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Leaving Neverland

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Leaving Neverland
File:Film Poster for Leaving Neverland.jpg
Television release poster
Directed byDan Reed
Produced byDan Reed
Starring
CinematographyDan Reed
Edited byJules Cornell
Music byChad Hobson
Production
company
Amos Pictures
Distributed by
Release dates
  • January 25, 2019 (2019-01-25) (Sundance)
  • March 3, 2019 (2019-03-03) (United States)
  • March 6, 2019 (2019-03-06) (United Kingdom)
Running time
236 minutes[1]
189 minutes (UK version)[2][3]
CountriesUnited States
United Kingdom
LanguageEnglish

Leaving Neverland is a 2019 documentary film directed and produced by the British filmmaker Dan Reed. It focuses on two men, Wade Robson and James Safechuck, who allege they were sexually abused as children by the singer Michael Jackson.

The film is a co-production between the UK broadcaster Channel 4 and the US broadcaster HBO. Following its premiere at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2019, it was broadcast on HBO in two parts in March 2019 and as a shortened version on Channel 4. It received acclaim from critics, winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special,[4][5] but it received mixed reviews from viewers.[6][7]

The documentary resulted in a media backlash against Jackson and a reassessment of his legacy. However, it boosted sales of his music. Some dismissed the film as one-sided and questioned its veracity; the Jackson estate condemned it as a "tabloid character assassination".[8] The film led to protests from Jackson's fans. Michael Jackson: Chase the Truth, a documentary challenging the allegations of Leaving Neverland, was released on August 13 on Amazon Prime Video.[9]

On February 21, the Jackson estate sued HBO for breaching a non-disparagement clause from a 1992 contract. The suit sought to compel HBO to participate in a non-confidential arbitration that could result in $100 million or more in damages rewarded to the estate.[10] HBO denied claims of a breach of contract and filed an anti-SLAPP motion against the estate. On September 20, Judge George Wu issued a ruling that denied HBO's motion to dismiss the case, allowing the Jackson estate to compel arbitration.[11] On November 7, 2019, Judge Wu granted HBO's motion to stay the arbitration proceedings with the Jackson estate pending HBO's appeal to the Ninth Circuit.[12]

Synopsis

Jackson with James Safechuck (right) in Hawaii, January 1988

Director Dan Reed described Leaving Neverland as a "study of the psychology of child sexual abuse, told through two ordinary families ... groomed for twenty years by a pedophile masquerading as a trusted friend."[13] In the film, Robson and Safechuck allege that Jackson sexually abused them when they were children, Safechuck beginning in 1988, Robson beginning in 1990. They give graphic descriptions of Jackson's alleged sex acts, including masturbation, oral sex, and anal sex, which they claim took place at his home, Neverland Ranch, and other locations.

The two men say that these acts were regarded as "romantic" and did not realize they were inappropriate until adulthood. Safechuck says Jackson once took him shopping for an engagement ring (which he kept as memorabilia) and later held a mock wedding. He began therapy in 2013 and recalled his trauma for the first time. Stephanie Safechuck, his mother, describes feeling elated and dancing when Jackson died in 2009. Robson says Jackson told him to distrust women. Both men claimed that Jackson tried pushing them away from their families and "brainwashing" them. Jackson allegedly sent the two men "love letters" and set up security systems at Neverland to prevent other people from witnessing their sexual acts.

Safechuck says Jackson eventually replaced him with Brett Barnes, and Robson says he was replaced by actor Macaulay Culkin because Jackson preferred prepubescent boys. Robson says he was given Jackson memorabilia as a child; he is photographed burning those items at the end of the film.

