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List of ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar

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Cadets of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) preparing for military drills at the group's headquarters in Laiza, Kachin State.

The following is a list of non-state armed groups involved in the internal conflict in Myanmar, officially called ethnic armed organisations (EAOs) by the government of Myanmar.[1]

Terminology

[edit]

The term "ethnic armed organisation" (Burmese: တိုင်းရင်းသား လက်နက်ကိုင် အဖွဲ့အစည်း) emerged in Myanmar during the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement negotiations from 2013 to 2015.[2] Various other terms, including "ethnic organisation", "ethnic resistance force", and "ethnic rebel group" have also been used to describe ethnic armed organisations.

These organisations typically:

  • claim to represent an ethnic identity[2]
  • aim to garner mutual recognition from other ethnic armed organisations through alliances and coalitions[2]
  • have an armed wing, and often a separate political wing[2]

Active

[edit]
Name Abbreviation Founded Strength Headquarters Location Affiliations Notes
Arakan Army AA 2009 15000+(claimed in May 2024)[3]


15,000+ in Chin and Rakhine State, around 1,500 in Kachin and Shan State (estimated in February 2024)[4]

Laiza
Arakan Army (Kayin State) AA (Kayin) 2010 350 (2024)[6] Mobile headquarters Kayin State
All Burma Students' Democratic Front ABSDF 1988 600 (2016)[7] Manerplaw (until 1995)[8] Joined the CRPH / NUG after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état[9]
Arakan Liberation Army ALA 1968 100 (2024)[10] Sittwe Armed wing of the Arakan Liberation Party
Arakan Rohingya Army ARA 2020 Unknown Mobile headquarters
Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army ARSA 2013 ~200 (2018)[12][13] Mobile headquarters
  • Previously known as Harakah al-Yaqin
  • Accused of being allied to the Tatmadaw[14]
Bamar People's Liberation Army BPLA 2021 1,000+[15] Mobile headquarters Eastern Myanmar Co-founded by activist Maung Saungkha
Chin National Army CNA 1988 1,500+ (2024)[16] Camp Victoria[17] Chin State Joined the CRPH / NUG after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état[19]
Chin National Defence Force CNDF 2021 Unknown Falam Chin State Armed wing of the Chin National Organisation[20]
Chinland Defense Force CDF 2021 Unknown Mobile headquarters
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army – Brigade 5 DKBA-5 2010 2,000+ (2024)[10][21][22] Sonesee Myaing Armed wing of the Klohtoobaw Karen Organization[10]
  • Also known as the Democratic Karen Benevolent Army
  • Split from the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army in 2010
  • Joined peace talks with Tatmadaw, leading the Kaw Thoo Lei Army to further split from the DKBA-5 in April 2022 to fight the Tatmadaw[10]
Kachin Defense Army KDA 1991 2,850 (2020)[23] Kawnghka Shan State
Kachin Independence Army KIA 1961 20,000 (2018)[25]
Kachin State, northern Shan State Holds and governs territory in Kachin State[26]
Kamtapur Liberation Organisation KLO 1995 Unknown Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)[27] Part of the UNLFW Based in India and operates in Assam and West Bengal
Karen National Army KNA 2024 7,000+[28] Shwe Kokko[29] Kayin State
Karen National Defence Organisation KNDO 1947 Unknown
Affiliate of the Karen National Union
  • Signed ceasefires with the government in 2012 and 2015[31]
