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Foreign relations of Namibia

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Foreign relations

Namibia follows a largely independent foreign policy, with strong affiliations with states that aided the independence struggle, including Libya and Cuba.

In Africa, Namibia has been involved in conflicts in neighbouring Angola as well as the Democratic Republic of Congo.

International organizations

Namibia is a member of 47 international organizations. These are:[1]

United Nations

Namibian ambassador to Brazil, Hopelong Ushona Ipinge (left) with President of Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva at Palácio do Planalto, Brasília in 2006

Namibia became the 160th member of the United Nations on 23 April 1990 upon independence.[1]

African Union

With a small army and a fragile economy, the Namibian Government's principal foreign policy concern is developing strengthened ties within the Southern African region. A dynamic member of the Southern African Development Community, Namibia is a vocal advocate for greater regional integration.

International disputes

Namibia is involved in several minor international disputes.[1]

Bilateral relations

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Angola See Angola–Namibia relations

In 1999 Namibia signed a mutual defence pact with its northern neighbour Angola. This affected the Angolan Civil War that has been ongoing since Angola's independence in 1975. Namibias ruling party SWAPO wanted to support the ruling party MPLA in Angola to fight the rebel movement UNITA, whose stronghold is in southern Angola, bordering Namibia. The defence pact allowed Angolan troops to use Namibian territory when attacking UNITA.

The alliance between SWAPO and MPLA has deep roots and began as both Angola's and Namibia's ruling parties sought independence during the mid twentieth century and into the Angolan Civil War. In Angola, the leftist movement MPLA was fighting the rightist movement UNITA, which was supported by South Africa. In Namibia, SWAPO, then being a rebel movement, was fighting for independence from South Africa along the Angolan border. Angola allowed SWAPO to establish training and refugee camps for Namibians and PLAN (People's Liberation Army of Namibia) fighters. As MPLA and SWAPO shared a common ideological ground, and had a common enemy in South Africa, they came to cooperate.

The Angolan civil war resulted in a large number of Angolan refugees coming to Namibia. At its peak in 2001 there were over 30,000 Angolan refugees in Namibia. The calmer situation in Angola has made it possible for many of them to return to their home with the help of UNHCR, and in 2004 only 12,600 remained in Namibia. [2] Most of them reside in the refugee camp Osire north of Windhoek.

 Armenia 2 October 2006

Diplomatic relations between Armenia and Namibia were established on 2 October 2006.[3]

 Botswana See Botswana–Namibia relations

Botswana–Namibia relations are friendly, with the two neighbouring countries cooperating on economic development. Botswana gained independence from Britain in September 1966. Namibia gained independence from South Africa in 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence. Botswana has a high commission in Windhoek.[4] Namibia has a high commission in Gaborone.[5]

 Canada See Canada–Namibia relations

Canada's relationship with Namibia began in 1977 when Canada joined the Western Contact Group, a joint diplomatic effort of France, United Kingdom, United States, Canada and West Germany to bring an internationally acceptable transition to independence for Namibia. In 1990 official relations started; Canada has dispatched a Honorary Consul to Windhoek.[6]

Canada is one of the main destinations for Namibian refugees. Together with Botswana and Denmark, Canada has been granting asylum to people fleeing Namibia in the aftermath of the Caprivi conflict, and particularly the Caprivi treason trial that followed in which the Namibian government was accused of human rights violations.[7] Only in 2010 Canada has changed its standpoint and is now considering the CLA to be a terrorist organisation that has "attempted to usurp an elected government". Nonetheless, Canada received a steady inflow of Namibian immigrants who seek economic betterment under the pretense of humiliation and harassment in Namibia. In 2011 more than 1,000 Namibians entered Canada. Three-quarters of them applied for refugee status, but only a few were successful.[8]