Background

In 1993 Michael Jackson was accused of sexually molesting 13-year-old Jordan Chandler. Jackson denied the claims and settled the case out of court for a $23 million payment,[14][15] and no charges were filed after a criminal investigation due to a lack of evidence and testimony from the alleged victim.[16][17] In 1996, Jackson made an out-of-court settlement with the mother of another boy, Jason Francia, for more than $2 million, who, in 1993, previously told police that Jackson never molested him.[18][19] The Francias never filed a lawsuit.[20]

In 2005, Jackson was criminally tried for several counts of child molestation charges following concerns raised in the 2003 documentary Living with Michael Jackson. He was seen holding hands in the documentary with 12-year-old Gavin Arvizo and talked about sharing a bed. Jackson was acquitted of all charges.[17] In May 2011, Wade Robson, a choreographer and former friend of Jackson, approached John Branca, co-executor of the Michael Jackson estate, following up on an offer to discuss directing the Michael Jackson-Cirque du Soleil joint production Michael Jackson: One. Robson wanted the job "badly",[21][22][23] but the estate had already chosen someone else for the production. Robson states in his 2013 complaint that in April 2011, he had suffered the first of two nervous breakdowns followed by a second nervous breakdown in March 2012.[24] In 2012, Robson explained his nervous breakdown was triggered by an obsessive quest for success. In his own words, his career began to “crumble.” Joseph Vogel criticised the film in a Forbes article, writing that Robson tried "shopping a book" about his alleged sexual abuse by Jackson.[21]

In 2013, Robson filed a lawsuit alleging that Jackson had sexually abused him for seven years, beginning when he was seven years old; the suit was reportedly worth up to $1 billion.[21][25] The following year, James Safechuck, another former friend of Jackson, filed a case alleging he was sexually abused over a four-year period from the age of ten.[26][27] He said he realized he was abused by Jackson after seeing Robson on television. A probate court dismissed his suit in 2017.[21] Both men had previously testified that Jackson never molested them—Safechuck as a child during the 1993 investigation and Robson as a child in 1993 and as a young adult in 2005.[28][29]

In 2015, Robson's case against Jackson's estate was dismissed because it was "untimely and should be dismissed." The ruling was not a judgment on the validity of Robson's accusations.[note 1][30] Robson's attorney, Maryann Marzano, said the ruling would be appealed and the accusations would be pursued against Jackson's business entities.[31] In 2017, it was ruled that the corporations formerly owned by Jackson could not be held accountable for Jackson's alleged past actions.[32][33] In 2019, after the documentary aired, Robson and Safechuck's lawsuits against Jackson's corporations were revived by a California appeals court after California expanded the statue of limitations for child sexual abuse lawsuits. [34]

Production

Leaving Neverland was conceived by Channel 4 editors. After Reed produced enough material to make a four-hour film, the HBO network joined the production.[35] He felt the length was necessary to present the story "in a way that makes it fully understandable in all its complexity." Reed said he did not use the film to comment on Jackson's actions or motivations and did not want to interview other key figures because they might complicate or compromise the story he wanted to tell.[21][36] The UK version of the film was trimmed by 47 minutes.[3]

In February 2017, Reed and assistant producer Marguerite Gaudin flew to Hawaii to interview Robson, who agreed to tell his story chronologically and without omission of any unpleasant details.[37] A camera failed shortly after shooting began, but a solution was found; shooting continued until nighttime and continued throughout the second day. Reed traveled to Los Angeles later that week to shoot Safechuck's story in two days.[37] Reed said that Robson, Safechuck, and their families received no financial compensation for the film.[38]

After filming, Reed returned to London and began corroborating the stories. Wondering how Robson's and Safechuck's mothers could have allowed their sons to be allegedly abused, he returned to Los Angeles in November 2017 and interviewed their families.[37] The interview in which Safechuck discusses and shows the wedding ring was filmed in July 2018.[39] Reed decided that footage he had shot of former detectives and prosecutors from the 1993 case and the 2005 trial was unnecessary.[36]

Reed was unable to contact Jordan Chandler for the documentary and assumed he preferred to remain private. Reed also said the Chandler and Arvizo stories could form the basis for a second documentary.[40]

The documentary was scored by Chad Hobson, who said his approach was to "imagine a walk through a beautiful and magical forest ... But as you travel deeper into the forest it becomes darker, more distorted, the limbs of the trees becoming more twisted and sinister."[41]

