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DeepMind Technologies Limited
Type of businessSubsidiary
FoundedSeptember 23, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-09-23) [1]
Headquarters
  • 5 New Street Square,[2]
    London EC4A 3TW, UK
Founder(s)
CEODemis Hassabis
IndustryArtificial Intelligence
Employees>350 [3]
ParentAlphabet Inc.
URLwww.deepmind.com

DeepMind Technologies Limited is a British artificial intelligence company founded in September 2010. It was acquired by Google in 2014. The company has created a neural network that learns how to play video games in a fashion similar to that of humans,[4] as well as a Neural Turing Machine, or a neural network that may be able to access an external memory like a conventional Turing machine, resulting in a computer that mimics the short-term memory of the human brain.[5]

The company made headlines in 2016 after its AlphaGo program beat a human professional Go player for the first time.[6]

History

The start-up was founded by Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman in 2010.[7][8] Hassabis and Legg first met at University College London's Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit.[9] On 26 January 2014, Google announced the company had acquired DeepMind for $500 million,[10][11][12][13][14][15] and that it had agreed to take over DeepMind Technologies.

Since then major venture capital firms Horizons Ventures and Founders Fund have invested in the company,[16] as well as entrepreneurs Scott Banister[17] and Elon Musk.[18] Jaan Tallinn was an early investor and an adviser to the company.[19] The sale to Google took place after Facebook reportedly ended negotiations with DeepMind Technologies in 2013.[20] The company was afterwards renamed Google DeepMind and kept that name for about two years.[2]

In 2014, DeepMind received the "Company of the Year" award by Cambridge Computer Laboratory.[21]

After Google's acquisition the company established an artificial intelligence ethics board.[22] The ethics board for AI research remains a mystery, with both Google and Deepmind declining to reveal who sits on the board.[23] DeepMind, together with Amazon, Google, Facebook, IBM, and Microsoft, is a member of Partnership on AI, an organization devoted to the society-AI interface.[24]

Machine learning

DeepMind Technologies's goal is to "solve intelligence",[25] which they are trying to achieve by combining "the best techniques from machine learning and systems neuroscience to build powerful general-purpose learning algorithms".[25] They are trying to formalize intelligence[26] in order to not only implement it into machines, but also understand the human brain, as Demis Hassabis explains:

[...] attempting to distil intelligence into an algorithmic construct may prove to be the best path to understanding some of the enduring mysteries of our minds.[27]

Google Research has released a paper in 2016 regarding AI Safety and avoiding undesirable behaviour during the AI learning process.[28] Deepmind has also released several publications via their website.[29]

To date, the company has published research on computer systems that are able to play games, and developing these systems, ranging from strategy games such as Go[30] to arcade games. According to Shane Legg human-level machine intelligence can be achieved "when a machine can learn to play a really wide range of games from perceptual stream input and output, and transfer understanding across games[...]."[31] Research describing an AI playing seven different Atari video games (Pong, Breakout, Space Invaders, Seaquest, Beamrider, Enduro, and Q*bert) reportedly led to their acquisition by Google.[4] Hassabis has mentioned the popular e-sport game StarCraft as a possible future challenge, since it requires a high level of strategic thinking and handling imperfect information.[32]

Deep reinforcement learning

As opposed to other AIs, such as IBM's Deep Blue or Watson, which were developed for a pre-defined purpose and only function within its scope, DeepMind claims that their system is not pre-programmed: it learns from experience, using only raw pixels as data input. Technically it uses deep learning on a convolutional neural network, with a novel form of Q-learning, a form of model-free reinforcement learning.[2][33] They test the system on video games, notably early arcade games, such as Space Invaders or Breakout.[33][34] Without altering the code, the AI begins to understand how to play the game, and after some time plays, for a few games (most notably Breakout), a more efficient game than any human ever could.[34]

For most games (Space Invaders, Ms Pacman, Q*Bert for example), DeepMind plays below the current World Record. The application of DeepMind's AI to video games is currently for games made in the 1970s and 1980s, with work being done on more complex 3D games such as Doom, which first appeared in the early 1990s.[34]

AlphaGo

Main article: AlphaGo

In October 2015, a computer Go program called AlphaGo, powered by DeepMind, beat the European Go champion Fan Hui, a 2 dan (out of 9 dan possible) professional, five to zero.[35] This is the first time an artificial intelligence (AI) defeated a professional player.[6] Previously, computers were only known to have played Go at "amateur" level.[35][36] Go is considered much more difficult for computers to win compared to other games like chess, due to the much larger number of possibilities, making it prohibitively difficult for traditional AI methods such as brute-force.[35][36] The announcement of the news was delayed until 27 January 2016 to coincide with the publication of a paper in the journal Nature describing the algorithms used.[35] In March 2016 it beat Lee Sedol—a 9th dan Go player and one of the highest ranked players in the world—with 4-1 in a five-game match.

Healthcare

In July 2016, a collaboration between DeepMind and Moorfields Eye Hospital was announced.[37] DeepMind would be applied to the analysis of anonymised eye scans, searching for early signs of diseases leading to blindness.

