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Revision as of 21:47, 6 December 2020

Epirus and environs, by Cambridge Ancient History Vol 4.

Atintanes or Atintanians (Greek: Ἀτιντάνες, Atintánes, Latin: Atintanii) was an ancient tribe in Epirus. It inhabited a region inland of the Epirote coast which was called Atintania. They were one of the Epirote tribes that belonged to the northwestern Greek group.[1] They were occasionally subordinate to the Molossians[2] and spoke a northwestern Greek dialect similar to Doric Greek.[3]

Name

The suffix -anes is quite typical in north-western Doric Greek and is found in several ethnonyms in Epirus (Arktanes, Athamanes, Talaianes etc.) but is also found in other Greek regions apart from Epirus.[4] A. J. Toynbee argues that the suffix -anes perhaps suggests that the name Atintanes may have been of Greek origin.[5] He also states that they gave the Greeks their name for the Titanes, a race of giants in mythology.[6] Toynbee has linked their name to the tribal ethnikon Tyntenoi attested in coinage and inscriptions, while N.G.L Hammond has argued that it is linked to the Illyrian Atintani as according to him Tyntenoi is an Ionic form of Atintani.[7][8]

Language

There is an overall consensus in scholarship that the Atintanes as the rest of the Greek-speaking population of Epirus spoke a Northwestern Doric variety similar to that spoken by several neighbouring peoples of central and western Greece.[3] Marjeta Šašel Kos (2005) has argued that the Atintanes spoke a language similar to other southern Illyrian tribes which acquired a certain degree of Hellenization through contact with their Greek neighbours.[9] According to Cambi, Čače and Kirigin (2002) the Atintanians were conceivably closely associated in terms of language with other southern Illyrian tribes.[10]

Ancient sources

The Atintanes are mentioned in classical antiquity by Thucydides (2.80.6), Pseudo-Skylax (26), Pseudo-Aristotle (Mir. 833a 9), Lycophron (Alexandra 1042-1046), Polybius (2.5; 11.11; 7.9.13), Strabo (7.7.8 Baladié), Livy (27.30.13; 29.12.13; 45.30.7), Appian (Illyrike 7-8), Polyaenus (4.11.4), Stephanus of Byzantium (s.v. Ἀτιντάνία) and on a 4th century B.C. inscription from Dodona (SGDI 1336). They are reported on the above ancient sources in the historical context of the Peloponnesian War, the Roman-Illyrian Wars, the first Roman-Macedonian War, and the 167 BC Roman settlement of Macedonia.[11][12] The poem Alexandra by Lycophron suggests that the Atintanes were located near the Amantes. The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax(4th century BCE) locates the Atintanes inland in contact with the Amantes and the Chaonians to their west and the area of Dodonia to their south.[13]

In the lexicon "Ethnika" of Stephanus of Byzantium, Atintania appears as a region of Macedonia, named after Atintan, a son of Makednos in the version of Lycaon.[14] The tradition of an eponymous Atintan, as the son of Makednos, was probably created during the reign of Philip V of Macedon (238–179 BC) in order to tighten the connection between the Macedonian authorities and Atintanians.[15] Thucydides listed the Atintantes as the rest of the Epirote tribes as “barbarians” living north-west from the Greek lands.[16] They were listed as such not in the sense that their culture, customs or behavior was in diametrical opposition to Greek norms but rather because of their seemingly more primitive way of life.[17] Strabo based on Hecateus' account listed them among the fourteen Epirote tribes.[18] Appian is the only ancient author that specifically refers to the tribe of the Atintani (not Atintanes) using the ethnonym "Illyrian",[19] which may be in agreement with Pseudo-Scylax, who included the Atintanes among the Illyrian peoples, barbarians, located to the north of Chaonia.[20][dubious – discuss] This has been explained by P. Cabanes (1986) as strictly referring to their political situation due to their annexation by Illyrians for a short time.[21]

According to Livy Atintania formed part of Upper Macedonia in terms of Roman administration. Upper Macedonia was located next to Illyria and Epirus, however part of Atinania was certainly found inside Epirus.[22]

Identity and location

There is no consensus in current scholarship on the origin and precise location of the Atintanes.[23][verification needed][24] Modern scholarship mentions the Atintanes either as one of the various Epirote tribes or in connection with the Illyrians.[25] They also appear sometimes as Epirotes and other times as Macedonians, based on which neighbouring state gained control of their area.[26]