Release

Leaving Neverland premiered at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2019. For television, it was split into two parts, broadcast on March 3 and 4 on HBO in the US and on March 6 and 7 on Channel 4 in the UK.[42] The Channel 4 version was edited from four hours to three to create space for commercials.[2] It broke Channel 4 streaming records and became the most downloaded Channel 4 show ever, taking a 45% share of young television audiences.[35] An audience of 2.1 million watched Part 1 on Channel 4, and 1.9 million watched Part 2.[43] In the US, Part 1 drew a 0.4 rating and 1.285 million viewers, the third-largest audience for an HBO documentary in the decade, behind only Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief and Bright Lights: Starring Carrie Fisher and Debbie Reynolds. Part 2 drew a 0.3 rating and 927,000 viewers in its initial airing.[44][45]

Kew Media Group sold the documentary to channels in 130 territories.[42] In New Zealand, the first episode was watched by 716,000, making it one of the most-watched broadcasts in the country's history not dealing with sports or news.[46] Dutch broadcaster VPRO referred viewers to the MIND Korrelatie organization for victims of sexual abuse, and attracted callers in large numbers.[47]

The American broadcast was followed by Oprah Winfrey Presents: After Neverland (recorded March 2, 2019), in which Robson, Safechuck, and Reed were interviewed by Oprah Winfrey before an audience of victims and their families.[48] Winfrey later spoke of the "hateration" she received from Jackson's supporters and others who criticized the film, yet said her support of the accusers has not wavered.[49]

Channel One Russia planned to release the film on nighttime television on March 15, but relegated it to their website, available until March 20, because of "mixed reception, speculation, and aggression from both supporters and opponents of the film".[50]

Music

Following many requests of composer Chad Hobson to make the film's score available, the Leaving Neverland: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack official 19-track soundtrack album was released by Redrocca in the US and UK in digital format on April 1, 2019.[51][52][53]

Reception

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, Leaving Neverland holds an approval rating of 98% based on 94 reviews, with an average score of 7.97/10. Its consensus states: "Crucial and careful, Leaving Neverland gives empathetic breadth and depth to the complicated afterlife of child sexual abuse as experienced by adult survivors."[54] On Metacritic, it holds a weighted average of 85 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 23 reviews.[55]

In Vanity Fair, Owen Gleiberman described the two men's stories as "overwhelmingly powerful and convincing."[56] Hank Stuever of The Washington Post thought the documentary was "riveting" and "devastating", ending his review with a plea: "Turn off the music and listen to these men."[57] Melanie McFarland of Salon believed the film's "intent isn't to merely grant these men and their families a platform to air their stories in all their painful fullness, but to place the viewer inside the perspectives of everyone who was taken in by the dream... it does leave the viewer in the thorny clarity of what we know now."[58] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe wrote that the film was not "particularly imaginative", yet he admired how it chronicled Robson's and Safechuck's emotional narrative: "It accounts for every stage of their respective recoveries, which are still in progress, including their darkest feelings of fear, denial, and shame."[59]

In Entertainment Weekly, Kristen Baldwin gave the film a B grade. She criticized it as "woefully one-sided" and concluded: "As a documentary, Leaving Neverland is a failure. As a reckoning, though, it is unforgettable."[60] In The Hollywood Reporter, Daniel Fienberg wrote: Leaving Neverland is "about the 20+ years... Robson and Safechuck [held secrets, lied, covered up] — and the damage that can do — as it is about the alleged crimes." He concluded, "it's doubtful you'll feel exactly the same after watching."[61] The Daily Telegraph awarded it five out of five, describing it as "a horrifying picture of child abuse."[62]

David Fear wrote in Rolling Stone: "By offering these men a forum, this doc has clearly chosen a side. Yet the thoroughness with which it details this history of allegations, and the way it personalizes them to a startling degree, is hard to shake off."[63] IndieWire's David Ehrlich wrote that the film was "dry" and "hardly great cinema," but that it was "a crucial document for a culture that still can't see itself clearly in Michael Jackson's shadow."[64] Alissa Wilkinson described the documentary as "a devastating case" that "may forever" change Jackson's legacy.[65] In the Chicago Sun-Times, Richard Roeper described it as a "devastating and undeniably persuasive film."[66]

Leaving Neverland earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special[4] and the TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in News and Information.[67]