In August 2016, a research programme with University College London Hospital was announced with the aim of developing an algorithm that can automatically differentiate between healthy and cancerous tissues in head and neck areas.[38]

Controversies

In April 2016 New Scientist obtained a copy of a data-sharing agreement between DeepMind and the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, which operates the three London hospitals which an estimated 1.6 million patients are treated annually. The revelation has exposed the ease with which private companies can obtain highly sensitive medical information without patient consent. The agreement shows DeepMind Health is gaining access to admissions, discharge and transfer data, accident and emergency, pathology and radiology, and critical care at these hospitals. This included personal details such as whether patients had been diagnosed with HIV, suffered from depression or had ever undergone an abortion.[39][40] This led to some public outcry and officials from Google have yet to make a statement but many regard this move as controversial and question the legality of the acquisition generally.[23]

The concerns were widely reported and have led to a complaint to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), arguing that the data should be pseudonymised and encrypted.[41]

In May 2016, New Scientist published a further article claiming that the project had failed to secure approval from the Confidentiality Advisory Group of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.[42]

References

  1. ^ "DEEPMIND TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)". Companies House. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  2. ^ a b c Mnih, Volodymyr; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Silver, David (26 February 2015). "Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning". Nature. 518 (7540): 529–33. Bibcode:2015Natur.518..529M. doi:10.1038/nature14236. PMID 25719670. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  3. ^ "DeedMind career - People and Culture Partner".
  4. ^ a b "The Last AI Breakthrough DeepMind Made Before Google Bought It". The Physics arXiv Blog. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  5. ^ Best of 2014: Google's Secretive DeepMind Startup Unveils a "Neural Turing Machine", MIT Technology Review
  6. ^ a b "Première défaite d'un professionnel du go contre une intelligence artificielle". Le Monde. 27 January 2016.
  7. ^ "Google Buys U.K. Artificial Intelligence Company DeepMind". Bloomberg. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  8. ^ "Google makes £400m move in quest for artificial intelligence". Financial Times. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  9. ^ "Demis Hassabis: 15 facts about the DeepMind Technologies founder". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  10. ^ "Google to buy artificial intelligence company DeepMind". Reuters. 26 January 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  11. ^ "Google Acquires UK AI startup Deepmind". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  12. ^ "Report of Acquisition, TechCrunch". TechCrunch. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  13. ^ Oreskovic, Alexei. "Reuters Report". Reuters. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  14. ^ "Google Acquires Artificial Intelligence Start-Up DeepMind". The Verge. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  15. ^ "Google acquires AI pioneer DeepMind Technologies". Ars Technica. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  16. ^ "DeepMind buy heralds rise of the machines". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  17. ^ "DeepMind Technologies Investors". Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  18. ^ Cuthbertson, Anthony. "Elon Musk: Artificial Intelligence 'Potentially More Dangerous Than Nukes'". International Business Times UK.
  19. ^ "Recode.net – DeepMind Technologies Acquisition". Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  20. ^ "Google beats Facebook for Acquisition of DeepMind Technologies". Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  21. ^ "Hall of Fame Awards: To celebrate the success of companies founded by Computer Laboratory graduates". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  22. ^ "Inside Google's Mysterious Ethics Board". Forbes. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  23. ^ a b Ramesh, Randeep (2016-05-04). "Google's DeepMind shouldn't suck up our NHS records in secret". TheGuardian.com. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  24. ^ "Home/ Partnership on Artificial Intelligence to Benefit People and Society". 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  25. ^ a b "DeepMind Technologies Website". DeepMind Technologies. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  26. ^ Legg, Shane; Veness, Joel (29 September 2011). "An Approximation of the Universal Intelligence Measure". arXiv:1109.5951 [cs.AI].
  27. ^ Hassabis, Demis (23 February 2012). "Model the brain's algorithms" (PDF). Nature. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  28. ^ Amodei, Dario; Olah, Chris; Steinhardt, Jacob; Christiano, Paul; Schulman, John; Mané, Dan (2016-06-21). "Concrete Problems in AI Safety". arXiv:1606.06565 [cs.AI].
  29. ^ "Publications | DeepMind". DeepMind. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
  30. ^ Huang, Shih-Chieh; Müller, Martin (12 July 2014). "Investigating the Limits of Monte-Carlo Tree Search Methods in Computer Go". Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 8427. Springer: 39–48. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09165-5_4. ISBN 978-3-319-09164-8.
  31. ^ "Q&A with Shane Legg on risks from AI". 17 June 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  32. ^ http://www.theverge.com/2016/3/10/11192774/demis-hassabis-interview-alphago-google-deepmind-ai
  33. ^ a b Mnih, Volodymyr; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Silver, David; Graves, Alex; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Wierstra, Daan; Riedmiller, Martin (12 December 2013). "Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning". arXiv:1312.5602 [cs.LG].
  34. ^ a b c Deepmind artificial intelligence @ FDOT14. 19 April 2014.
  35. ^ a b c d "Google achieves AI 'breakthrough' by beating Go champion". BBC News. 27 January 2016.
  36. ^ a b "Research Blog: AlphaGo: Mastering the ancient game of Go with Machine Learning". Google Research Blog. 27 January 2016.
  37. ^ Baraniuk, Chris (6 July 2016). "Google's DeepMind to peek at NHS eye scans for disease analysis". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  38. ^ Baraniuk, Chris (31 August 2016). "Google DeepMind targets NHS head and neck cancer treatment". BBC. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  39. ^ Hodson, Hal (29 April 2016). "Revealed: Google AI has access to huge haul of NHS patient data". New Scientist.
  40. ^ "Leader: If Google has nothing to hide about NHS data, why so secretive?". New Scientist. 4 May 2016.
  41. ^ Donnelly, Caroline (12 May 2016). "ICO probes Google DeepMind patient data-sharing deal with NHS Hospital Trust". Computer Weekly.
  42. ^ Hodson, Hal (25 May 2016). "Did Google's NHS patient data deal need ethical approval?". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
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