In the early 20th century, M. Holleaux sketched Atintaia on the middle valley of the Aoos.[27] P. Lévêque located the Atintanes on the middle valley of the Aoos similarly to Holleaux, but he also included the valley of the Drino.[27] A. J. Toynbee located the Atintanes in Epirus, between the Chaonians and the Parauaioi;[28] according to him they were an authentic Epirote people.[6] N. G. L. Hammond proposed two distinct homonymous tribes: the Epirote "Atintanes", located by him somewhere around the upper valley of the Drino; and the Illyrian "Atintani", located by him in the Çermenikë area in Central Albania. According to Hammond, the Epirote "Atintanes" are the tribe who appears in ancient accounts of western Greek campaigns of the Spartan admiral Knemos in 429 and are also named by other ancient writers, while the Illyrian "Atintani" are the tribe who appears in ancient accounts of Cassander's operations against Epidamnus in 314 BC and in the later Roman-Illyrian and Roman-Macedonian wars.[29] Those Atintanians in inland Illyria are also mentioned by V. Parker (2014).[30] Hammond placed the boundary between the Epirote Atintanes and the Molossians at the upper Kalamas river as far as Kalpaki.[31] Some scholars consider Hammond's theory about the Atintanes/Atintani and their location as abandoned,[32] F. Papazoglou and Pierre Cabanes stated that there was only one tribe with the name Atintanians and that the area they inhabited was located in the mountain ranges between the Aous (Vjosë) and the Apsus (Osum) rivers.[33][34]

Cabanes (1988) located Atintania in a region between Byllis and Dassaretis, without the Drino valley, and considered them the southernmost Illyrian people, on the border with Epirus.[35][36] M.B. Hatzopoulos (1993) did not accept Hammond's proposal of two distinct tribes, and he located the Atintanes on the upper and middle valley of the Aoos, stretching up to the confluence of this river with the Drino.[37][38] According to him, the Atintanes, together with the Chaonians constitute the northernmost Epirote community. Hatzopoulos considers that to their north, and between them and the Parthini, Taulantians and the (Illyrian) Dassaretii, existed a mixed zone; though part of Illyria, according to him it was a cultural extension of Greek speaking Epirus.[38] C. Habicht (1995) considered Atintania an Illyrian region.[39] S. Thiry (2001) listed the Atintanes among the Epirotes.[40] T. J. Winnifrith (2002) associated the diverse positions of Atintanes reported in ancient accounts with peaceful transhumans activity, but he also stated that two tribes with a similar name may have existed.[41] Cambi, Čače and Kirigin (2002) included the Atintanians among the most outstanding Illyrian peoples who conceivably were closely related with each other in terms of culture, institutions and language.[10] They placed them somewhere in the hinterland of Epidamnus and south of it, however they argued that the location of the Atintanians is not certain, although they considered Cabanes' proposal seemingly more likely than Hammond's one.[42] M.P. Castiglioni (2003) considered that the area suggested by Cabanes would seem in accordance with the data from Lycophron, and for a more in-depth analysis on the location she referred the reader to Hatzopoulos (1993).[43] Kirgin (2006) located Atintania on the area to the east of Apollonia and considered the Atintanes an Illyrian tribe,[44] George Mallios (2011) agrees with Hammond that the Atintanians were Epirotes and not connected to the Illyrians.[45] Heinz Warnecke (2014) considers the Atintanians as a tribe residing inland in northwestern Epirus.[46] E. Shehi (2015) locates the Atintanes in southern Illyria, and he accepted the possibility of the inclusion of three main koina among the Atintanes: the Bylliones, the Amantes, and the Atintanes proper.[47] Heinz Kreissig stresses that they were among the Epirote tribes in contrast to the Illyrian Parthini.[48]

