5.21% 2.77% 21.86% 14.13%
Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) 29.86% 20.24% 23.61% 45.64% 35.44%
* AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
Further information: List of people from Pennsylvania

As of 2004, Pennsylvania has an estimated population of 12,429,616,[32] which is an increase of 1.2% from the year 2000, compared to 5.3% growth for the U.S. as a whole.[32] The growth of 125,238 people came from births outnumbering deaths by 61,192, a net gain of 86,811 immigrants from other countries, and a net loss of 19,365 people to other states.[33]

In 2000, 4.1% of all Pennsylvanians were foreign-born, compared to 11.1% for the U.S. as a whole.[34] The foreign-born Pennsylvanian population is largely from Asia (36.0%) and Europe (35.9%), with 19.6% coming from Latin America, 5% coming from Africa, 3.1% coming from North America, and 0.4% coming from Oceania.[34]

Pennsylvania Population Distribution

Pennsylvania's reported population of hispanics, especially among the asian, hawaiian and white races, has markedly increased in the last years.[35] It is not clear how much of this change reflects a changing population, and how much reflects increased willingness to self-identify minority status.

Historical populations[36][32]
Census
year		 Population
1790 434,373
1800 602,365
1810 810,091
1820 1,049,458
1830 1,348,233
1840 1,724,033
1850 2,311,786
1860 2,906,215
1870 3,521,951
1880 4,282,891
1890 5,258,113
1900 6,302,115
1910 7,665,111
1920 8,720,017
1930 9,631,350
1940 9,900,180
1950 10,498,012
1960 11,319,366
1970 11,793,909
1980 11,863,895
1990 11,881,643
2000 12,281,054
2004 Est. 12,429,616

Pennsylvania's population was reported as 5.9% under 5 and 23.8% under 18, with 15.6% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.7% of the population.[37]

The five largest ancestry groups reported in Pennsylvania are: German (27.66%), Irish (17.66%), Italian (12.82%), English (8.89%) and Polish.[38]

The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill–treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God. - Voltaire, speaking of William Penn[39]

Of all the colonies, only in Rhode Island was religious freedom so secure as in Pennsylvania - and one result was an incredible religious diversity, one which continues to this day.[40]

There were 7,116,348 religious adherents in Pennsylvania in 2000, following 115 different faiths. Their affiliations[41], including percentage of all adherents, were:

Note: These statistics are based on 7,116,348 of the estimated 8,448,193 religious adherents in Pennsylvania,[41] and only the largest of 115 different faiths are reported here. Data excludes most of the historically African-American denominations. Public Law 94-521 prevents the Census Bureau from collecting better data, so this information comes from the The Association of religion data archives at Penn State.) Terms used to describe organizations are ARDA's, and may not be the group's own preferred name.

Economy

Bethlehem Steel Corporation's closed manufacturing facility in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. This site will become the site of a new multi-million dollar casino in 2007.

Pennsylvania's 2005 total gross state product (GSP) of $430.31 billion[42] ranks the state 6th in the nation. If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 17th largest in the world, ahead of Belgium, but behind the Netherlands. On a per-capita basis, though, Pennsylvania's per-capita GSP of $34,619 ranks 26th among the 50 states.[42] Neighboring Delaware was tops, with $56,447, and Mississippi's $23,851 puts it last.[42]

Philadelphia in the southeast corner and Pittsburgh in the southwest corner are urban manufacturing centers, with the "t-shaped" remainder of the state being much more rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy.[43] Philadelphia is home to 10 Fortune 500 companies,[44] with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it's a leader in the financial[45] and insurance industry.[46] Pittsburgh is home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, but the biggest ones are manufacturers U.S. Steel and H.J. Heinz.[44] Pennsylvania is home to 49 Fortune 500 companies in all.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Manufacturing

States cannot thrive by "taking in each other's laundry",[47] but manufacturing imports money and jobs from the rest of the world. Pennsylvania's factories and workshops manufacture 16.1% of the Gross State Product (GSP); only 10 states are more industrialized.[48] While Educational Services is only 1.8% of the state's GSP, that's twice the national average; only Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont outrank Pennsylvania.[48] Although Pennsylvania is known as a coal state, mining only amounts to 0.6% of the state's economy, compared to 1.3% for the country as a whole.[48]

Farming near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania.