Criticisms of allegations

In January 2019, the Jackson estate issued a press release condemning the film: "The two accusers testified under oath that these events never occurred. They have provided no independent evidence and absolutely no proof in support of their accusations."[68] In February 2019, the estate filed a $100 million lawsuit against HBO, petitioning a court to compel their arbitrate cooperation regarding the film's broadcast.[69] As Jackson is dead, HBO cannot be sued for defamation. Instead, the estate claimed HBO had violated a 1992 agreement never to disparage Jackson's public image, stipulated in the terms for broadcasting his concert film Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour.[70] On the day of the HBO premiere of Leaving Neverland: Part One, the estate posted Live in Bucharest on YouTube. The next day, to coincide with the broadcast of Part Two, the estate posted another concert film, Live at Wembley July 16, 1988.[71]

Fans of Jackson demanded the Sundance Film Festival cancel the screening.[72] At the Sundance premiere, Robson and Safechuck said they had received death threats from some fans.[73] Fans organised protests outside Channel 4's office, an internet campaign against the film, and a crowdfunded campaign placing posters with the slogan "Facts don't lie. People do" on public transport.[35][74] On March 13, Transport for London announced it would remove the adverts after the charity Survivors Trust complained that they could discourage victims of sexual abuse from coming forward.[75][76]

American actor Corey Feldman, a friend of Jackson since a child, called the documentary "one-sided" and said Jackson never approached him inappropriately.[77] He later said that his comments "[weren't] meant in any way to question the validity of the victims".[78] Feldman told Rolling Stone that his relationship with Jackson was "the standard grooming process that [Robson and Safechuck] describe." He added,"everything was similar [to what happened to me] up until the sexual part". [79][80] Singer Aaron Carter, a friend of Jackson as a child, stated that he remembered his friend as "an amazing guy" and reiterated his support for Jackson.[81] Brett Barnes and American actor Macaulay Culkin, both of whom were insinuated as victims in the film, also denied any inappropriate behavior from Jackson.[82] Culkin stated that Jackson "never did anything to him and he never saw him do anything." He added that "at this flash point in time, he’d have no reason to hold anything back."[83] American singer Barbra Streisand spoke in Jackson's defense, saying "his sexual needs were his sexual needs" and that the accusers had been "thrilled" to be with him. She added that the accusers were "both married and they both have children, so it didn't kill them."[84] Streisand later apologized and expressed sympathy for the accusers.[85]

English singer Boy George expressed skepticism about the documentary: "It's just taken almost for granted that this is what happened and therefore we all should accept it."[86] American singer Madonna, who was a friend of Jackson, told British Vogue: "I don't have a lynch-mob mentality, so in my mind, people are innocent until proven guilty ... Are there people asking for money, is there some kind of extortion thing happening?"[87] Joey Fatone of NSYNC, who had worked with Robson at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards, also expressed skepticism: "[At the time] it seemed like nothing was going on, that's the whole thing. To come out later on and have these repercussions, it's kind of weird and interesting because you never know what's true."[88]

Jackson biographer Mike Smallcombe argued that Safechuck's claims of sexual abuse at Neverland's train station from 1988 to 1992 could not be true because the train station was not built until 1994. Reed responded: "There seems to be no doubt about the station date. The date [the accusers] have wrong is the end of the abuse." He said that Safechuck was present at Neverland before and after the construction of the station and that it was "just one of the many locations where James remembers sexual activity taking place". Smallcombe dismissed Reed's response,[89] and criticized the documentary for omitting the debts Robson and Safechuck allegedly owe Jackson's estate in court costs.[90]

A 30-minute documentary rebutting the claims in the film, Neverland Firsthand: Investigating the Michael Jackson Documentary, was released on YouTube on March 30, 2019. It was directed by journalist Liam McEwan and features interviews with Jackson's family and colleagues.[91] Another documentary challenging the film, Michael Jackson: Chase the Truth, was released on August 13.[92] On August 13, 2019, parts of Robson's 2016 video deposition were released in an online video essay titled Lies of Leaving Neverland;[93] the essay argues that his deposition statements contradict statements he made in Leaving Neverland.[94]

