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A Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore study found that while Greek colonization left little significant genetic contribution, data analysis sampling 12 sites in the Italian peninsula supported a male demic diffusion model and Neolithic admixture with Mesolithic inhabitants.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275346 Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peni... [Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2007&#93; - PubMed result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/b/b6/Mappageneticaitalia.jpg</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+History+and+Geography+of+Human+Genes&hl=en&ei=nXFFTqDvL47UgQfeqvjEBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=southern%20italy&f=false</ref> According to a study by Cavalli-Sforza the percentage of Greek surnames in Southern Italy, indicative of genetic influence, ranges from 1%, upwards of only 3% to 8% or more in Calabria.<ref>Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., P. Menozzi, A. Piazza. 1994. ''The History and Geography of Human Genes.'' Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-02905-9</ref>
A Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore study found that while Greek colonization left little significant genetic contribution, data analysis sampling 12 sites in the Italian peninsula supported a male demic diffusion model and Neolithic admixture with Mesolithic inhabitants.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275346 Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peni... [Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2007&#93; - PubMed result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/b/b6/Mappageneticaitalia.jpg</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+History+and+Geography+of+Human+Genes&hl=en&ei=nXFFTqDvL47UgQfeqvjEBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=southern%20italy&f=false</ref> According to a study by Cavalli-Sforza the percentage of Greek surnames in Southern Italy, indicative of genetic influence, ranges from 1%, upwards of only 3% to 8% or more in Calabria.<ref>Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., P. Menozzi, A. Piazza. 1994. ''The History and Geography of Human Genes.'' Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-02905-9</ref>


Although [[Sardinian people|Sardinians]] do not constitute a homogeneous population, [[Sardinia]] has unique genetic composition, when compared to other Italian, European and Mediterranean populations; having Neolithic input from Italy and Greece, as well as Phoenician input.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ata.org.tn/fichier_PDF/Article2.pdf |title=Sardinian Population (Italy): a Genetic Review, International Journal of Modern Anthropology. 2008|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-05-22}}</ref><ref>Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., P. Menozzi, A. Piazza. 1994. ''The History and Geography of Human Genes.'' Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-02905-9</ref>
Although [[Sardinian people|Sardinians]] do not constitute a homogeneous population, [[Sardinia]] has unique genetic composition, when compared to other Italian, European and Mediterranean populations; having Neolithic input from Italy and Greece, as well as Phoenician input.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ata.org.tn/fichier_PDF/Article2.pdf |title=Sardinian Population (Italy): a Genetic Review, International Journal of Modern Anthropology. 2008|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-05-22}}</ref><ref>Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., P. Menozzi, A. Piazza. 1994. ''The History and Geography of Human Genes.'' Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-02905-9</ref> This also resulted in the creation of the Jersey Shore Cast. We are all ashamed.


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 00:34, 22 September 2011

This article is about the people of Italy. For a specific analysis of the population of Italy, see Demographics of Italy. For an analysis on the nationality, see Italian nationality law. For an analysis on the people originating from the peninsula and surrounding areas, see Italic people
Italians
Italiani
File:Famous Italians collage.jpg

1st row: Alessandro Volta, Rita Levi-Montalcini, Vittorio Gassman, Caravaggio
2nd row: Carlo Goldoni, Martino Martini, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Elena Cornaro Piscopia
3rd row: Leonardo da Vinci, Francis of Assisi, Maria Montessori, Galileo Galilei
4th row: Giordano Bruno, Mia Martini, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Umberto Boccioni