Agriculture

Pennsylvania ranks 19th overall in agricultural production,[49] but 3rd in christmas trees and layer chickens, 4th in nursery and sod, milk, corn for silage, and horse production. Only about 9,600 of the state's 58,000 farmers have sales of $100,000 or more, and with production expenses equalling 84.9% of sales, most not only have a net farming income below the $19,806 that marks poverty for a family of four,[50] but are liable for a 12.4% self-employment tax as well.[51] The average farmer is 53 and getting older, [52], as young Pennsylvanians find low farming income a tough row to hoe.[53]

Tourism

Pennsylvania draws 2.1% of the Gross State Product from Accommodation and Food Services. Only Connecticut, Delaware and Iowa have lower numbers, and Nevada gets a whopping 14.2% of their GSP that way.[48] Philadelphia draws tourists[54] to see the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, the Franklin Institute and the steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, while The Poconos[55] attract honeymooners, golfers and fishermen, and the Delaware Water Gap[56] appeals to boaters, hikers, and nature lovers.

The state government launched an extensive tourism campaign in 2003 under the direction of the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. An extensive website[57]has been established to promote visits to the state.

File:PA.soi.jpg
Recent PA state tourism campaign logo.
Main article: Pennsylvania Dutch Country

The Pennsylvania Dutch region in south-central Pennsylvania is a favorite for sightseers.[58] The Pennsylvania Dutch, including the Old Order Amish, the Old Order Mennonites and at least 35 other sects,[59] are common in the rural areas around the cities of Lancaster, York, and Harrisburg, with smaller numbers extending northeast to the Lehigh Valley and up the Susquehanna River valley.

The term "Dutch" is an archaic word meaning "German" or "Teutonic" rather than "Netherlander". The Random House dictionary says "dutch" originated with the Old High German word "diutisc" which referred to the daily language used by Germans, as opposed to formal Latin. [60]

Law and government

Pennsylvania has had five constitutions since statehood:[61] 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1968. Prior to that, the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.[61]

The "Redbrick Capitol", used from 1821 until it burned in 1897

The legislature met in the general Philadelphia area, but had no regular place of meeting for half a century before starting to meet regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.[62] They needed to move to a more central location - the Paxton Boys had made them aware of that in 1763 - and finally in 1799, they moved to the Lancaster Courthouse in 1799,[62] and finally to Harrisburg in 1812.[62] The legislature met in the old Dauphin County Court House until December 1821,[62] when the Redbrick Capitol was finished. It burned down in 1897, presumably due to a faulty flue.[62] Until the present capitol was finished in 1907, the legislature met at Grace Methodist Church on State Street, which still stands.[62]

File:PaCap.jpg
The current Pennsylvania Capitol

The new Capitol drew rave reviews.[62] Its dome was inspired by the great domes of St. Peter's in Rome and the United States Capitol.[62] If President Theodore Roosevelt called it the "the most beautiful state Capitol in the nation", and said "it's the handsomest building I ever saw" at the dedication, one might expect a politicians to glurge at a dedication, but in 1989, though, the New York Times praised the Pennsylvania capitol as "grand, even awesome at moments, but it is also a working building, accessible to citizens... a building that connects with the reality of daily life."[62]

The current Governor is Ed Rendell, a former head of the Democratic National Committee who began as a popular District Attorney, and mayor in Philadelphia.[63] The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor Catherine Baker Knoll, Attorney General Tom Corbett, Auditor General Jack Wagner, and State Treasurer Robert P. Casey, Jr.[64]

See also: List of Pennsylvania state agencies

William Penn's Frame of Government set up a unicameral legislature, and did not switch to a bicameral legislature until the state's constitution of 1790.[65] The General Assembly includes 50 Senators[66] and 203 Representatives.[67] Robert C. Jubelirer is currently President Pro Tempore of the State Senate,[68] David J. Brightbill the Majority Leader,[69] and Robert J. Mellow the Minority Leader.[70] John M. Perzel is Speaker of the House of Representatives,[71] with Samuel H. Smith as Majority Leader[72] and H. William DeWeese as Minority Leader.[73] The Republicans control both houses of the General Assembly.

Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts[74], most of which (save Philadelphia and Allegheny Counties) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over minor criminal offenses and small civil claims. The Philadelphia Municipal Court and the Pittsburgh police magistrate court have similar jurisdiction, but are limited to those locations.[74] Since Philadelphia is coterminous with Philadelphia County, the Pittsburgh police magistrate court is the only true city-level court in the state. Philadelphia also has a separate traffic court which hears cases involving motor vehicle violations within the city.[74]

The general trial courts in which most criminal and civil cases originate are the Courts of Common Pleas.[74] They also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions. The Courts of Common Pleas serving the larger Pennsylvania counties are divided into specialized divisions.

The state has two intermediate-level appellate courts: the Superior Court and the Commonwealth Court.[74] The fifteen judges of the Superior Court hear all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance.[74] The jurisdiction of the nine-judge Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.[74] The Commonwealth Court also functions as a trial court in some civil suits, including cases that involve the state or its officers as parties, and cases regarding statewide elections.[74]

Pennsylvania's entire judicial system is under the supervision of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, which is also the final appellate court for both the Superior Court and the Commonwealth Court.[74] It also hears appeals directly from the Courts of Common Pleas in certain cases, including murder convictions in which the death penalty has been imposed, the right to public office, criminal contempt, and any case in which the Court of Common Pleas ruled that a state law was unconstitutional.[74] Like all judges in Pennsylvania, the seven justices of the Supreme Court are chosen by public election; the chief justice is the justice with the most seniority.[74]

Federal representation

Pennsylvania's two U.S. Senators are Rick Santorum and Arlen Specter. Pennsylvania's U.S. Congressmen are Robert Brady (1st)), Chaka Fattah (2nd)), Phil English (3rd)), Melissa Hart (4th)), John E. Peterson (5th)), Jim Gerlach (6th)), Curt Weldon (7th)), Michael Fitzpatrick (8th)), Bill Shuster (9th)), Don Sherwood (10th), Paul E. Kanjorski (11th), John Murtha (12th), Allyson Schwartz (13th), Mike Doyle (14th), Charlie Dent (15th), Joe Pitts (16th), Tim Holden (17th), Tim Murphy (18th), and Todd Russell Platts (19th).[75]

Taxation

The two largest sources of state revenue are income taxes on individuals and businesses and the state sales tax. In addition, the state imposes other taxes and fees on businesses and collects fees for various licenses and permits. There is also an inheritance tax, taxes on gasoline and diesel fuel, alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and taxes and fees on certain other goods and services. There is also a tax on the transfer of real property.

File:Pa-gbg8775.jpg
2006 Pennsylvania license plate.

Pennsylvania is one of only five American states to employ a flat tax on personal income. Unlike the others, Pennsylvania's is a pure flat tax with no personal exemptions. As of 2005, the income tax rate for individuals is 3.07% of earned income. The flat tax in mandated by the "uniformity clause" of the state constitution which requires that "All taxes shall be uniform, upon the same class of subjects, within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, and shall be levied and collected under general laws."

The state assesses a 6% sales tax on taxable goods and services. Philadelphia and Allegheny counties charge an additional 1% on the same goods and services. Items such as unprepared food (not ready-to-eat), "everyday" clothing (not sports gear or formalwear), shoes, medication, textbooks, and residential heating fuels are exempt from sales tax.

The state government does not levy or collect taxes on real estate or personal property. Most counties, municipalities, and school districts do levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of the state's sixty-seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings.

