Hemlock Society
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2011) |
| Type | Right-to-die, assisted suicide |
|---|---|
| Headquarters | Santa Monica, California; Los Angeles, California; Eugene, Oregon; combined Portland, Oregon and Denver, Colorado |
| Location | |
Membership | 46,000[1] |
Key people | Derek Humphry, Ann Wickett Humphry, Gerald A. Larue, Faye Girsh |
| Website | www.compassionandchoices.org |
| Suicide |
|---|
| Part of a series on |
| Euthanasia |
|---|
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| Views |
| Groups |
| People |
| Books |
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| Alternatives |
| Other issues |
The Hemlock Society (sometimes called Hemlock Society USA) was an American right-to-die and assisted suicide advocacy organization which existed from 1980 to 2003.
It was co-founded in Santa Monica, California by British author and activist Derek Humphry, his wife Ann Wickett Humphry (1942-1991)[1], Gerald A. Larue, and Faye Girsh. It relocated to Oregon in 1988 and, according to Humphry, had several homes over its life.[2]
The group took its name from conium maculatum, a highly poisonous biennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family. The choice of the name is a direct reference to the method by which the Athenian philosopher Socrates took his life in 399 B.C. as described in Plato's Phaedo. It is not a firsthand account; the alleged event was told to Plato by one of Socrates' students, Phaedo of Elis.
The Hemlock Society's primary missions included providing information to the dying and supporting legislation permitting physician-assisted suicide. Its motto was "Good Life, Good Death".[3] In 2003, the national organization renamed itself End of Life Choices. In 2007, they merged with the Compassion in Dying Federation to become Compassion & Choices. In 2004, some former members of the Hemlock Society, notably Derek Humphry and Faye Girsh, founded the Final Exit Network.[4] It took its name from Humphry's 1991 book of the same name.[5]
Several local and state organizations have adopted and retain the Hemlock Society name, including Florida[6] and San Diego, California[7]. Others, such as the Hemlock Society of Illinois (now Final Options Illinois[8]) have changed their names.
History and chronology
Earlier right-to-die advocacy organizations, such as the Euthanasia Educational Council which formed in 1967 and changed its name to Concern For Dying in 1978, pre-dated The Hemlock Society and its mission.[9]
Hemlock was a founding charter member of the World Federation of Right to Die Societies when the international organization initiated in 1980 in Oxford, England, by Sidney D. Rosoff and Derek Humphry. Hemlock's national membership grew to 40,000 with eighty chapters.
Hemlock backed legislative efforts in California, Washington, Michigan, and Maine without success until the Oregon Death with Dignity Act was passed on October 27, 1997.
Past Hemlock Society USA presidents included Gerald A. Larue, Derek Humphry, Sidney D. Rosoff, Wiley Morrison, Arthur Metcalfe, John Westover, Faye J. Girsh. Past executive directors included Derek Humphry (acting 1980–1992), Cheryl K. Smith (1992–1993), John A. Pridonoff (1993–1995), Helen Voorhis (acting 1995–1996), Faye J. Girsh (1996–2000).
The name's origin
According to former president Faye Girsh, the Hemlock Society was founded in 1980 and named in reference to Socrates' decision to end his life by drinking Hemlock rather than succumb to an existence he found intolerable.[10] Socrates was convicted in the 5th century BC of corrupting the youth of Athens by encouraging ideas seen as contrary to the Athenian regime. Though he was sentenced to death, Socrates could have chosen exile, but chose death, an act seen as dignified and noble by many supporters of assisted suicide. This noble gesture is compounded when one considers that ingesting tincture of Hemlock is not only lethal, but a painful way to die.