5th row: Grazia Deledda, Luigi Pirandello, Salvatore Fiume, Antonio Gramsci
Total population
c. 130 million
Regions with significant populations
 Italy        56,000,000[1]
 Brazil30,000,000 (Italian ancestry)[2]
 Argentina20,000,000 (Italian ancestry)[3]
 United States17,800,000 (Italian ancestry mostly)[4]
 Uruguay1,500,000 (Italian ancestry)[5]
 Canada1,445,335[6]
 Venezuela900,000[7]
 Australia852,418[8]
  Switzerland800,000b[9]
 Germany611,000[10]
 Peru500,000[11]
 France340,000[12]
 Belgium290,000[13]
 Spain153,700c[14]
 Chile150,000
 United Kingdom133,500[15]
 Paraguay100,000
 Ecuador90,000[16]
 Romania40,000[17]
 South Africa35,000[15]
 Croatia19,636[18]
 Luxembourg18,996[19]
 Mexico15,000[20]
 Monaco10,000[21]
Languages
historically Latin, nowdays Italian and other languages
(Sicilian · Southern Italian languages · Corsican · Sardinian · Northern Italian languages · Friulan)
languages of resident countries
Religion
predominantly Roman Catholic, others
Related ethnic groups
Extremaduran • French • Galician • Leonese • Portuguese • Sardinian • Sicilian • Spanish
a Italians by birth, not including an indeterminable number of Frenchmen of Italian ancestry numbering as much as five million.[22]

b includes 291,200 permanent residents;[23] not including about 500.000 Italian-speaking Swiss people,

c Italian citizens, many of which are Latin American nationals with Italian citizenship.

The Italian people (Italian: italiani) are a ethnic group that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of jus sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and, historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian Peninsula.[24]

In addition to the 60 million Italians in Italy and 28,000 in San Marino, Italian-speaking, autochthonous groups are found in neighbouring countries: about 500,000 in Switzerland, a large, but undefined population in France (Nice, Corsica),[22] and smaller groups in Slovenia and Croatia, primarily in Istria.

Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, about 4 million Italian citizens and over 70 million people of full or part Italian ancestry live outside of Italy, most notably in South America, North America, and other parts of Europe.

Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to science, the arts,[25][26] technology, culture, cuisine, sport and banking[27] abroad[28] and worldwide. Italian people are generally known for their regionalism,[29] attention to clothing,[30][31][32] family values[32][33] and devoutness to the Christian faith and association with the Catholic Church.[31][34] Their greatest contribution to Western civilization was writing and the Latin script.

Genetics

See also: Genetic history of Italy

Following recent scientific research carried out by geneticists, Italy has proven to be one of the last genetic barriers across Europe (along with Finland and Ireland), this due to the presence of the Alpine mountain chain that, over the centuries, has prevented large migration flows aimed at colonizing the Italian lands.[35][36] Another 2008 study based on 3,000 European individuals genotyped at over half a million variable DNA sites found that despite low average levels of genetic differentiation among Europeans, a close correspondence existed between genetic and geographic distances.[37][38]

In addition to the indegenous Italic peoples, other groups have left traces. Proto-Celts had yet infiltrated and settled down in the western Po Valley area in the 13th century BC. The Etruscans, despite difficulty in tracing their true origins, have been found by studies to have had genetic influence throughout Italy, particularly in Tuscany and Umbria.[39][40][41]

A Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore study found that while Greek colonization left little significant genetic contribution, data analysis sampling 12 sites in the Italian peninsula supported a male demic diffusion model and Neolithic admixture with Mesolithic inhabitants.[42][43][44] According to a study by Cavalli-Sforza the percentage of Greek surnames in Southern Italy, indicative of genetic influence, ranges from 1%, upwards of only 3% to 8% or more in Calabria.[45]

Although Sardinians do not constitute a homogeneous population, Sardinia has unique genetic composition, when compared to other Italian, European and Mediterranean populations; having Neolithic input from Italy and Greece, as well as Phoenician input.[46][47] This also resulted in the creation of the Jersey Shore Cast. We are all ashamed.

History

See also: History of Italy

The Italian people have somewhat varied European origins apart from the original Ancient Italic peoples: Northern Italy had a Celtic presence in the area the Romans would temporarily refer to as Cisalpine Gaul (until its unification with the rest of Italia); the area of which they conquered from the Etruscans, Ligurians, and from the possibly Etruscan Raeti tribe. Their ubiety lasted until the Romans conquered and colonized the area in the 2nd century BC; the central portion of the Italian Peninsula was inhabited by the Etruscans and Italic people; and parts of the coasts of southern Italy and Sicily were settled by Greeks (see Magna Graecia) before being colonized by the Romans.