In addition to taxes collected on liquor, a significant source of revenue is the approximately 640 state-owned Wine & Spirits stores operated by the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board (PLCB). The agency is the sole retail distributor of liquor and most wine throughout the Commonwealth. Profits from its operation are used to fund programs including the Pennsylvania State Police's Bureau of Liquor Control Enforcement (BLCE). (Source: PA Dept. of Revenue)

Important cities and municipalities

File:Pittsburgh skyline daytime.jpg
The skyline of Pittsburgh, the 20th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.

Municipalities in Pennsylvania are incorporated as cities, boroughs, or townships.

In 1870, Bloomsburg, the county seat of Columbia County, and in 1975, McCandless, Pennsylvania, in Allegheny County were incorporated as towns by special act of the legislature. [76] [77]

Important cities in Pennsylvania[32] include Allentown, Altoona, Bethlehem, Chester, Easton, Erie, Harrisburg, Lancaster, New Castle, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Reading, Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport, and York.

Although not legally structured as cities, the boroughs of Bethel Park, Monroeville, Norristown, Plum and State College have significant populations.[32]

See also: Pennsylvania locations by per capita income
The skyline of Philadelphia, the largest city in Pennsylvania and the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.

Recreation

Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo. [2] Other notable zoos include Claws 'n Paws, Erie Zoo, Pittsburgh Zoo, and ZOOAMERICA. It is also home to the National Aviary.

Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks, including Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dutch Wonderland, DelGrosso Amusement Park , Hersheypark, Idlewild Park, Kennywood, Knoebels, Lakemont Park, Sandcastle, Sesame Place, and Waldameer Park.

Sports

Main article: Pennsylvania sports

Pennsylvania is home to many professional sports teams, including the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League, the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association, and the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League. PA also has numerous Minor League Baseball teams, among them are the Altoona Curve, Reading Phillies, and others. It also has an Arena Football team, the Johnstown Riverhawks. Among them, these teams have accumulated 6 World Series Chapionships, 14 National League Pennants, 3 NFL Championships, 5 Super Bowl Championships, 3 NBA Chapionships, and 4 Stanley Cup winners.

Motorsports are popular in Pennsylvania. The Mario Andretti dynasty of race drivers hail from Nazareth. Notable Racetracks in Pennsylvania include the Jennerstown Speedway in Jennerstown, the Lake Erie Speedway in North East, the Mahoning Valley Speedway in Lehighton, the Motordome Speedway in Smithton, the Mountain Speedway in St. Johns, the Nazareth Speedway in Nazareth; and the Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, which is home both the Pennsylvania 500 and the Pocono 500.

Race courses for horses in Pennsylvania consist of Ladbroke at the Meadows, in Pittsburgh, Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs, in Wilkes-Barre and Summerside Raceway in Summerside which offer harness racing, and Penn National Race Course in Grantville and Philadelphia Park, in Bensalem which offer thoroughbred racing. Smarty Jones, the 2004 Kentucky Derby winner, had Philadelphia Park as his home course.

Arnold Palmer, one of the leading 20th-century pro golfers, comes from Latrobe, and Jim Furyk, one of the leading 21-century pro golfers, grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in Scranton.

Food

Author Sharon Hernes Silverman calls Pennsylvania the snack food capital of the world. It leads all other states in the manufacture of pretzels and potato chips. The Sturgis Pretzel House introduced the pretzel to America, and companies like Anderson Bakery Company, Intercourse Pretzel Factory, and Snyder's of Hanover are leading manufacturers in the state. The three companies that define the U.S. potato chip industry are Utz Quality Foods which started making chips in Hanover, Pennsylvania in 1921, Wise Snack Foods which started making chips in Berwick in 1921, and Lay's Potato Chips, a Texas company. Other companies such as Herr Foods, Martin's Potato Chips, and Troyer Farms Potato Products are popular chip manufacturers. The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in Hershey, Pennsylvania, with Mars and Wilbur Chocolate Company nearby, and many smaller manufacturers such as Asher's. Other notable companies include Benzel's Pretzels and Boyer Candies, which is well known for its Mallow Cups.

Among the regional foods associated with Pennsylvania are the Philadelphia cheesesteak and the hoagie, the soft pretzel, Italian water ice, scrapple, Tastykake, and the stromboli. Tomato ketchup was invented by Henry John Heinz of Pittsburgh in 1876. Pittsburgh also embraces its locally famous Primanti Brothers sandwiches. Pittsburgh is also famous for its Polish food.

