Jump to content

Bashkortostan

Edit links
Coordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°E / 54.467; 56.267
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Buekturan (talk | contribs) at 14:33, 29 October 2022 (Wording from the Constitution of this state). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about a current federal subject of Russia. For the former state, see Bashkiria (1917–1919). For the newspaper, see Bashkortostan (newspaper).
Republic of Bashkortostan
Республика Башкортостан
Republic
Other transcription(s)
 • BashkirБашҡортостан Республикаһы
Flag of Republic of Bashkortostan
Flag
Coat of arms of Republic of Bashkortostan
Coat of arms
Anthem:
"State Anthem of the Republic of Bashkortostan"[2]
Location of Republic of Bashkortostan
Coordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°E / 54.467; 56.267
Country Russia
Federal district[1]Volga
Economic region[3]Ural
CapitalUfa[4]
Government
 • TypeState Assembly-Kurultay[5]
 • Head[5]Radiy Khabirov[6]
Area
[7]
 • Total142,947 km2 (55,192 sq mi)
Population
 (2021 Census)[8]
 • TotalIncrease 4,091,423
 • Rank7th
 • Density28.62/km2 (74.1/sq mi)
 • Urban
61.8%
 • Rural
38.2%
Time zoneUTC+5 (MSK+2[9])
ISO 3166 codeRU-BA
Vehicle registration02, 102, 702
Official language(s)Russian,[10] Bashkir[11]
Websitehttp://www.bashkortostan.ru/

The Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkortostan (Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы/Başqortostan Respublikahı, romanized: Bashqortostan Respublikahy;[12] Russian: Республика Башкортостан, romanized: Respublika Bashkortostan),[a] also unofficial called Bashkiria (Russian: Башкирия, tr. Bashkiriya),[b] is a republic of Russia located between the Volga and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It covers 143,600 square kilometres (55,400 square miles) and has a population of 4 million. It is Russia's 7th most populous federal subject and most populous republic.[13] Its capital and largest city is Ufa.

Bashkortostan was established on 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917.[14][15][16] On 20 March 1919 it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR,[17] the first Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the RSFSR.[18][19][20]

In accordance with the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Russian Federation Constitution, Bashkortostan is a state but has no sovereignty.[21][22] On 11 October 1990 it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. The state celebrates 11 October as its Republic Day.

Terminology

The name "Bashkortostan" derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the root of the name is Turkic (being a combination of 'baş', which in Turkish can mean head, chief, main, principal and "qort" meaning wolf, one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples);[citation needed] the suffix -stan is Persian, common to many Eurasian territorial names. The Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group.

History

Main article: History of Bashkortostan

The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory.[23] When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.

Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs. The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land, Bashkir, Bashkirda and Bashkir horde. The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River".

After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between the Kazan and Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.[citation needed]

Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (guberniya), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865—another step towards territorial identification.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions) on which a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with a predominantly Bashkir population.

In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan, the Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed.

In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government with the Bashkir Government was formed Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights—the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.

On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.

On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact "On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. On 3 August 1994,[24] a Compact "On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 7 July 2005.[25]

Geography

Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains.

  • Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan.
    Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan.
  • Atysh waterfall
    Atysh waterfall
  • Bashkir horses near Yakty-Kul lake
    Bashkir horses near Yakty-Kul lake
  • Autumn Yamantau
    Autumn Yamantau

Rivers

Nugush River.

There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deepwater transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas.

Major rivers include:

Lakes

Lake Asylykül

There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:

Mountains

Iremel Mount

The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:

Natural resources

Bashneft oil pumps
Quarry near Sibay

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the richest territories of Russia in mineral resources with deposits of some 3,000 mineral resources. Bashkortostan is rich in crude oil reserves, and is one of the principal centers of oil extraction in the Russian Federation. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chromite, iron ores, non-ferrous metals ores (lead, tungsten), non-metallic ores (rock crystal, fluorite, Iceland spar, sulfide pyrites, barite, silicates, silica, asbestos, talcum), deposits of precious and semi-precious stones and natural stones (malachite, jade, granite).

The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petrochemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.

Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plant growth. Mining-chemical raw materials (rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy.

Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi). More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m3. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi).

Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water.

The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan.[26]

Climate

  • Average annual temperature: +0.3 °C (32.5 °F) (mountains) to +2.8 °C (37.0 °F) (plains)
  • Average January temperature: −16 °C (3 °F)
  • Average July temperature: +18 °C (64 °F)
The ski resort "Abzakovo" in Abzelilovsky District. October 2009.
Morning fog in Ishimbaysky District

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Politics

Building of the Government of the Republic also known as Bashkir White House

The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was called "President"[27]). According to the Constitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of the country's people and citizens, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory.

Since 11 October 2018, the head of the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov. He was first appointed as acting head by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2019 he was officially elected after winning 82% of the vote in the 2019 Bashkir head election. The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast. His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov who was the leader since 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he personally decided to not run for re-election.[28]

The Republic's parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies.

The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.[citation needed]

The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, District Courts, and justices of the peace.

In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic's territory.[citation needed]

The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities".

The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan.[29][30][31]

Economy

Tyupkildy wind park
Sunflower field in Ishimbaysky District. Bashkortostan has a developed agriculture

Bashkortostan is one of the most developed regions of the Russian Federation in terms of its cross regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.

The largest companies in the region include Bashneft (revenues of $9.57 billion in 2017), Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation; $1.26 billion), Peton Holding ($1.04 billion), Bashkhim ($857 million), Ufaorgsintez ($473.07 million), Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works ($409.65 million).[32]

The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. At the end of 1943 large crude oil deposits were discovered.[by whom?] During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, a number of industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining, machine-building and (especially) oil-refining. Bashkiria's industry became a solid base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.

The economy of Bashkortostan, being one of the largest industrial centers of Russia, is very diverse. Bashkortostan has a large agricultural sector. But the republic's most important industry is chemical processing; Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country's gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics.

Bashkortostan's gross regional product (GRP) in 2016 was 1.34 trillion rubles,[33] making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance, with $13.7 billion exported and $1.2 billion imported in 2013.[34] 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable,[35] higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the subject with the lowest economic risk.[36][37]

Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development,[38] developed electric power industry[39] and tourism.[40]

According to Forbes, Ufa is the best city in Russia for business among cities with a population of over one million (2013).[41]

Structure of GRP

GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013.[42]

Sector %
Manufacturing 36.2
Wholesale and retail trade 16.7
Transport and communications 7.3
Real estate transactions 7
Construction 6.9
Agriculture 6.5
Education 4.1
Healthcare and social services 4.1
State management and social insurance 3.8
Mining 2.8
Production of electricity, gas, water 2.4
Hotels and restaurants 1.1
Other 1.1

Demographics

Settlements

Bashkir village on the Inzer river.

Population development

Life expectancy at birth in Bashkortostan
Year Population
1897 1,991,000
1913 2,811,000
1926 2,547,000
1939 3,158,000
1959 3,340,000
1970 3,818,000
1979 3,849,000
1989 3,950,482[43]
2002 4,104,336[44]
2010 4,072,292[13]
2021 4,091,423[8]