The Romans romanized the entire peninsula and preserved common unity until the 5th century AD. In the later centuries of the Western Roman Empire, the militarily-weakened Italian Peninsula was infiltered by Germanic peoples crossing the Alps, establishing settlements in north-central Italy and to a lesser degree in the south. These Germanic tribes; however, were of a notably fewer number than the existing Roman population in Italy (numbering from around five to possibly ten million Italians, while the lombard migrations[48] for instance numbered around 200,000 ), and thus, underwent rapid Romanization.

The Byzantine Greeks were an important power in Central and southern Italy for five centuries, forming the Byzantine Empire. Greek speakers were fairly common throughout Southern Italy and Sicily until the 11th century when Byzantine rule ended: a few small Greek-speaking communities (the Griko people) still exist in Calabria and Apulia.[49] See also Ancient Greece.

In 827 AD, the island of Sicily was invaded starting a period of Arab influence in Sicily. Arabs controlled Sicily until the Norman Christians conquered much of southern Italy and all of Sicily in 1091 AD.[50]

For almost 400 years (12th to 15th centuries) after Norman rule, Swabian (German) and Angevin (French) swapped control of regions in Italy, predominately southern Italy and Sicily. During the 11th through 16th century the majority of city-states from Northern and Central Italy remained independent, nurturing the era now known as the Renaissance. Habsburg Spain and Bourbon Spain dominated in southern Italy. From the 16th Century right through to unification, most of the Italian states were controlled by the emerging European political powers, most notably the Austrian Habsburgs, Spain, and by the 19th century, Napoleonic France and in the case of Veneto, Austria-Hungary.

In 1720, Sicily came under Austrian Habsburg rule and was swapped between various European powers until Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily and southern Italy, allowing for the annexation of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies into the new Italian state in 1860 (see Risorgimento).

Since the 19th century, the economic conditions of the agrarian southern and north-eastern regions resulted in mass migration from these regions to the Americas, industrial parts of northern Italy, and to other parts of Western Europe such as France and Belgium. By the 1970s economic conditions in the poorer regions of Italy improved to the point that even the less-developed regions of South Italy received more immigrants than it sent outwards.

Today, the population of Italy is less concentrated in large cities than in other European countries, with 67% of Italians living in a major urban area- compared to 76% of French, 88% of Germans and 90% of Britons. The vast majority of Italians live outside of the large (over 1,000,000 population) cities.[51]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Italy and List of Italians

From the Lombard invasion until the mid-19th century, Italy was not the nation-state it is today. The Italian regions were fractured into various kingdoms, duchies, and domains. As a result, Italian dialects or regional minority languages and customs evolved independently. While all Italian states were similar and they retained basic elements of Roman language and culture, each developed its own regional culture and identity. As a result, even to this day, Italians define themselves primarily by their home region, province or city, and many still speak a local dialect or regional language in addition to standard Italian. Regional diversity is important to many Italians, and some regions also have strong local identities.


Language

Main article: Italian language

In Italy, a standardised Italian language has steadily replaced the numerous dialects and Italic languages such as Gallo-Italic, Sicilian, Venetian, Sardinian, Friulan, Ladin, Franco-Provençal and Neapolitan. The standardised Italian language originated in literature of the 12th to 15th centuries, and was based on the dialects of Tuscany, along with influences of Sicilian and Venetian. In the 19th century, Italian became more common and helped unify the country.

Some non-Italian speaking minorities live in Italy and are Italian citizens. Around 360,000 German Bavarian speakers live in the extreme northern province of South Tyrol. Portions of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region have a small Slovene-speaking minority of Slavic origin. A small cluster of French-speaking people live in the region of Aosta Valley and a small Catalan-speaking enclave in Sardinia goes back five centuries after first settled by Catalans from Catalonia in Spain. In addition, two minor Italic languages are spoken outside of modern Italy—Corsican in Corsica, France and Romansh in eastern Switzerland. In Istria and Dalmatia there are significant Italian speaking communities. There are Greek-speaking communities known as the Griko people found in various regional clusters of Calabria (Province of Reggio Calabria) and Puglia (peninsula of Salento), (the old Magna Graecia region).[52] There are several clusters of Albanian-speaking (Arbëreshë) communities in southern Italy, the language which belong to the 15th century Skanderbegians who fled Albania.[53] The Maltese language is also spoken.[54]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Italy