  • Broke its commitment to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
Karen National Liberation Army KNLA 1949 15,000 (2021)[32]
Broke its commitment to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
Karenni Army KA 1949 1,500 (2012)[33] Nya Moe[34] Kayah State
Karenni National People's Liberation Front KNPLF 1978 2,000[35] Pankan Kayah State
  • Split from the Karenni Army
  • Signed ceasefire in 1989 and transformed into a BGF in 2009
  • Defected to anti-junta forces in June 2023
Karenni Nationalities Defence Force KNDF 2021 7,000+[36] Mobile headquarters
Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup KYKL 1994 Unknown Mobile Headquarters Sagaing Region Part of CorCom
  • Based in India and operates in Manipur
  • Has bases in and trained in Myanmar[37]
  • Unofficially allied with the Tatmadaw[38]
Kangleipak Communist Party KCP 1980 ~112 (2012)[39] Mobile Headquarters Sagaing Region Part of CorCom
  • Based in India and operates in Manipur
  • Has bases in and trained in Myanmar
  • Unofficially allied with the Tatmadaw[38]
Kayan New Land Army KNLP/A 1964 200–300 Pekon Armed wing of the Kayan New Land Party
  • Signed a ceasefire agreement with the Tatmadaw in 1994
  • Despite aiding resistance groups, the KNLP/A is allied to the Tatmadaw
Kawthoolei Army KTLA 2022 Unknown Kayin State Broke away from the Karen National Union July 2022[40]
KNU/KNLA Peace Council KPC 2007 500+ (2024)[10][41] To-kawko Kayin State Not affiliated with the KNU or KNLA, despite its name
Kuki National Army KNA(B) 1988 200+ (2016)[42] Mobile headquarters Armed wing of the Kuki National Organisation Based in India and operates in Manipur
Kuki-Chin National Army KCNA 2017 Unknown Mobile headquarters Armed wing of the Kuki-Chin National Front
Lahu Democratic Union LDU 1973[44] 1,500 (2024)[10] Loi Lan[10] Shan State
Mon National Liberation Army MNLA 1958 1,000+ (2024)[10][48] Ye Chaung Phya Armed wing of the New Mon State Party Signed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in 2018, along with the Lahu Democratic Union[45][46][47]
Mon National Liberation Army (Anti-Military Dictatorship) MNLA-AMD 2024 300[10] Unknown Mon State Armed wing of the New Mon State Party (Anti-Military Dictatorship)
  • Split from MNLA on 14 February 2024
  • Joined anti-junta forces after leaving the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army MNDAA 1989 6,000[49] Mobile headquarters Shan State (Kokang)
Burma National Revolutionary Army MRDA 2022 1,000+[50] Pale Sagaing Region Formerly known as the Myanmar Royal Dragon Army
National Democratic Alliance Army NDAA 1989 3,000[51]–4,000[21] (2016) Mong La Shan State Split from the Communist Party of Burma after its dissolution
National Liberation Army NLA 2023 Unknown Tamu Township Sagaing Region (Tamu Township) Formerly the PDF Tamu Battalion 3
National Socialist Council of Nagaland
  • NSCN-K
  • NSCN-K-AM
  • NSCN-K-YA
  • NSCN-IM
 1980 <500 (2016)[52]
Part of the UNLFW
  • Based in India and operates primarily in Northeast India
  • Signed a ceasefire agreement with India in 2001[53] and Myanmar in 2012[54]
  • Consists of several factions
New Democratic Army – Kachin
  • NDA-K
  • KBGF
 1989 700 (peak)[55] Pangwa Kachin State Signed a ceasefire agreement with the government in 1989 and transformed into a Border Guard Forces in 2009
Pa-O National Army PNA 1949 4,000 (2023)[56] Taunggyi Shan State Armed wing of the Pa-O National Organisation