Quotes
- "In the United States, the Hemlock Society alone had grown to 57,000 paid members with 86 chapters. For every paying member, there were [believed to be] 100 more people who shared the same beliefs. The self-deliverance genie had been forever freed from its bottle and had taken on a robust, self-sustaining life of its own."[11]
- "Whatever downside there may be to Hemlock, if claims of being open to dialogue and striving for tolerance are justified on this side of the divide, the negatives may well be outweighed by the positives."[12]
- "Those who have some indecision may have benefited from remarks by Bishop John Shelby Spong in a keynote address to the Hemlock Society USA conference in San Diego on January 10, 2003."[13]
- "When the votes [in California] were counted after the November 3, 1992 election, Initiative #161 had failed to pass by a 54 percent to 46 percent margin. Although the narrow defeat marked a temporary setback for Hemlock Society USA and its supporters, the fact that 5,500,000 voters had marked yes on their ballots was encouraging for the future."[14]
- "Early in 1986 the Hemlock Society, then based in California, proposed amendments to the 1976 [Living Will] law that would have included 'aid in dying' and it urged [Senator] Keene to include it in a revised bill. He declined."[15]
- "On the other side of the battle line, the coalition [for California Prop. #161] included numerous Protestant denominations, organized labor, the state Democratic party, AIDS activists, the Gray Panthers, and, of course, the Hemlock Society."[16]
In the media
In the 2010 television film You Don’t Know Jack, which dramatizes the activism of former Oakland County, Michigan pathologist Dr. Jack Kevorkian, fellow activist Janet Good (played by Susan Sarandon) meets Kevorkian (played by Al Pacino) during a meeting of the eastern Michigan chapter of the Hemlock Society which Good has organized. Good later offers to let Kevorkian use her home as the location of the assisted suicide of his first patient, Janet Adkins, but later withdraws the offer because her husband Ray, a former member of the Detroit Police Department, questions the legality of assisted suicide in the state. It forces Kevorkian to use his Volkswagen camper van instead.[17] Good is later stricken with pancreatic cancer and, on August 26, 1997,[18] becomes Kevorkian’s 82nd patient. The Patient’s Rights Council website, however, states she was his 57th “victim”.[19] Oakland County deputy medical examiner Kanu Virani, however, later said Good did not have cancer.[20]
See also
- Assisted suicide
- Compassion & Choices
- Oregon Death with Dignity Act
- Right to Die
- World Federation of Right to Die Societies
References
- ^ Ann Wickett Humphry (1942-1991) - Find A Grave Memorial
- ^ Farewell to Hemlock
- ^ Final Choices Hemlock Society Backers Believe In The Right To A Good Death
- ^ History of Final Exit Network
- ^ Final Exit, The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying by Derek Humphry
- ^ Hemlock Society of Florida
- ^ Hemlock Society of San Diego
- ^ Final Options Illinois
- ^ "News and notes". Death Studies. Retrieved December 30, 2014.[dead link]
- ^ Girsh, Faye. "The Hemlock Story in Brief" (PDF). http://www.hemlocksocietysandiego.org/brief.pdf. Retrieved 11/4/2017.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help); External link in|website= - ^ Côté 2008, p. 6.
- ^ Putnam 2002, p. 51.
- ^ Wanzer & Glenmullen 2007, p. 85.
- ^ Cox 1993, p. 178.
- ^ Glick 1992, p. 103.
- ^ Filene 1998, p. 196.
- ^ Janet Good, 73; Advocated the Right to Die
- ^ Janet Good, 73; Advocated the Right to Die
- ^ Kevorkian’s Known Victims | Patients Rights Council
- ^ Janet Good Found Not to have Terminal Cancer
Bibliography
- Colt, George Howe (1991). The Enigma of Suicide. New York: Summit Books. ISBN 0671509969.
- Côté, Richard N (2008). In search of gentle death : the fight for your right to die with dignity. Mt. Pleasant, S.C.: Corinthian Books. ISBN 978-1-929175-36-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Cox, Donald W. (April 1, 1993). Hemlock’s Cup: The Struggle for Death With Dignity (First ed.). Prometheus Books. ISBN 0879758082.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Dowbiggin, Ian (2003). A Merciful End: The Euthanasia Movement in America. Oxford England; New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198035152.
- Filene, Peter G. (1998). In The Arms of Others: A Cultural History of the Right-to-Die in America. Chicago, Illinois: Ivan R. Dee. p. 196. ISBN 1-56663-188-2.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Glick, Henry R. (1992). The Right to Die: Policy Innovation and Its Consequences. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07638-X.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hillyard, Daniel; Dombrink, John (2001). Dying Right: The Death With Dignity Movement. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0415927986.
- Farewell to Hemlock: Killed by its name, an essay by Derek Humphry 21 February 2005
- Humphry, Derek (2008). Good Life, Good Death - Memoir of a writer who became a euthanasia advocate. Junction City, Oregon: Norris Lane Press. ISBN 9780976828334.
- Putnam, Constance E. (2002). Hospice or Hemlock? Searching for Heroic Compassion. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0897899210.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Wanzer, Sidney, MD; Glenmullen, Joseph, MD (2007). To Die Well. Your Right to Comfort, Calm and Choices in the Last Days of Your Life. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Lifelong Books/Da Capo Press, Merloyd Lawrence. ISBN 0-7382-1083-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- Final Exit, website of Derek Humphry
- Hemlock Foundation of Florida Inc.
- Hemlock Society of San Diego
- Compassion and Choices