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate
1970 3,817 63,498 28,004 35,494 16.6 7.3 9.3
1975 3,825 63,096 31,802 31,294 16.5 8.3 8.2
1980 3,850 67,743 36,067 31,676 17.6 9.4 8.2
1985 3,868 76,839 39,101 37,738 19.9 10.1 9.8
1990 3,952 63,899 38,157 25,742 16.2 9.7 6.5
1991 3,975 58,240 39,638 18,602 14.7 10.0 4.7
1992 4,005 53,271 43,539 9,732 13.3 10.9 2.4
1993 4,030 46,772 50,738 -3,966 11.6 12.6 -1.0
1994 4,050 47,296 54,267 -6,971 11.7 13.4 -1.7
1995 4,074 45,622 51,734 -6,112 11.2 12.7 -1.5
1996 4,091 45,228 49,600 -4,372 11.1 12.1 -1.1
1997 4,103 43,776 49,354 -5,578 10.7 12.0 -1.4
1998 4,113 44,465 48,470 -4,005 10.8 11.8 -1.0
1999 4,119 41,368 52,608 -11,240 10.0 12.8 -2.7
2000 4,117 41,642 53,550 -11,908 10.1 13.0 -2.9
2001 4,112 42,793 55,001 -12,208 10.4 13.4 -3.0
2002 4,104 45,481 57,836 -12,355 11.1 14.1 -3.0
2003 4,095 45,583 58,237 -12,654 11.1 14.2 -3.1
2004 4,084 45,733 57,726 -11,993 11.2 14.1 -2.9
2005 4,074 44,094 57,787 -13,693 10.8 14.2 -3.4
2006 4,064 45,055 55,319 -10,264 11.1 13.6 -2.5
2007 4,060 51,453 55,144 -3,691 12.7 13.6 -0.9
2008 4,059 54,493 55,568 -1,075 13.4 13.7 -0.3
2009 4,062 55,587 53,227 2,360 13.7 13.1 0.6 1,74
2010 4,067 57,093 54,457 2,636 14.0 13.4 0.6 1,77
2011 4,072 55,806 54,432 1,374 13.7 13.4 0.3 1,74
2012 4,064 59,180 53,624 5,556 14.6 13.2 1.4 1.86
2013 4,065 59,260 53,346 5,914 14.6 13.1 1.5 1.89
2014 4,071 60,239 53,509 6,730 14.8 13.1 1.7 1.95
2015 4,072 59,196 54,107 5,087 14.5 13.3 1.2 1.94
2016 4,069 55,708 52,283 3,425 13.7 12.8 0.9 1.86(e)
2017 4 065 49,260 50,261 -1,001 12.1 12.3 -0.2
2018 47,044 50,473 -3,429 11.6 12.4 -0.8
2019 42,031 49,195 -7,164 10.4 12.2 -1.8
2020 41,043 60,211 -19,168 10.2 15.0 -4.8

Note: Total fertility rate 200-12 source.[45]

Ethnic groups

Bashkirs as the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan have the sole rights to self-determination.[46][47][48] According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was:[13]

Ethnic
group 		1920 Census 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census1
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Bashkirs 807,213 40.13% 625,845 23.5% 671,188 21.2% 737,744 22.1% 892,248 23.4% 935,880 24.3% 863,808 21.9% 1,221,302 29.8% 1,172,287 29.5%
Russians 794,131 39.48% 1,064,707 39.9% 1,281,347 40.6% 1,418,147 42.4% 1,546,304 40.5% 1,547,893 40.3% 1,548,291 39.3% 1,490,715 36.3% 1,432,906 36.1%
Tatars 103,928 5.17% 461,871 17.3% 777,230 24.6% 768,566 23.0% 944,505 24.7% 940,436 24.5% 1,120,702 28.4% 990,702 24.1% 1,009,295 25.4%
Chuvash 47,929 2.38% 84,886 3.2% 106,892 3.4% 109,970 3.3% 126,638 3.3% 122,344 3.2% 118,509 3.0% 117,317 2.9% 107,450 2.7%
Mari 84,809 4.22% 79,298 3.0% 90,163 2.9% 93,902 2.8% 109,638 2.9% 106,793 2.8% 105,768 2.7% 105,829 2.6% 103,658 2.6%
Ukrainians 57,024 2.84% 76,710 2.9% 99,289 3.1% 83,594 2.5% 76,005 2.0% 75,571 2.0% 74,990 1.9% 55,249 1.3% 39,875 1.0%
Others 29010 1.44% 272,519 10.2% 132,860 4.2% 129,686 3.9% 122,737 3.2% 115,363 3.0% 111,045 2.8% 118,856 2.9% 109,249 2.7%
1 97,572 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[49]

Languages

According to the 2010 Census, spoken languages: Russian (97%), Tatar (26%), Bashkir (23%).[50]

Religion

Religion in Bashkortostan as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[51][52]
Islam
 
 60%
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 17.2%
Other and undeclared
 
 10.2%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 5.4%
Other Christians
 
 4.6%
Rodnovery
 
 2.6%
Sufiya Mosque near Salavat.

Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation's population[53] of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow the Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law.

Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians. Most Mari are Pagan. Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa, and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008.[54]

According to the 2012 Sreda survey which interviewed 56,900 people,[51] 58% of the population of Bashkortostan are Muslim, 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion, Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism. In addition, 4% of the population declare to be "spiritual but not religious", 5% are atheist, and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[51] Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service "Sreda", which has ties to the Christian organizations.[55]

In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan,[56] 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions.[57]

Education

School in Salavat
Main article: Education in Bashkortostan

About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research is underway at twelve institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, twenty-nine institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges.

The country's system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people's folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually— primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques (maktabeh and madrasah).

In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions.

Education is primarily in Russian and Bashkir.

Sport

Neftyanik Stadium.

Russian Premier League football club FC Ufa is from Ufa. KHL team Salavat Yulaev Ufa plays in the city, as does Supreme Hockey League teams Toros Neftekamsk and HC Gornyak Uchaly, Minor Hockey League team Tolpar Ufa and Russian Women's Hockey League team Agidel. Russian Volleyball Super League team Ural and volleyball team Samrau-UGNTU are from Ufa. Russian Handball Super League team Ugntu-VNZM and Russian Women's Handball Super League team Ufa-Alisa are from Ufa. Formula One driver Daniil Kvyat hails from Ufa. It was decided in 2018 to revive bandy.[58][59][60] There are even preliminary plans for building an indoor arena.[61]

Culture

Bashkir State Academic Theater of Drama in Ufa.

Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, "Bashkortostan" film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.

The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected[citation needed], with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.

Bashkir literature is the literary tradition of the Republic of Bashkortostan.[62][63][64]