Cartography by L. Martinez-Sève shows a large area between Illyria, Epirus and Macedonia, consisting of Atintania, Parauaea and Tymphaea, which according to M. P. Dausse (2015) can be considered a border or "intermediate area", as also stated by P. Cabanes. Dausse argued that the border between Illyrians and Epirotes depends on the location of the Atintanes, however it seems very difficult to set clear limits in those regions, especially because little is known about some peoples to precisely locate them.[49] L. Martinez-Sève (2017) depicted Atintania on the lower valley of the Aoos, between Apollonia and Orikos.[50] P. Filos (2017) listed the Atintanes among the Greek-speaking minor tribes of Epirus.[3] Jaupaj (2019) lists the Atintanes among the southern Illyrian tribes whose territory reached as far as the area of Dodona at some point. The Atintanes probably formed a larger koinon which may have included both Illyrian and Epirotic tribes and was reduced in territory over time as its communities formed their own polities.[51] Hatzopoulos (2020) described the location proposed by M. Holleaux and P. Lévêque as "obvious and after all roughly correct solution", however he stated that in his proposal "Lévêque added the valley of the Drynos for no good reason".[11]

History

In the context of post-Myceanaean era migration A. J. Toynbee suggested the possibility that the Atintanes were connected with the Paeonian Tyntenoi that were pushed from the region of northern Macedonia towards the coastline.[8]

At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (429 B.C.), Atintanes and Molossians appear under the leadership of Sabylinthus, regent of king Tharrhypas, as allies of Sparta against Acarnania.[52] At that time they were subordinate to the Molossians,[2] while they were more lossely connected with the Parauoi and the Orestai.[53] They were the among Epirote tribes that had kings.[54] At 344 B.C during the reign of Philip II of Macedon their region passed from Epirote to Macedonian control.[55][56] In 330 B.C. the Atintanes formed the core of the Epirote state, together with the Molossians, Thesprotians, and the Cassopaeans.[57] In epigraphy, Kleomachos the Atintanian was given ateleia in Epirus by the symmachoi (allies) of Epirotes, when king was Neoptolemus son of Alexander and Derkas, prostatas (archon) of the Molossians (c. 300 BC)[58] indicating that by the end of the 4th century the Atintanes were not part of the Epirote confederacy.[59] At 295 B.C Pyrrhus of Epirus detached Atintanis and made it a part of the Epirote Kingdom again.[26][60] After his death the Atintanias organized their own koinon (confederation).[61][need quotation to verify]

In 231 B.C. the Chaonian capital of Phoenice was raided by the Illyrians of Teuta. Those inhabitants of the city who survived the attack and slavery managed to flee to the territory of the Atintanes to seek for available reinforcements.[62] Atintania was possibly ceded to Teuta by the League of the Epirotes at 230 B.C. probably as part of an agreement with her.[63][64] When in 229 BC the First Illyrian War broke out between Rome and Illyrian queen Teuta, as well as Parthinians, the Atintanians took advantage of this situation and put themselves under Roman protection.[65] After this conflict, in 229-228 BC Rome set a protectorate on the conquered Illyrian lands, the Greek cities of Apollonia and Epidamnus, Corfu, as well as Atintanis.[66][67][68][69] The following years they supported the campaign of Demetrius of Pharos but after his defeat Atintania returned to Roman control. The region became a disputed zone between Romans and Macedon.[70] In the Treaty of Phoenice, 205 BC, Atintania was assigned to the Macedonian Kingdom.[26] As such it appears that it remained part of the 4th Macedonian meris the following years.[71]

In 167 B.C after the Romans defeated the Macedonians at Pydna, they captured a total of seventy settlements of the Molossians and the Atintanians and sold 150,000 men into slavery.[72] The Romans continued with the destruction of Atintania, Molossis as well as east Chaonia even after 157 B.C.[73] Though the affected region witnessed widescale destruction by the Romans, the Greek language in Epirus showed remarkable vitality in the following centuries.[74]