Pa-O National Liberation Army PNLA 2009 1,000+ (2024)[10][21][57] Camp Laybwer Armed wing of the Pa-O National Liberation Organisation Split into a pro-peace talk and anti-junta faction in January 2024[10]
People's Defence Force PDF 2021 100,000 (2024 est.)[58] Armed wing of the National Unity Government (NUG)
  • Formed in May 2021 after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
  • Consists of several local resistance groups and other newly-formed anti-junta ethnic militias, such as the Karenni People's Defence Force and the Chinland Defence Force
People's Defence Force (Kalay) PDF (Kalay) 2021 Unknown Kalay Sagaing Region Part of the People's Defence Force
People's Liberation Army PLA 2021 Unknown Armed wing of the Communist Party of Burma The Communist Party of Burma rearmed itself and announced the creation of its new armed wing, the People's Liberation Army, in late 2021.[59][60]
People's Liberation Army of Manipur PLAM 1978 3,800 (2008) Manipur Part of CorCom
  • Based in India and operates in Manipur
  • Unoffically allied with the Tatmadaw[62]
People's Revolution Alliance (Magway) PRA (Magway) 2021 Unknown Mobile headquarters
People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak PREPAK 1977 ~200 (2012)[63] Mobile headquarters Sagaing Region Part of CorCom
  • Based in India and operates in Manipur
  • Has bases in and trained in Myanmar
  • Unofficially allied with the Tatmadaw[38]
Rohingya Solidarity Organisation RSO 1982[64] Unknown
  • Mainly active in the 1990s, militarily defunct by 1998
  • Alleged by the Tatmadaw to have had connections with the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in the early 2000s
  • Reestablished after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
  • Accused of being allied to the Tatmadaw[65]
Shanni Nationalities Army SNA 2016 1,000+ (2019)[66] Mobile headquarters Kachin State Allies with the Shan State Army (RCSS) and the Tatmadaw
Shan State Army (SSPP)[a] SSPP/SSA 1971 10,000 (2023)[67] Wan Hai Shan State Signed ceasefire with Tatmadaw
Shan State Army (RCSS)[a] RCSS/SSA 1996 8,000 (2024)[10] Loi Tai Leng Split from the Mong Tai Army in 1995
Wuyang People's Militia LEM/LNDP 2013 100 (2022)[68] Myitkyina Kachin State Armed wing of the Lisu National Development Party
  • Allied with the Tatmadaw
  • "People's Militia" created by the LNDP
  • Militia leader U Shwe Min was killed 7 March, 2024
Student Armed Force SAF 2021 Unknown Mobile headquarters
Ta'ang National Liberation Army TNLA 1992 8,000-10,000 (2024)[49] Mobile headquarters Shan State Governs the Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone
United Liberation Front of Asom-Independent ULFA-I 1979 200 (2024) Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)[27] Part of the UNLFW
  • Based in India and operates in Assam
  • Pro-truce faction disbanded in 2023 after signing a peace agreement with the Indian government
United National Liberation Front UNLF 1964 2,000 Manipur Part of CorCom
  • Based in India and operated in Manipur
  • Signed ceasefire agreement with the Indian government in 2023
United Wa State Army UWSA 1989 25,000 (2015)[71] Pangkham Shan State Governs the Wa Self-Administered Division (Wa State)[72]
Wa National Army WNA 1969 200 (1998)[73] Homein Shan State Signed a peace agreement with the government in August 1997
Zomi Revolutionary Army ZRA-EC 1997 3,000 (2016)[21] Churachandpur Armed wing of the Zomi Revolutionary Organisation
  • Based in India and operates in Manipur and Mizoram
  • Signed a ceasefire with India in 2005
  • Accused of being allied with the Tatmadaw[74]