 China See China–Namibia relations

Governmental relations were first established the day after Namibia's independence, but relations with Namibian independence movements date back to the 1960s.[9] China and Namibia have developed close economic relations, with trade increasing twofold between the two countries from 2003–2006. During a February 2007 visit, Chinese President Hu Jintao pledged Namibia "RMB 1 billion of concessional loans, 100 million US dollars of preferential export buyer's credit, RMB 30 million yuan of grants and RMB 30 million of interest-free loans..."[9]

 Croatia

Diplomatic relations between Croatia and Namibia were established on 22 June 1998.[10][11]

 Cuba See Cuba–Namibia relations

Cuban-Namibian relations date back to the Namibian War of Independence when Cuba politically, militarily and diplomatically supported the Namibian rebel organization and future ruling party, South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) against the military of Apartheid South Africa.[12] Since independence, Namibia and Cuba have held joint meetings every two years for Economic, Scientific-Technical and Commercial Cooperation. In 2005, it was reported that 1,460 Cuban professionals had worked in Namibia, including 208 in 2005.[12]

 Cyprus

Cyprus is represented in Namibia through its High Commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[13] Namibia is represented in Cyprus through its High Commission in London, England and an honorary consulate in Athens.[14]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

Along with numerous other African nations, Namibia intervened in the Second Congo War. Namibia's decision to join the conflict resulted in criticism from opposition parties, the public, as well as from within the ruling party SWAPO.

 Ethiopia

Namibia maintains an embassy in Addis Ababa. During the South African occupation of Namibia, Ethiopia was one of the country's leading proponents abroad; Ethiopia and Liberia were the first two states to bring the question of independence for then South West Africa to the United Nations.[15]

In 2007, the two governments signed an agreement which expanded air travel between the two states.[16] In December 2009, Namibia's Foreign Minister, Marko Hausiku met with Ethiopian Foreign Affairs Minister Seyoum Mesfin and noted the economic, science, technical and cultural agreements in place between the two countries and expressed a desire to improve the trade relations.[17]

 Finland See Finland–Namibia relations

Finland recognised Namibia on 21 March 1990. Both countries established diplomatic relations on the same day, and Namibia was represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Since 2015 Namibia has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Windhoek and an honorary consulate in Walvis Bay.[18]

Finland has stated it is a staunch supporter of Namibian independence.[19] The Finnish Government has provided assistance in the sectors of forestry, water, environment and health.[20] Namibia's exports to Finland increased from N$810 million in 2004 to over N$1 billion (approximately 90 million EUR) in 2007.[21]

In June 2008, Prime Minister of Namibia Nahas Angula visited Finland.[22]

 Georgia 5 November 2015

Diplomatic relations between Georgia and Namibia were established on 5 November 2015.

 Germany See Germany–Namibia relations

First contacts between people of the two countries took place when German missionaries were hired by the London Missionary Society to commence working in Southern Namibia during the late 18th and early 19th century.[23] In the 1880s the German Empire came to what is now Namibia as a colonizing power, creating German South-West Africa. The German colonial rule was marked by tensions and led to the genocide of the Herero and Namaqua people from 1904–1907, which resulted in the deaths of 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population). The colony was ruled by Germany until 1915 when it was conquered by troops from the Union of South Africa.

During South African rule, German was one of the three official languages of Namibia, the others being Afrikaans and English. Likewise during Apartheid rule, West Germany maintained a consulate in Windhoek despite United Nations resolutions calling for the isolation of South Africa.

Namibian independence in 1990 coincided with German reunification, resulting in an initially slow development of diplomatic relations. However, in both 1989 and 2004 the German government acknowledged its responsibility for Namibia as a priority partner country.[24] Since then German Development minister Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul visited Namibia, asking the country for forgiveness of the past.[25] Today, not least due to substantially improved co-operation and exchange, as well as by fate of the permanent presence of the "German tribe in Namibia", the two countries have mostly learnt to a new dialogue, which at times also still stagnates.