References

  1. ^ Hammond 1994a, p. 430: "The north-west Greeks occupied a large area, extending in the west from the Gulf of Ambracia to the Gulf of Oricum and in the east to an imaginary line from the upper Achelous valley to the upper Erigon valley... The main groups from south to north were called Thesproti, Athamanes, Molossi, Atintanes, Chaones, Parauaei, Orestae, Elimeotae, Lyncestae and Pela- gones
  2. ^ a b Kinzl 2010, p. 125.
  3. ^ a b c Filos 2017, p. 224"There is an overall consensus nowadays that the Greek-speaking population of Epirus, despite its fragmentation into major (Molossoi, Thesprotoi, Chaones) and minor (Athamanes (Athamanians), Atintanes, Paroraioi, Tymphaioi, etc.) tribes, spoke a North-West Doric variety akin to that of numerous neighboring populations of central and western Greece".
  4. ^ Filos 2017, p. 240
  5. ^ Toynbee 1969, p. 113: "If the coins from the lower Strymon region that bear the name “ Tyntenoi ' 2 are authentic , they give us a second correspondence between an ethnikon in the lower Strymon basin and one in Epirus, where we find the Atintanes in between the Parauaioi and the Khaones If the Odomantoi-Athamanes and the Tyntenoi-Atintanes were, in truth, each a fracture Paeonian people whose original unity is attested, in either case, by the survival of an identical name, we can account for this by supposing that, in the course ofthe course of the post - Mycenaean Völkerwanderung , both these Paeonian peoples were split , by impacts from the rear , somewhere in the basin of the River Morava , with the result that their eastern splinters were driven down the Strymon valley , while their western splinters were pushed away to the Adriatic side of the continental divide (..) However, before accepting Kiechers' interpretation of the name 'Atintanes' in terms of Greek, we should have to satisfy ourselves that it was not an Illyrian name but was a Greek one (as its termination -anes perhaps suggests that it may have been)
  6. ^ a b Toynbee, p. 112: "The authentic Epirot rivers Acheron and Kokytos were translated to the Greek Hades ; an authentic Epirot people , the Atintanes , gave the Greeks their name for a mythical race of giants , the Titanes ( titans )"
  7. ^ Hammond 1989, p. 12.
  8. ^ a b Toynbee 1969, p. 113: "If the Odomantoi-Athamanes and the Tyntenoi-Atintanes were, in truth, each a fracture Paeonian people whose original unity is attested, in either case, by the survival of an identical name, we can account for this by supposing that, in the course ofthe course of the post - Mycenaean Völkerwanderung , both these Paeonian peoples were split , by impacts from the rear , somewhere in the basin of the River Morava , with the result that their eastern splinters were driven down the Strymon valley , while their western splinters were pushed away to the Adriatic side of the continental divide (..) However, before accepting Kiechers' interpretation of the name 'Atintanes' in terms of Greek, we should have to satisfy ourselves that it was not an Illyrian name but was a Greek one (as its termination -anes perhaps suggests that it may have been)
  9. ^ Šašel Kos 2005, p. 226: "The history of Illyricum is divided into several sharply differing phases , of which the first , lasting to the collapse of the Illyrian kingdom , may be explained in terms of ( varying ) alliances of tribes and peoples of common or similar ethnic background , speaking similar languages . No doubt various southern Illyrian peoples such as the Atintanes , Bylliones , Taulantii , Parthini , Bryges , and others acquired a certain degree of Hellenization, both on account of the common borde with Epirus and the nearness of Greek colonies along the coast.."
  10. ^ a b Cambi, Čače & Kirigin 2002, p. 117: "The Illyrian peoples, mentioned in the sources in which the events concerning the Illyrian kingdom are narrated – to name the most outstanding – are the Taulantii, Atintani, Parthini, Enchelei, Penestae, Dassaretii, Ardiaei, Labeates, and the Daorsi. All of these peoples were conceivably more or less closely related in terms of culture, institutions and language. Many of them may have had their own kings, some of whom attained great power and actively took part in the struggle for power in the Hellenistic world. The name “Illyrian” must have carried enough prestige at the time of the rise of the Ardiaean dynasty within the Illyrian kingdom that it was imposed at a later date, when the Romans conquered Illyria and the rest of the Balkans, as the official name of the future provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia."