Backlash against Jackson

The documentary led to a media backlash against Jackson.[95][96] Commentators suggested Jackson's music could fall from favor, similarly to the work of convicted sexual abuser Gary Glitter.[97] Reed said he was not interested in this debate, and said: "I’m not about cancelling Jackson. But I think people should know that he was, at times, a monster to children."[97]

All Cogeco-owned stations in Canada pulled Jackson's music from their playlists,[98] but later re-added it.[99] NH Radio in the Netherlands[100] and MediaWorks New Zealand, New Zealand Media and Entertainment and Radio New Zealand also pulled Jackson's music,[101] but some New Zealand radio stations eventually re-added it, citing "positive listener survey results."[102] An episode of The Simpsons guest-starring Jackson, "Stark Raving Dad", was pulled from circulation;[103] writer Al Jean said he believed Jackson had used the episode to groom boys for sexual abuse.[104] A London concert produced by Jackson collaborator Quincy Jones removed Jackson's name and album titles from its advertisements;[105] the organizers said the modified artwork reflected the show's broader inclusion of Jones' repertoire unrelated to his work with Jackson.[106] "Weird Al" Yankovic dropped his song parodies of Jackson's music from his Strings Attached Tour.[107]

Film producer Jodi Gomes said she and the Jackson family had been working on a new documentary about the Jackson 5 for their 50th anniversary, but that it was canceled after the broadcast of Leaving Neverland. However, Gomes believes Jackson's legacy would continue "from this generation to the next".[96] Items of Jackson's clothing and a Jackson poster were removed from the Children's Museum of Indianapolis,[108] but Jackson's photographs from the museum's Ryan White exhibit were kept.[109] Fashion house Louis Vuitton canceled Jackson-inspired products planned for its 2019 collections.[110] American artistic gymnast Katelyn Ohashi removed Jackson's music and Jackson-inspired dance moves from her floor routine at the 2019 PAC-12 Championships.[111] The city council of Brussels cancelled plans to dress the Manneken Pis sculpture in Jackson's signature clothing.[112]

Aftermath

Despite the negative publicity, Jackson's honors were not rescinded, as had happened following sexual assault allegations made against Bill Cosby and Harvey Weinstein, and there were no mass calls to stop playing his music, as happened following allegations against R. Kelly.[96] Jackson's combined music sales, including his work with the Jackson 5, increased 10%. Streams of his music and videos increased 6%, rising from 18.7 million between February 24 and 26 to 19.7 million between March 3 and 5.[113] His videos were viewed 22.1 million times, an increase of roughly 1.2 million from the week prior, and three of his albums re-entered the UK iTunes chart.[114]

In June 2019, around the time of the 10th anniversary of Jackson's death, various industry executives said that his legacy would endure. Darren Julien, president of Julien's Auctions, which has sold millions of dollars worth of Jackson memorabilia, said: "He still commands prices compared to most any other celebrity." Billboard senior editor Gail Mitchell said she interviewed about thirty music executives who believed Jackson's legacy could withstand the controversy.[96] In a Guardian article reassessing Jackson's legacy, biographer Margo Jefferson expressed her support for Jackson's accusers and concluded: "The task is to read the art and the life fully as they wind and unwind around each other, changing shape and direction."[115]

Public arbitration

On February 7, 2019, shortly before broadcast, Howard Weitzman, attorney for the Jackson estate, wrote a letter to HBO chief executive Richard Plepler criticizing Leaving Neverland as journalistically unethical. The letter asserted that HBO is "being used as part of Robson's and Safechuck's legal strategy [both of which are currently seeking appeals]", and that Reed intentionally did not interview anyone who detracted from the story. The letter said that the two accusers had been caught lying in testimony, and the documentary would only bolster their credibility. "We know that this will go down as the most shameful episode in HBO's history," the letter said.[116]

On February 21, the Jackson estate sued HBO for violating a non-disparagement clause in a 1992 contract by agreeing to run the documentary. The suit sought to compel HBO to litigate the issue in a public arbitration process and claimed that the estate could be awarded $100 million or more in damages. The suit accused HBO of fabricating lies with a financial motive. HBO did not stop the airing of the documentary.[117][118]

