Toquz Oghuz
Toquz Oghuz (Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰆𐰍𐰔, Toquz Oγuz)[1] was a political alliance of nine Turkic-speaking Tiele tribes in Inner Asia, during the early Middle Ages. Toquz Oghuz was consolidated and subordinated within the Turkic Kaganate (552–743) and remained after the Khaganate fragmented.
History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century |
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Oghuz is a Turkic word meaning "community" and toquz means "nine". Similarly the Karluks were also known as the Uch-Oguz – uch meaning "three".[2] The root of the generalized ethnical term "oghuz" is og-, meaning "clan, tribe"; which in turn, according to Kononov, descends from the ancient Turkic word ög meaning "mother" (however, Golden considered such a further derivation impossible).[3] Initially the oguz designated "tribes" or "tribal union", and eventually became an ethnonym.
The Toquz Oghuz were perhaps first mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions written in the 730s. They were mentioned as "my own people" by Bilge Qaghan: "Tokuz-Oguz people were my own people. Since Tengri and earth became in disorder them, they revolted against us." (Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰕:𐰆𐰍𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰚𐰤𐱅𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰢:𐰼𐱅𐰃:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰤:𐰖𐰍𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰃, romanized: Toquz Oγuz budun kentü budunïm erti Teŋіri jer bolγaqïn üčün yaγï boltï).[4] It is also mentioned in Kul Tigin inscriptions that the Göktürks and Toquz Oghuz were fighting five times in a year.[5][6] The nine tribes were named in Chinese histories as the Huihe (回纥), Pugu (仆骨), Hun (浑), Bayegu (拔野古), Tongluo (同罗), Sijie (思结), Qibi (契苾), A-Busi (阿布思) and Gulunwugusi (骨仑屋骨思)[7]. The first seven named – who lived north of the Gobi Desert – were dominant, whereas the A-Busi and Gulunwugu(si) emerged later and were accepted on an equal footing with the others some time after 743. The A-Busi apparently originated as a sub-tribal group within the Sijie and the Gulunwugu(si) as a combination of two other tribes.[8]
Turkologist Yury Zuev proposes that the Toquz Oghuz tribe Sijie (思结) may be a Chinese rendition of an endonym from Turkic root igil ( < ɣiei-kiet < igil), meaning "many". As such, Zuev controversially links the Sijie to the Uokil and the Augaloi in Transoxania.[9]
References
- ^ Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRK BITIG
- ^ Gumilev L.N. Ancient Turks, Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.5 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot5.htm[permanent dead link]
- ^ Golden, B. P. "Oq and Oğur ~ Oğuz", Turkic Languages, 16/2 (2012), p. 183–188
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
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: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Ergin 1970:81
- ^ Gündüz 2002/2:263
- ^ Theobald, U. "Huihe 回紇, Huihu 回鶻, Weiwur 維吾爾, Uyghurs" in ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
- ^ Colin Mackerras. "Chapter 12 - The Uighurs". In Denis Sinor (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
- ^ Wang Pu, "Summary review of Tang dynasty, 618–907 (Tang Huiyao)", Shanghai, 1958, ch. 72, p. 1307, in Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", p. 45