  11. ^ a b Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 45.
  12. ^ Lamelles Oraculaires 161
  13. ^ Jaupaj 2019, p. 85:Un témoignage important, car bien documenté et fiable, est celui du Pseudo–Skylax qui situe aussi les Atintanes à l’intérieur des terres, en contact avec les Amantes et les Chaones à l’ouest, et jusqu’à Dodone de l’autre côté
  14. ^ Mallios 2011, p. 134.
  15. ^ Mallios 2011, p. 134
  16. ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 27–28.
  17. ^ Antonaccio, Carla M.; Cohen, Beth; Gruen, Erich S.; Hall, Jonathan M. Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity. Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. ISBN 978-0-674-00662-1. When we add to this evidence Thucydides ' description of the Aetolians " settled in scattered , unfortified villages " ( 3 . 94 . 4 ) or his pseudo-ethnographic portrayal of the Aetolian Eurytanes, who "are apparently incomprehensible in their speech and eaters of raw meat" it soon becomes apparent that in his description of the Acarnanian campaign (see above) the Chaones, Thesproti, Atintanes, Paravaaii, and Orestae are "barbarian" not in the sense that their culture, customs, or behavior are in direct , diametrical opposition to Greek norms but rather in the sense that their seemingly more primitive way of life makes them Hellenes manqués
  18. ^ Cabanes, p. 230.
  19. ^ Šašel Kos 2005, p. 276"The Atintanes: Appian is also the only one to mention the Illyrian Atintani ( sic , not Atintanes ) who , ...
  20. ^ Šašel Kos 2005, p. 276: "Appian specifically referred to the Atintani as an Illyrian people, which may be in accordance with the data in Pseudo-Scylax (...). The author of the Periplus distinguished between the Illyrian peoples, barbarians, to the north of Chaonia, i.e. the Bulini, ... , Atintanes, and Amantini, while others, i.e. the Chaones, ... , and Molossi, whom he did not identify in terms of their ethnicity, inhabited the regions to the south of Chaonia , were living in villages , while Greece began at the Greek polis of Ambracia ( c . 33 ) . In the Periplous , the Atintanes were located in the regions extending above Oricum and reaching towards Dodona ( c .26).
  21. ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 46"Appian's (III. 7-8) use of the ethnic "Illyrian" for the Atintanes has been explained away as referring to their political situation after their annexation by Illyrian rulers (Cabanes 1986), 82"
  22. ^ Fox, Robin J.; Fox, Robin Lane. Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC - 300 AD. BRILL. p. 95. ISBN 978-90-04-20650-2. Referring to Roman administration of Macedonia... bounded by Illyria and Epirus. Certinaly part of Atintania and the area regrded as Dassaretis belonged to Epirus.
  23. ^ Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 44: "Kao najjužniji ilirski narod Pseudo – Skilaks spominje Atintane. Porijeklo ovog naroda još uvijek u nauci nije riješeno jer ih Tukidid povezuje sa Mološanima odnosno Epiranima."
  24. ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 45: "In spite of the relatively numerous citations, there has been no consensus on the location of Atintania."
  25. ^ Mallios 2011, p. 133"Άλλοι τους κατατάσσουν στα ποικιλώνυμα ηπειρωτικά φύλα, άλλοι τους συνδέουν με τους Ιλλυριούς".
  26. ^ a b c Dausse 2015, p. 27: "Ils peuvent apparaître comme Épirotes à certains moments et Macédoniens à d'autres. C'est le cas des Atintanes, cédés à Pyrrhos en 295 mais qui reviennent aux Macédoniens lors de la paix de Phoinicé en 205."
  27. ^ a b Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 46.
  28. ^ Toynbee 1969, p. 101: "If the coins from the lower Strymon region that bear the name "Tyntenoi" are authentic , they give us a second correspondence between an ethnikon in the lower Strymon basin and one in Epirus , where we find the Atintanes in between the Parauaioi and the Khaones.