 Greece

Greece is represented in Namibia through its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[26] Namibia is represented in Greece through its embassy in London, England and an honorary consulate in Athens.[26]

 Guyana 13 December 1994
 India See India–Namibia relations

Relations began between SWAPO and the Indian government prior to independence. In 2010, relations were described by Indian officials as "warm and cordial". India has been involved in training the Namibian Air Force and bilateral trade in 2008–09 stood at $80 million.[28]

  • India has a High Commission in Windhoek.[29]
  • Namibia maintains a High Commission in New Delhi.[30]
 Israel See Israel–Namibia relations
 Iran

Iran has an embassy in Namibia. The current ambassador to Namibia is Vahid Karimi. Although there are no formal trade relationships in place in 2018, several plans for economic cooperation are in the pipeline.[31]

 Japan See Japan–Namibia relations

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Namibia were established in March 1990. Japan maintains an embassy in Windhoek.[32]

 Liberia

In 1960, Liberia and Ethiopia brought litigation against apartheid South Africa in the International Court of Justice to end its occupation of Namibia.[33] As part of Liberia's support for Namibia's liberation struggle, many Namibian students received Liberian passports which helped them study abroad.

As of July 2008, a total of 5,900 Namibia Defence Force troops had been rotated through Liberia as part of the United Nations Mission in Liberia.[34] Namibia maintained a battalion of about 800 personnel in Grand Cape Mount county for several years, for most of the period part of UNMIL Sector 2, headquartered at Tubmanburg. In May 2005, Namibian troops were accused of sexual exploitation of young girls and women; three Namibian soldiers were sent home from the force after a United Nations investigation found them guilty of "engaging in sexual activity with civilians", which is against United Nations rules for peacekeepers.[35]

 Macedonia

On 21 December 2011 Macedonia and Namibia established diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level when the Ambassadors of both countries to the UN, Pajo Avirovic and Wilfried Emvula respectively, signed the joint communiqué. With the establishment of diplomatic relations, Namibia recognised Macedonia under its constitutional name the 'Republic of Macedonia' as opposed to its provisional name the 'former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia'; in doing so Namibia became the 133 country to recognise Macedonia's constitutional name.[36]

 Malaysia See Malaysia–Namibia relations

Both countries were once part of the British Empire and before Namibia achieved its independence, Malaysia has contributed to some operations in Namibia by sending a group of soldiers to help monitor the Namibian elections and peace process.[37] Today, the relations are much more focused in economic cooperation.

 Mexico 17 April 1990

Mexico recognized and established diplomatic relations with Namibia on 17 April 1990. In 1993, Mexico opened an embassy in Windhoek, however, the embassy was closed in 2002.[38]

 Nigeria

Namibia and Nigeria have binding bilateral agreements, but as of 2014, trade between the two countries was low. In March 2014, Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan visited Namibia for Namibia's 24th independence day celebrations. The two countries also discussed establishing an oil refinery in Namibia for Nigerian oil.[41]

 Pakistan

Pakistan's vision of "peace for development" and our core national objective of advancing economic development. Future prospects of economic and trade relations were also discussed with a view to strengthening Pak-Namibia relations in different fields. Namibia stressed that both countries should encourage frequent exchange of business delegations to explore all potential areas of mutual cooperation. Pakistan was focusing on non-traditional markets to improve its trade and exports and added that it would like to promote trade relations with Namibia in order to promote its exports to the whole region of Southern Africa.

 Palestine

Namibia recognises the State of Palestine and views their independence movement as "legitimate".[42]

 Romania 21 March 1990

Diplomatic relations between Namibia and Romania were established on 21 March 1990.[43]