On February 28, Plepler resigned from HBO. He was rumored to have chafed under the leadership of John Stankey, WarnerMedia's new chief. The Jackson estate said Plepler "must have known" about the 1992 contract, since he had been senior vice president of communications then.[119] It was reported in September 2019 that Plepler resigned three days after an unnamed shareholder wrote a letter criticizing, among other things, Plepler's greenlighting of Leaving Neverland, arguing that it opened the company to lawsuits.[120]

On May 2, HBO lawyers Daniel Petrocelli and Theodore Boutrous filed an opposing motion arguing that the contract had expired once both parties had fulfilled their obligations. HBO contended that the estate's interpretation of the clause as conferring perpetual immunity from disparagement, even in death, was excessively broad. They argued that such interpretation would "run afoul of the public policy embodies in numerous California statutes to protect children from sexual abuse" and "legitimize the creation of a category of wealthy, powerful or famous individual who could... preserve for themselves via contract posthumous control over how they are portrayed and described in a way that ordinary citizens cannot." Bryan Freedman, an attorney for Jackson estate, responded, "If HBO thinks the contract does not apply or is expired then why are they opposing adjudicating it? The reason why is because they know they were complicit in this one-sided farce of a money grab that clearly violates the agreement... Let this be a warning to all talent that HBO will disregard the truth and distribute fictitious one-sided content in violation of the artists' rights it promised to protect."[121]

The Jackson estate aimed to have a Los Angeles Superior Court judge compel arbitration proceedings before the American Arbitration Association. HBO said there was no enforceable agreement that pertained to Leaving Neverland. It argued that an over-reading of the 1992 contract would violate both its due process rights and the First Amendment; under the Federal Arbitration Act, the federal judge had to decide the "gateway issues of validity and arbitrability". The Jackson estate called this argument "classic tautology" and that it "assumes the very conclusion that HBO wants an adjudicator to reach in this dispute, i.e., that there are no remaining obligations under the Agreement".[122]

On the recommendation of Judge George Wu, HBO filed a SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation) motion against the estate on August 29. It pointed to the "extraordinary" origins of the case. The estate argued that its petition is a federal issue, under the Federal Arbitration Act, hence the California SLAPP law should not take precedence. They said, "Breaching an agreement by refusing to arbitrate is not constitutionally protected activity. And even if it were, the Jackson Estate has shown a probability of success on that claim." The SLAPP law provides an automatic right to an immediate appeal, which may bring the case to the Ninth Circuit.[123]

On September 19, Judge Wu tentatively denied HBO's motion to dismiss the estate's lawsuit. John Branca, co-executor of the estate, said HBO had been trying to suppress the other side of the story. "I've never seen a media organization fight so hard to keep a secret," Branca said.[124] The following day, Judge Wu gave a final ruling to deny HBO's motion to dismiss the case, granting the Jackson estate's motion to compel arbitration.[11]

On October 21, 2019, HBO filed a notice of appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, seeking appellate review of the District Court's order granting the Jackson estate's motion to compel arbitration, and shortly after applied for a stay of the arbitration proceedings.[125] On November 7, 2019, HBO was granted its motion to stay the arbitration proceedings with the Jackson estate pending HBO's appeal to the Ninth Circuit.[12]

Awards and nominations

Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
British Academy Television Awards Best Factual Series or Strand Leaving Neverland Won [126]
British Academy Television Craft Awards Best Director: Factual Dan Reed Nominated
Best Editing: Factual Jules Cornell Nominated
Dorian Awards TV Current Affairs Show of the Year Leaving Neverland Won [127]
IDA Documentary Awards Best Multipart Documentary Won [128]
Peabody Awards Documentary Nominated [129]
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special Won [130]
Outstanding Directing for a Documentary/Nonfiction Program Dan Reed Nominated
Outstanding Picture Editing For Nonfiction Programming Jules Cornell Nominated
Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming (Single or Multi-Camera) Ross Millership and Poppy Kavanagh Nominated
Outstanding Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Programming (Single or Multi-camera) Matt Skilton and Marguerite Gaudin Nominated
Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television Leaving Neverland Won [131]
Television Critics Association Awards Outstanding Achievement in News and Information Won [67]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Charles Thomson reported that the judge did rule on the validity of Robson's claims and said "no rational juror could ever believe it."

References

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