  29. ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 217: "A major problem of historical topography is considered by M.B. Hatzopoulos, that is the question of the Atintanes and their situation, in the aftermath of the radical solution of N.G.L. Hammond (JRS 79 [1989] 11-25) which distinguishes two groups of that name,- Illyrian Atintani in the Cermenike region of Central Albania and the Epirote Atintanes somewhere around the upper Drino. It is, according to Hammond, the former who figure of Cassander's operations against Epidamnus in 314 BC (Polyaenus 4.11.4) and subsequently in the Illyrian and Macedonian wars of Rome reported by Polybius (2.11.10-11; 7.9.13), Appian (///. 7-8) and Livy (27.30.13; 29.12.13; 45.30.7). The latter figure in the western Greek campaigns of the Spartan admiral Knemos in 429 BC (Thuc. 2.80.6) and also named by Pseudo- Scylax (c. 26), Lycophron {Alex. 1042-6) and Strabo (7.7.8)."
  30. ^ Parker 2014, p. 393: "All the same, in 213 and 212 Philip V returned to the attack in Illyria, though this time he confined himself to the inland regions (e.g., Atintania) where he made good progress..."
  31. ^ Douzougli, Angelika; Papadopoulos, John (2010). "Liatovouni: a Molossian cemetery and settlement in Epirus". Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. 125: 5.
  32. ^ Dausse 2015, p. 27:Nicolas Hammond avait même envisagé deux Atintanies : une à proximité immédiate des Chaones et une autre beaucoup plus au nord. Cette hypothèse semble devoir être abandonnée.
  33. ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 62: “En commençant par le Sud, les premières populations qui voisinent avec les Épirotes sont les Atintanes, et ce ne sont pas les plus simples à situer sur le terrain ; il suffit de voir les problèmes qu’ils ont suscités à N. G. L. Hammond qui en arrive à multiplier les Atintanes en distinguant une Atintania épirote d’une Atintanis, qu’il place, d’abord, au Nord d’Elbasan dans la région appelée Çermenikë […]. J’ai repris l’ensemble des témoignages existant sur les Atintanes, et je ne reprendrai pas ici la démonstration, me limitant à en donner les conclusions et en me réjouissant que, dans une recherche parallèle, F. Papazoglou soit arrivée à des résultats identiques. L’Atintanie est située dans la zone de collines qui s’étend sur la rive droite de l’Aoos dans la Mallakastra, au Nord de Tepelen et peut-être jusque dans la région de Skrapar.”
  34. ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 97: "Another view locates Atintanes among the hills on the right bank of the Aous in the Mallakastra north of Tepelen and perhaps as far as the area of Skrapar.
  35. ^ Castiglioni 2003, p. 876: "P. Cabanes (...) ritiene che essi siano la prima popolazione illirica partendo da sud, ai confini con l’Epiro. L’Atintania sarebbe situata nella zona collinare che si estende sulla riva destra dell’Aoos nella Mallakastra, a nord di Tepelenë e forse fino alla regione di Skrapar. Il testo di Licofrone sembrerebbe del resto far riferimento a quest’area."
  36. ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. Per un’analis più approfondita sulla questione, cfr.M. Hatzopoulos,46.
  37. ^ Mallios 2011, p. 134-135: "Σε σχετικό του άρθρο ο Χατζόπουλος συμφώνησε με τον Hammondως προς την αποσύνδεση των Ατιντανών από τους Ιλλυριούς, ωστόσο,μετά από μια λεπτομερή εξέταση των γραπτών πηγών, απέρριψε το ενδεχόμενο να υπάρχουν δύο έθνη (ένα ηπειρωτικό και ένα μακεδονικό) με το ίδιο όνομα. Για τον Έλληνα ιστορικό υπάρχει μόνο μία Ατιντανία, αυτή που εκτείνεται από την λεκάνη του Άνω και Μέσου Αώου ως την συμβολή του ποταμού αυτού με τον Δρίνο, έχοντας στα ανατολικά την Χαονία και στα βόρεια την Μολοσσία"
  38. ^ a b Wilkes 1995, p. 217: "Unable to accept Hammond's duality, Hatzopoulos presumes an error on the part of Polyaenus (based on Hieronymus of Cardia) who would have been ignorant of local geography. Along with the Chaones, the Atintanes will have been the most northerly of the Epirote communities. On the north, between them and the Parthini, Taulantians and the real Illyrian Dassareatii, existed a mixed zone as a part of Illyria but culturally an extension of Greek - speaking Epirus ."
  39. ^ Habicht 1997, pp. 198–199: "Deserted by its Aetolian allies, Rome had been forced to make major concessions in the treaty, such as ceding to Philip the Illyrian region of Atintania. The Romans saw this not as compromise, but as humiliation." p. 198: "Atintania (Illyria), 198".
  40. ^ Thiry 2001, p. 73: "des Epirotes ( Chaones , Thesprotes , Molosses , et Atintanes )"
  41. ^ Winnifrith 2002, p. 46: "Peaceful transhumance rather than warlike raids may have caused some tribes to move. We have referred to the problem of the Atintanes and the Parauaei. The Atintanes marching with the Molossians would seem to live in Greek Epirus, but we also find Atintani in the Albanian coastal plain. Vlach shepherds before the First World War used to journey from one district to the other , but there may be two tribes with similar names ."