 Russia See Namibia–Russia relations

Namibia has an embassy to Russia in Moscow and Russia has an embassy to Namibia in Windhoek. Relations between Namibia and Russia were considered "excellent" in 2006 by then-Namibian Minister of Education Nangolo Mbumba, while Russia expressed a desire for even stronger relations, particularly in the economic field. Also in 2006, the Namibia-Russia Intergovernmental Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation was officially opened during a visit by Russian Natural Resources Minister Yuri Trutnev to Windhoek. During said visit, the Minister said Russia was interested in investing in oil, hydro-electric power and tourism.[44] In 2007, Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov held discussions with Namibian Deputy Prime Minister Nahas Angula and President Hifikepunye Pohamba in regards to the possibility of developing Namibia's significant uranium deposits with an aim towards creating a nuclear power plant in the country.[45] In 2008, Trutnev returned to Namibia, this time to Swakopmund, to meet at the third annual Intergovernmental Commission. Top foreign ministry official Marco Hausiku and his deputy Lempy Lucas represented Namibia in discussions with Trutnev.[46]

 Serbia 1990

Diplomatic relations between Namibia and Serbia were established in 1990.[47]

 South Africa See Namibia – South Africa relations

Upon independence in 1990, Namibia's economy was still tied to South Africa's.[48] To this day, the economy of Namibia is still closely contacted to South Africa through both institutional relationships (Southern African Customs Union, for example) and privately owned mining concessions.[49] The South African rand is still legal currency within Namibia, while the Namibian dollar is not so in South Africa and the currencies are traded on par locally.

 South Korea 21 March 1990

Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Korea and Namibia is 21 March 1990 and Number of South Koreans living in Namibia (2011): 15.[50]

 Spain

Spain maintains an embassy in Namibia. As of October 2010, the Spanish ambassador to Namibia was Alfonso Barnuevo. The two countries signed a memorandum of understanding in 2010 on expanding relations. Under the agreement, fisheries, infrastructure development, education and health will be the focus of developing relations.[51]

 Sweden See Namibia-Sweden relations

Sweden was one of the primary supporters of the Namibian independence movement during South African occupation. It continued development aid after independence.

 Tunisia 1990

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1990.[52]

 Turkey

Turkey has opened an embassy in Windhoek on 4 January 2012 and Namibia is represented in Turkey through its embassy in Berlin, Germany and an honorary consulate in Istanbul.[53]

 United States See Namibia–United States relations

U.S.-Namibian relations are good and continue to improve. Characterized by shared democratic values, commitment to rule of law, and respect for human rights, the bilateral relationship has been strengthened through trade ties and U.S. assistance programs. Namibia has seized opportunities created by AGOA. Currently the SACU countries and the U.S. are negotiating a Trade, Investment and Development Cooperation Agreement, scheduled to be signed in 2008. Namibia has been included in President Bush's International Mother and Child HIV Initiative and the Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. The U.S. Agency for International Development's (USAID) bilateral presence in Namibia has been extended until 2010. In addition to the Embassy, the Centers for Disease Control, Peace Corps, and the United States Department of Defense have offices in Windhoek. Namibia is also in the process of negotiating a Compact agreement with the Millennium Challenge Corporation with a target signing date of mid-2008.

 Zambia See Namibia–Zambia relations
 Zimbabwe See Namibia–Zimbabwe relations

The ruling parties of Namibia (since independence in 1990) and Zimbabwe (since independence in 1980) have been close since pre-independence days, as both were anti-colonial movements against white-minority governments.[54] Namibia sent troops in the Namibia Defence Force to the Democratic Republic of the Congo alongside Zimbabwe in a SADC coalition to support President Joseph Kabila.[55]

