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Same-sex marriage in Alberta

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Same-sex marriage in Canada
      
Legal
Reference Re Same-Sex Marriage
Halpern v Canada (AG)
Civil Marriage Act
Parliament
38th House · 39th House
Same-sex marriage by province
Related
Civil unions in Quebec
Adult interdependent relationship in Alberta
Domestic partnership in Nova Scotia
Common-law relationships in Manitoba
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Part of the LGBTQ rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ a b Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. ^ Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ a b Not yet in effect.
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Same-sex marriage in Alberta has been legal since July 20, 2005, upon the granting of royal assent to the federal Civil Marriage Act.[1] Alberta was one of the four Canadian provinces and territories where same-sex marriage had not been legalised prior to the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act, along with Prince Edward Island, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut.

Adult interdependent relationship

Main article: Adult interdependent relationship in Alberta

Since 2003, same-sex couples have had access to adult interdependent relationships, providing some of the rights and benefits of marriage.

Civil Marriage Act

On June 28, 2005, the House of Commons of Canada passed the Civil Marriage Act, an act which defines Canadian civil marriage as a union between "two persons." The bill received royal assent a few weeks later and went into effect on July 20. Premier Ralph Klein responded by saying that the Alberta Government might opt to stop solemnizing marriages entirely, suggesting that in its place, the Government would issue civil union licences to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples. Religious groups could still solemnize opposite-sex unions as marriages if they chose, but any civil ceremony would be permitted to recognize only a civil union. The Alberta Government also considered continuing to issue marriage licences to opposite-sex couples only in court, on the grounds that the Federal Government's legislation encroached on the Provincial Government's jurisdiction over the solemnization of marriage.

On July 12, 2005, Klein conceded that the advice given to him by legal experts was that a challenge in court to refuse to marry same-sex couples had no chance, and wasting taxpayers' money to fight it would be "giving false hope." Klein said, "much to our chagrin," the Alberta Government would issue marriage licences to same-sex couples when the bill received royal assent. Klein also said that the Alberta Government would enact provincial legislation to protect religious and civil officials who do not wish to perform a same-sex marriage. This would have meant that an Alberta marriage commissioner who refused to solemnize same-sex marriages would not be liable for dismissal on those grounds.[2] However, no such legislation was passed, indicative of the "sea change" in attitudes towards same-sex marriage in Alberta.[3] (See also "Same-sex marriage in Saskatchewan", where courts have twice struck down attempts to exempt marriage commissioners from performing same-sex weddings.)

Provincial legislation

Marriage Act

The position of Premier Ralph Klein and the Progressive Conservative Government had been to attempt to block same-sex marriages in Alberta should a court case require it or federal legislation pass it nationwide.[4]

On March 16, 2000, the Legislative Assembly passed Bill 202, which amended the provincial Marriage Act to include an opposite-sex-only definition of marriage. The bill also invoked the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms' Notwithstanding Clause. This insulated the Marriage Act from any legal challenge based on violation of Charter rights, including the Section 15 equality guarantees. Under the terms of the Notwithstanding Clause, such a declaration is effective for only five years after it comes into force. For the Marriage Act, this period expired on March 23, 2005. Premier Klein sent mixed messages about whether it would be renewed; ultimately, it was not.

While the act could not have been challenged under the Charter, the definition of marriage is outside the power of the Provincial Government, or ultra vires, and therefore invalid. The Constitution Act, 1867 is universally interpreted as giving provinces jurisdiction over only the solemnization of marriage, while all other aspects, including capacity to marry, are under federal jurisdiction. At the time Bill 202 was passed, Justice Minister David Hancock did not support it, saying: "In terms of legal effect, I'm convinced it doesn't have any." Hancock subsequently stated that he believes the act to be constitutionally valid and that Alberta will attempt to uphold it. Following the December 9, 2004 Supreme Court response to the federal reference of same-sex marriage, Hancock's successor, Ron Stevens, conceded that the Bill 202 amendments to the Marriage Act would likely be struck down as unconstitutional on account of its encroachment into what had by then been explicitly ruled a matter of federal jurisdiction.

During the 2004 provincial election campaign, Klein softened his stand somewhat, saying that he would accept same-sex marriage if Albertans told him they want it.

In May 2014, the Marriage Act was amended by replacing the words "husband and wife" with "spouses", nine years after same-sex marriage became legal.[5]

Adoption Act

Stepchild adoption for same-sex couples was legalized in 1999.[6] In February 2007, same-sex couples won the right to adopt children jointly.[7]

Public opinion

An EKOS/CBC poll in 2002 indicated that attitudes towards same-sex marriage were more supportive in Alberta than they were in the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, both of which had recognized same-sex marriage earlier.[8]

An October 2011 poll conducted by the Citizen Society Research Lab at Lethbridge College found that 72.1% of Albertans supported same-sex marriage, while 27.9% opposed it.[9][10]

References

  1. ^ "Debate about SSM in Alberta". Kingston: Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 21 January 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  2. ^ "Alberta backs down on same-sex marriage". CTV. 13 July 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  3. ^ Fortney, Valerie. "'A sea change' in attitudes toward Alberta gay marriages," Calgary Herald, 20 September 2012, accessed 6 October 2013.
  4. ^ "Bound by Law". The Economist. 11 November 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  5. ^ "Bill 12: Statutes Amendment Act, 2014". Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  6. ^ Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights
  7. ^ "Gay couple leaps 'walls' to adopt son". Postmedia News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  8. ^ "Canadian Public Opinion Polls 1996 - 2002". Kingston: Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 12 February 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  9. ^ Albertans’ Opinion Structure on Six Policy Issues
  10. ^ Is Alberta shifting left?
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