  42. ^ Cambi, Čače & Kirigin 2002, p. 107: "...and their capital must have been located somewhere in south - western Illyria , perhaps they were the Taulantii , but possibly also the Atintanes somewhere in the hinterland of Epidamnus and south of it or the Parthini in the Shkumbi valley , depending on the more or less advanced stage of hostilities between the two kingdoms. ... However , the location of the Atintani is not certain and there are two main hypotheses concerning their identification as one people or two different peoples , one the Atintani and the other the Atintanes : Cabanes , L ' Épire ( n . 4 ) , 78 - 81 and passim , argues for the first hypothesis ( seemingly more probable ) , while the second has been advocated by N . G . L . Hammond , » The Illyrian Atintani , the Epirotic Atintanes and the Roman Protectorate « , JRS 79 , 1989, 11 - 25 .
  43. ^ Castiglioni 2003, p. 876: "P. Cabanes (...) ritiene che essi siano la prima popolazione illirica partendo da sud, ai confini con l’Epiro. L’Atintania sarebbe situata nella zona collinare che si estende sulla riva destra dell’Aoos nella Mallakastra, a nord di Tepelenë e forse fino alla regione di Skrapar. Il testo di Licofrone sembrerebbe del resto far riferimento a quest’area. Per un’analisi più approfondita sulla questione, cfr. M. Hatzopoulos, ...1993..."
  44. ^ Kirigin 2006, p. 142: After the battle at Medion, Atintania, the section to the east of Apollonia, became a part of Agron' s state, while Epirus and Acarnania left the Aetolian league and joined Agron." p. 144: "...that the minor Pinnes (...) was allowed to retain his kingdom, excluding Corcyra, Pharos, Issa, and Epidamnus, and the Illyrian tribe of the Atintanes, and that if he adhered to the agreement...."
  45. ^ Mallios 2011, p. 134-135:Ο Hammond πειστικά επιχειρηματολόγησε για την ένταξή τους στα ηπειρωτικά φύλα και υποστήριξε την αποσύνδεση τους από τους Ιλλυριούς
  46. ^ Warnecke, Heinz (2014). "Lykophron und die westgriechischeInsel Melite" (PDF). Theologia (in German). 85. Retrieved 4 December 2020. Der Ort Amantia gilt als Hauptsitz des epirotischen Volkes der Amanten
  47. ^ Shehi 2015, p. 28: "La Première Guerre fut perdue par les Illyriens, lesquelles ont dû renoncer à une grande partie de l’Illyrie méridionale (Pol., ii 11, 18). Les villes de Dyrrhachium et d’Apollonia, ainsi que les territoires des Parthines et des Atintanes, entrèrent sous la protection des Romains." p. 45: "Vraisemblablement sous le nom des Atintanes, mentionné par les auteurs anciens, étaient réunis trois koinons principaux : Bylliones, Amantes et les Atintanes proprement dits."
  48. ^ Kreissig, Heinz. Geschichte des Hellenismus (in German). Akademie-Verlag. p. 118. ISBN 978-3-88436-140-5. Das Gebiet der Parthinen, eines sudillyrischen Stammes (im heutigen Albanien), und das der Atintanen, enies mit den Epiroten verwandern Stammes
  49. ^ Dausse 2015, p. 27: "La cartographie récente de Lauriane Martinez-Sève41 fait apparaître une vaste zone entre Illyrie, Épire et Macédoine, constituée du nord au sud de l’Atintanie, de la Paravée et de la Tymphée. On peut considérer qu'il s'agit d'une zone frontalière, une « zone intermédiaire » pour reprendre les termes de Pierre Cabanes. Dans ces régions, il semble très difficile de fixer des limites claires, d'autant que certains peuples sont trop mal connus pour être localisés précisément. Nous ne rouvrirons pas ici le dossier sur les Atintanes, qui a suscité de nombreux débats chez les historiens et des propositions de localisation très diverses. De celle-ci dépend la frontière entre Illyriens et Épirotes."
  50. ^ Martinez-Sève 2017, pp. 71, 78, 85.
  51. ^ Jaupaj 2019, p. 85:Pour conclure, il ne fait aucun doute que les Atintanes couvrent un large territoire qui arrive jusqu’à Dodone et qui confine à celui d’Apollonia, de Byllis et d’Orikos. Il est probable qu’ils formaient un Koinon regroupant plusieurs tribus différentes, aussi bien illyriennes qu’épirotes, et que ce Koinon a pu se réduire selon les époques et la défection d’une partie de ses membres. Quant au problème de leur frontière méridionale visible depuis Dyrrhachion, il ne peut pas être résolu définitivement.
  52. ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 47, 73.