There are many museums in the Republic where you can get acquainted with the history of the region. The National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Bashkir Nesterov Art Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography are the largest of them.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ /bɑːʃˈkɔːrtoʊstæn/; Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы; Russian: Респу́блика Башкортоста́н
  2. ^ Russian: Башки́рия
  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Law #10-z
  3. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  4. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Article 65
  5. ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Article 6
  6. ^ "Путин назначил врио глав Курской области и Башкирии". Vedomosti.ru. October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  7. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  8. ^ a b "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  9. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  10. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  11. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Article 1
  12. ^ "BASHKIR : Cyrillic script" (PDF). Transliteration.eki.ee. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  13. ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  14. ^ Национально-государственное устройство Башкортостана, 1917–1925 гг: Общее введение и Том 1 // Билал Хамитович Юлдашбаев, Китап, 2002, ISBN 5295029166, 9785295029165
  15. ^ Хрестоматия по истории Башкортостана: Документы и материалы с древнейших времен до 1917 года // Фарит Гумеров, "Китап", 2001
  16. ^ Зулькарнаева Е. З., Кульшарипова Н. М. Фарман. // Башкортостан: краткая энциклопедия. — Уфа: Башкирская энциклопедия, 1996. — С. 603. — 672 с. — ISBN 5-88185-001-7.
  17. ^ Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987., p. 25
  18. ^ БСЭ т.4 1950 год стр 347
  19. ^ Jonathan D. Smele (November 19, 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars,1916–1926. Vol. 2. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 179. ISBN 978-1442252806.
  20. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 30. Danbury, Conn. : Grolier. 1984. p. 310. ISBN 0717201155.
  21. ^ "President of Russia". Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  22. ^ "Конституция Республики Башкортостан от 24 декабря 1993 г. N ВС-22/15 / Глава 1. Основы конституционного строя Республики Башкортостан". Constitution/garant/ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  23. ^ "Главархитектура г. Уфы – История г. Уфы". Gorodufa.ru.
  24. ^ Solnick, Steven (May 29, 1996). "Asymmetries in Russian Federation Bargaining" (PDF). The National Council for Soviet and East European Research: 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  25. ^ Turner, Cassandra (May 2018). "We Never Said We're Independent": Natural Resources, Nationalism, and the Fight for Political Autonomy in Russia's Regions (Undergraduate thesis). University of Mississippi. p. 49. As the treaty was not successfully re-approved, Bashkortostan lost its autonomy on July 7th, 2005.
  26. ^ The Nonmarine Permian: Volume 30 of Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, page 48. Editors Spencer G. Lucas, Kate E. Zeigler, 2005
  27. ^ "Парламентарии Башкирии приняли Закон "О Главе Республики Башкортостан"". Bashinform.ru. December 25, 2014. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  28. ^ "Глава Башкирии Хамитов ушел в отставку". Interfax.ru.
  29. ^ "Просмотр публикации : Республика Татарстан". Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  30. ^ "IslamRF.ru: Татарстан и Башкортостан в первой половине 2012–го года: от альянса в экономике к сотрудничеству в сферах языка и религии". Islamrf.ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  31. ^ "Президент РТ". Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  32. ^ Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  33. ^ "ВРП Башкирии в 2014 году преодолел новый рубеж — 1,3 трлн рублей". Bashinform.ru. March 12, 2015.
  34. ^ "Республика Башкортостан в цифрах и фактах". Pobashkirii.ru. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  35. ^ "РЕЙТИНГ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ РФ ИТОГИ 2014 ГОДА" (PDF). Vid1..rian.ru. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  36. ^ "Вести.Ru: Башкортостан признан регионом с минимальными экономическими рисками". Vesti.ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  37. ^ "Title". Archived from the original on February 8, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  38. ^ "Ввод жилья в России – 2014: рейтинг регионов по итогам III квартала". Top-rf.ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  39. ^ "Сайт газеты "Республика Башкортостан" – Экономика – "Позеленеет" ли энергетика?". Resbash.ru. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  40. ^ "Республика Башкортостан". Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  41. ^ "30 лучших городов для бизнеса — 2013". Forbes.ru. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  42. ^ "Валовой региональный продукт - Республика Башкортостан - Российская Федерация - knoema.com". Knoema.
  43. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  44. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  45. ^ "Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики". Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  46. ^ Venice Commission. Self-determination and secession in constitutional law, CDL-INF(2000)002(in English), 41st Meeting (Venice, 10–11 December 1999).
  47. ^ See: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 in Wikisource
  48. ^ See: Chapter I – Purposes and Principles of Charter of the United Nations in Wikisource
  49. ^ "ВПН-2010". Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  50. ^ Russian Census 2002. 6. Владение языками (кроме русского) населением отдельных национальностей по республикам, автономной области и автономным округам Российской Федерации Archived November 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine(Knowledge of languages other than Russian by the population of republics, autonomous oblast and autonomous districts)(in Russian)
  51. ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  52. ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", No. 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
  53. ^ "IslamOnline, Islamic News, Islamic Finance and Business - Bashkortostan ripe for investment: Khamitov". Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  54. ^ "Bashkortostan Jews Centered", Dateline World Jewry, World Jewish Congress, July/August 2008
  55. ^ "Социологические опросы "Среды", или кто заказывает "магию цифр"?!". Ruskline.ru. September 6, 2012.
  56. ^ "Интерфакс-Религия: Говорить о притеснении ислама в России кощунственно, считает Талгат Таджуддин". Interfax-religion.ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  57. ^ "25.08.2010 :: События :: Духовное управление мусульман Республики Башкортостан – Официальный сайт". Dumrb.ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  58. ^ "Google Translate". translate.google.co.uk.
  59. ^ "Google Translate". translate.google.co.uk. February 26, 2019.
  60. ^ "Google Translate". translate.google.co.uk.
  61. ^ "Google Translate". translate.google.co.uk.
  62. ^ Allen J. Frank (2012). Bukhara and the Muslims of Russia: Sufism, Education, and the Paradox of Islamic Prestige. Brill. p. 11. ISBN 9789004234901. Retrieved March 27, 2014. Tatar and Bashkir literary works constitute a particularly rich body of indigenous historical sources of Inner Asia, particularly for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
  63. ^ Julie Kavanagh (2011). Nureyev: The Life. Random House. p. 51. ISBN 9780307807342. Retrieved March 27, 2014. A celebration of Bashkirian Literature and Art to be held in Moscow..
  64. ^ Christopher Barnes (2004). Boris Pasternak: A Literary Biography, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780521520737. Retrieved March 27, 2014. The main themes of the meeting were the discussion of the state of Byelorussian and Bashkirian literature..

Further reading

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bashkortostan.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bashkortostan.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bashkortostan&oldid=1118887355"