Namibia and the Commonwealth of Nations

Namibia has been a Commonwealth republic since 1990, when South West Africa became independent of South Africa.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c "CIA – The World Factbook – Namibia". CIA. Retrieved 9 November 2006.
  2. ^ "2004 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook – Namibia" (PDF). United Nations High Commission on Refugees. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
  3. ^ "Namibia - Bilateral Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia". www.mfa.am. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Botswana High Commission Website in Namibia". Botswana Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Namibia Embassy in Botswana". Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  6. ^ Canada-Namibia relations Foreign Ministry of Canada
  7. ^ Inambao, Chrispin (1 September 2004). "No Title". New Era. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Muraranganda, Elvis (February 2012). "The greak trek". insight Namibia.
  9. ^ a b Interpretation of China-Namibia Relations in Foreign Ministry of the People's Republic of China
  10. ^ "MVEP • Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". www.mvep.hr. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  11. ^ "MVEP • Overview of Bilateral Treaties of the Republic of Croatia by Country". www.mvep.hr. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  12. ^ a b Cuba-Namibia Joint Commission Meeting Kicks off in Havana[permanent dead link], Radio Habana, Cuba, 5 July 2005
  13. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus". Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ The South West Africa/Namibia dispute by John Dugard
  16. ^ Ethiopia, Namibia sign air transport agreement Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Ethiopia, Namibia working out to step up cooperation areas Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Entering Finland and travelling abroad: Namibia". formin.finland.fi. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  19. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ "The Chargée d'Affaires a.i. of Finland Mrs Seija Kinni-Huttunen ends her Tour of Duty 31 July 2008 - Embassy of Finland, Windhoek : Current Affairs : Embassy news". www.finland.org.na. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  21. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ^ http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_E.htm Ebner, Johann Leonhard
  24. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Germany Asks for Namibians' 'Forgiveness' | Germany | DW | 14.08.2004". DW.COM. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  26. ^ a b "Greece's Bilateral Relations". www.mfa.gr. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  27. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. ^ Indo-Namibian Relations Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of External Affairs of India, September 2010
  29. ^ "MEA | Indian Missions Abroad | Indian Mission". mea.gov.in. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  30. ^ "Welcome | Namibia High Commission - New Delhi". www.nhcdelhi.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Iranian Ambassodor speaks on bilateral ties". New Era. 16 February 2018.
  32. ^ "Japan-Namibia Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  33. ^ Liberia, Namibia Sign Agreement aimed at Strengthening Bilateral Relations NewLiberian.com, 15 July 2008
  34. ^ Liberia and Namibia to trade more The Namibian, 15 July 2008
  35. ^ NDF to probe Liberia sex scandal The Namibian, 26 May 2005
  36. ^ "Namibia and Macedonia Establish Diplomatic Ties under Constitutional name". 21 December 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  37. ^ Emmanuel Ike Udogu (2012). Liberating Namibia: The Long Diplomatic Struggle Between the United Nations and South Africa. McFarland. pp. 185–. ISBN 978-0-7864-6576-7.
  38. ^ Mexico-Namibia relations (in Spanish)
  39. ^ "Bienvenido". embamex.sre.gob.mx (in European Spanish). Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  40. ^ "Welcome to Embassy of the Republic of Namibia in Washington, D.C. | Embassy of the Republic of Namibia in Washington, D.C." www.namibiaembassyusa.org. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  41. ^ "Namibia, Nigeria to Improve Bilateral Relations". AllAfrica.com. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  42. ^ "Namibia/Palestine sign agriculture MoU". New Era. 2 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". www.mae.ro. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  44. ^ Russia urges more trade with mineral-rich Namibia People's Daily, 28 July 2006
  45. ^ Russia, Namibia in nuke talks Fin24.com, 18 March 2007
  46. ^ Russian minist in trade talks with Nam The Namibian, 28 November 2008 [dead link]
  47. ^ "Namibia". www.mfa.gov.rs. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  48. ^ "In Namibia, South African Is Center of Attention". The New York Times. 23 March 1990.
  49. ^ Namibia – Economy Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ Korea, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of. "Countries and Regions > Middle East and Africa > List of the Countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea (in Korean). Retrieved 13 July 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link]
  51. ^ Namibia, Spain sign protocol on politics New Era, 18 October 2010
  52. ^ [1]
  53. ^ "From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  54. ^ Zimbabwe heaps praise on Swapo's transition effort by Tangeni Amupadhi, The Namibian, 3 June 2004
  55. ^ Namibia and Zimbabwe – the second liberation by Henning Melber, pambazuka.org, 13 May 2008
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