  53. ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 44: Taking into consideration that in the passage from Thucydides the Parauaioi are directly coupled with the Orestai and connected more loosely with the Molossoi and the Atintanes...
  54. ^ Funke, Peter (1997). Polisgenese und Urbanisierung in Aitolien im 5. und 4. Jh. v. Chr. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 75. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  55. ^ Pliakou 2008, pp. 290.
  56. ^ Pilar, FERNÁNDEZ URIEL. HISTORIA ANTIGUA UNIVERSAL II. EL MUNDO GRIEGO (in Spanish). Editorial UNED. ISBN 978-84-362-6837-9. Dio nuevas fronteras... Acarnania
  57. ^ Hammond 1994a, p. 442.
  58. ^ Cabanes, L'Épire 545,12
  59. ^ Šašel Kos 2005, p. 277:On the other hand , at the end of the fourth century BC , during the reign of Neoptolemus ( 313 – 295 BC ) , an inscription from Dodona indicates that the Atintanes did not belong to Epirus ; in it , the Epirote confederacy granted ateleia , an exemption from duties , to an Atintanian , a member of a nearby tribe who obviously did not belong to the Epirote state at the time ( SGDI 1336 )
  60. ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 111, 143, 145, 147.
  61. ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 231.
  62. ^ Hammond 1994b, p. 252: "A clue to the position of the Atintanes is provided in Polybius' account of the seizure of Phoenice by Illyrian pirates in 230 B.C. (2. 5). When an Epirote force was encamped outside Phoenice, the Illyrians made a sortie by night from Phoenice and next day defeated the Epirotes. The survivors of the Epirotes fled 'in the direction of the Atintanes. ... eastwards towards Mt Murgana and the headwaters of the Drin, where reinforcements might be available."
  63. ^ Hammond 1967, p. 598: ""that Atintania had been ceded by the Epirote League to Teuta in 230"
  64. ^ Leveque 1997, p. 80: "The koinon of the Epirotes abandoned the alliance with the Aitolians and sided with Teuta, which probably cost them the loss of Atintania."
  65. ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 46: "The political history of Atintania was complicated. An independent principality allied to the Molossoi, it was brieflly annexed by the Illyrians (230), but the Atintanes took advantage of the Roman intervention of the following year in order to put themselves under Roman protection."
  66. ^ Morton, Jacob Nathan (2017). Shifting Landscapes, Policies, And Morals: A Topographically Driven Analysis Of The Roman Wars In Greece From 200 Bc To 168 Bc (PDF). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. p. 15. Retrieved 28 November 2020. In 229 BC Rome first established in the region a group of cities and peoples under their direct protection: Corcyra, Apollonia, Dyrrachium, the Ardiaei, the Parthini, the Atintanes, and Issa
  67. ^ Cabanes 1988, pp. 277, 288.
  68. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 162
  69. ^ Winnifrith 2002, p. 63: "Rome was busy, especially after the Battle of Cannae in which L. Aemilius Paullus, the victor of the second Illyrian war, had been de-feated and killed in 217. In 216 Philip sailed past Corcyra to Apollonia, but beat a hasty retreat on the arrival of a Roman fleet. In 215 he made a formal treaty with Hannibal and in 214 again attacked Apollonia unsuccessfully by sea. He detached the Parthini and the Atintanes from the Roman alliance, but the main body of Illyrians north of the Shkum-bin remained loyal under Scerdilaidas."
  70. ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 46-47
  71. ^ Hatzopoulos 2020, p. 47
  72. ^ Thompson 2003, p. 23: "after the Macedonian defeat by the Romans at Pydna, the later captured a total of seventy settlements of the Molossians and the Atintanians and sold 150,000 men into slavery."
  73. ^ Isager, Jacob (2001). Foundation and Destruction, Nikopolis and Northwestern Greece: The Archaeological Evidence for the City Destructions, the Foundation of Nikopolis and the Synoecism. Danish Institute at Athens. ISBN 978-87-7288-734-0. ... nach der Auflösung des Epirotischen Koinon im Jahre 170 v.Chr., oder genauer nach dem Jahr 157, auf welcher Zeit die fruheste Inschrift dieser Gruppe daitert wird. Dies war die Zeit, in der die Römer Epirus underwarfen, indem sie Molosien und Atintanien zerstörten, also die ganzen Gegenden im Osten Chaoniens.
  74. ^ Filos 2017, p. 242.

Bibliography

Katsikoudis, Nikos (2000). "Το θέατρο στην αρχαία Ήπειρο" (PDF). Dodona (18). Retrieved 3 December 2020.

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