Defunct

[edit]
Name Abbreviation Founded Disbanded Strength Headquarters Location Affiliations Notes
Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front ARIF 1986[75] 1998 Unknown Mobile headquarters
National Democratic Front of Boroland NDFB 1986 2020 3,000+ Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)[27] Part of the UNLFW
  • Based in India and operated in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
  • After splitting into several factions, disbanded in 2020 after signing a peace agreement with the Indian government
Communist Party of Arakan CPA 1962 2004 Unknown Mobile headquarters Rakhine State Split from the Red Flag Communist Party
Communist Party of Burma CPB 1939 1989 6,000[76] Pangkham (until 1989) Shan State Armed wing dissolved in 1989
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army DKBA 1994 2010 <5,000[21] Mobile headquarters Kayin State
  • Signed a ceasefire agreement shortly after its formation in 1994 and disbanded in 2010
  • Split from the Karen National Union
God's Army 1997 2006 500[77] Mobile headquarters Myanmar–Thailand border Surrendered to government forces in 2006
Mongko Region Defence Army MRDA 1995[78][79] 2000 Unknown Mongko Split from the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
Mong Tai Army MTA 1985 1996 20,000 Homein Surrendered to the government in 1996
Monland Restoration Army MRA 2001 2012 100–300[80][81] Sangkhlaburi Armed wing of the Hongsawatoi Restoration Party Surrendered to government forces in 2012
Mujahideen None 1947 1954 2,000 Mayu Rakhine State Majority of fighters surrendered to the government in the late 1950s and early 1960s
Red Flag Communist Party RFCP 1948 1978 500[82] Mobile headquarters Shan State Split from the Communist Party of Burma
Rohingya Liberation Party RLP 1972 1974 800–2,500[83][better source needed] Mobile headquarters Rakhine State Insurgents fled across the border into Bangladesh after a massive military operation by the government in July 1974
Rohingya National Army RNA 1998 2001 Unknown Cox's Bazar Armed wing of the Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO)
Rohingya Patriotic Front RPF 1974 1980s 70[83] Mobile headquarters Rakhine State
Shan State Army SSA 1964 1976 1,500 Mobile headquarters Shan State
Shan State National Army SSNA 1995 2005 8,000 (peak)[84] Hsipaw Shan State Merged with the Shan State Army – South in 2005
Shan United Revolutionary Army SURA 1960 1996 Unknown Homein
Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors VBSW 1999 2013 Unknown Mobile headquarters Myanmar–Thailand border

Coalitions

[edit]
Name Abbreviation Founded Headquarters Members Notes
Federal Union Army FUA 2011 Chiang Mai Armed wing of the United Nationalities Federal Council[86]
Northern Alliance NA-B 2016 Laiza All four members of the Northern Alliance are also members of the Federal Political Negotiation and Consultative Committee.
Three Brotherhood Alliance 3BA 2019
Chinland Council CC 2023 Camp Victoria[citation needed] Established as the army and governing body of the State of Chinland
Chin Brotherhood Alliance CBA 2023 Political and military alliance of several Chin resistance groups created out of protest against the establishment of the State of Chinland[87]
United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia UNLFW 2015 Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)[27] Alliance of several Northeast India separatist groups active in Myanmar
Coordination Committee CorCom 2011 Alliance of several majority-Meitei separatist groups active in Northeast India with bases in Myanmar
4K Coalition 2023 Alliance of ethnic Karen and Karenni rebel organisations
7 EAO Alliance 2024 Alliance of signatories of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA)[88][89][90][91]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Both the Shan State Progress Party and the Restoration Council of Shan State use "Shan State Army" as the name of their armed forces, so they're either distinguished by using the political organisation or adding North/South at the end

References

[edit]
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  86. ^ "Stakeholders: UNFC | Myanmar Peace Monitor". mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  87. ^ "Chin Brotherhood Alliance Emerges as Three Organizations Skip Chinland Council Conference, Pledging Enhanced Political and Military Cooperation". Khonumthung News. 2 January 2024.
  88. ^ "MM Peace Monitor - 7 NCA Signatories Form 7 EAO Alliance with Focus on Federal Union and Peace". MM Peace Monitor. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  89. ^ "Seven Myanmar Ethnic Armed Groups Revamp Peace Process Team". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  90. ^ "Signatory Organizations to NCA Announce New Name: 7 EAO Alliance". Karen News. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  91. ^ "Rocky Start for New Bloc of Myanmar EAOs Formed to Join Junta Peace Talks". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
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  • Myanmar Peace Monitor – NGO based in Chiang Mai, Thailand that monitors Myanmar's ongoing peace process.
  • Pyidaungsu Institute – Political institute based in Chiang Mai, Thailand focused on achieving political stability and peace in Myanmar.
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