Ethnic cuisine is common, especially in the Pittsburgh and Philadelphia areas. Many restaurateurs offer Chinese, Italian, Mexican, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Turkish, Pakistani, Russian and Amish dining.

State symbols

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ The Quaker Province
  2. ^ William Penn, Quaker
  3. ^ Frame of Government
  4. ^ Digital History: Persecution of the Quakers
  5. ^ The Quaker Province 1681-1776
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n PHMC: State Symbols Cite error: The named reference "symbols" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ Lowell Tribune, March 26, 2002
  8. ^ Lancaster rifle
  9. ^ PHMC: Agriculture in Pennsylvania
  10. ^ National Parks Service: Our Fourth Shore
  11. ^ NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources
  12. ^ Tour Philadelphia
  13. ^ a b Pennsylvania geography
  14. ^ a b 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment: Land and Land Use
  15. ^ 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment:Extreme and Mean Elevations
  16. ^ Pennsylvania Time Zone
  17. ^ Penn's Charter
  18. ^ a b Cecil County, Maryland
  19. ^ Places Named: Philadelphia
  20. ^ Pennsylvania Indian tribes
  21. ^ Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania
  22. ^ a b Quakers and the political process
  23. ^ Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment
  24. ^ Library of Congress timeline 1764-1765
  25. ^ Dickinson Letters
  26. ^ Library of Congress timeline 1773-1774
  27. ^ Library of Congress: Primary documents - The Declaration of Independence
  28. ^ Nine Capitals of the United States
  29. ^ Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution of 1787
  30. ^ James Buchanan White House biography
  31. ^ Battle of Gettyburg
  32. ^ a b c d e Pennsylvania QuickFacts
  33. ^ Components of Population Change
  34. ^ a b Pennsylvania Profile 2000
  35. ^ Annual Estimates of the Population
  36. ^ Historical Census
  37. ^ FactFinder: Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights
  38. ^ American Community Survey 2003 Multi-Year Survey for Pennsylvania
  39. ^ The Works of Voltaire, volume 19
  40. ^ Religious diversity in Pennsylvania
  41. ^ a b The ARDA
  42. ^ a b c Bureau of Economic Analysis
  43. ^ Appeals court races wrap up with focus on voter mobilization
  44. ^ a b Fortune 500
  45. ^ Philadelphia stock exchange
  46. ^ Tragedy of 9/11 pummels insurance industry
  47. ^ Community Economic Analysis
  48. ^ a b c d Northeast-Midwest Institute calculations based on data from the BEA
  49. ^ Agricultural Census 2002
  50. ^ Poverty levels
  51. ^ IRS: Tax Guide for farmers
  52. ^ Center for Rural Pennsylvania
  53. ^ Mid-Atlantic Farm Policy Leadership Forum
  54. ^ Philadelphia tourism
  55. ^ Poconos tourism
  56. ^ Delaware Water Gap
  57. ^ [1]
  58. ^ AAA: Favorite vacation spots
  59. ^ Page 10, The Riddle of Amish Culture, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-6772-X
  60. ^ Definition of "dutch"
  61. ^ a b 23 Pennsylvania Law Weekly 324 (March 27, 2000)
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pennsylvania's Capitals
  63. ^ Official bio of Ed Rendell
  64. ^ State Elected Officials
  65. ^ Pennsylvania State Archives
  66. ^ Pennsylvania Senators
  67. ^ Pennsylvania House of Representatives
  68. ^ Pennsylvania Senate
  69. ^ David Brightbill
  70. ^ Robert Mellow
  71. ^ John Perzel
  72. ^ Samuel Smith
  73. ^ William DeWeese
  74. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Judicial districts
  75. ^ Congressional Directory Online
  76. ^ Bloomsburg
  77. ^ McCandless
  78. ^ SB 320 (2003)
  79. ^ a b State Symbols
  80. ^ Slinky history

 United States

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