The most common religion practised by the Italian people of Italy is Roman Catholicism.[55] This reflects the enormous influence the Catholic Church has had over the Italian Peninsula. Such influence developed gradually beginning in the 1st century AD when according to local tradition and archaeological evidence, many towns of Roman Italy were evangelized. The bishops of Rome themselves trace their lineage back to Jesus Christ's apostle Peter. Moreover, Paul the Apostle's letter to the church in Rome is even one of the canonical books of the New Testament. During intermittent persecutions by the Roman authorities, the number of Christians among the Italian population increased, but especially after Emperor Constantine I granted toleration to Christianity in 313 and the Emperor Theodosius I with the Edict of Thessalonica made Catholicism the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380. After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West in 476, the bishops of Rome gradually acquired civil authority over central Italy in the Papal States, a vestige of which is preserved in the Vatican City, today an independent state within Rome. A minority of Italians belong to other Christian denominations such as Protestantism and Eastern Orthodoxy, or belong to other religions such as Judaism.

Arts

Alessandro Manzoni, one of 19th century Italy's greatest literary figures

The people of Italy have contributed significantly to world culture and scientific, and technological, progress continuously since ancient times. In the arts, Italy gave birth to some of the most widely known sculptors, painters, architects, and the historically remarkable movement of Renaissance. Notable examples of Italian artists include Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael and Caravaggio. In literature, poet Dante, Petrarch, writer Boccaccio and playwright and novelist Pirandello made cornerstone contributions to their fields. Italian composers, such as Scarlatti, Vivaldi, Rossini, Verdi, and Puccini, contributed to the evolution of classical western music, in whose context Italians are credited for the creation of the opera. Some of the most famous luthiers are Italians, like Andrea Amati, Antonio Stradivari, and the Guarneri family. In more recent times, grammy winning opera singer Luciano Pavarotti was from Italy as well as Andrea Bocelli.

Science

Famous Italian scientists include Leonardo da Vinci, who made scientific investigations into anatomy, geology, botany, mechanics, hydraulics and aerodynamics; Galileo, the first to describe the laws of movement and use explicitly the experimental method; Evangelista Torricelli, inventor of the barometer and first to explain the cause of wind; Alessandro Volta, the inventor of the electric battery; Antonio Meucci, inventor of the telephone (though his role in the invention was long disputed in the United States); Antonio Pacinotti, inventor of the direct-current electrical generator, or dynamo, and of the electric engine; Galileo Ferraris, inventor of the alternating-current motor; Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci, who patented the first working efficient internal combustion engine; Guglielmo Marconi, the first to develop the wireless broadcasting, known as radio; Enrico Fermi the discoverer of neutron chain reaction and builder of the first atomic pile; Giulio Natta for his research in the polymerization of alkenes; Rita Levi-Montalcini, who identified the nerve growth factor; Riccardo Giacconi, pioneer of X-ray astronomy.

Italian contributions to architecture and engineering are numerous since ancient times. Renowned architects include Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Vasari, Palladio and Bernini.

The rise of humanism and modern commerce can be attributed to conditions found in Italy during the Renaissance. This ambience also lead to the rise of the "universal man", of which Leonardo da Vinci often is considered as the prime example.

Leonardo Pisano Bigollo, also known as Fibonacci was a mathematician whose system is used in the analysis of financial markets.

Cuisine

Main articles: Italian cuisine and Italian-American cuisine
Spaghetti with tomato sauce, an iconic dish in Italian cuisine.

The Italian people are well-known for their contribution to cuisine; several of the world's most well-known dishes, including pasta, pizza, lasagne, minestrone, risotto, tiramisu, panettone and polenta, to name a few, are Italian dishes.

Ingredients and dishes vary by region (for example in Apulia there are "taralli", "frise", "pizzarieddi and orecchiette"; in Emilia Romagna there are "ravioli"). There are many significant regional dishes that have become both national and regional. Many dishes that were once regional, however, have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day, like "lasagne". Cheese and wine (Primitivo di Manduria and Brunello di Montalcino are some of the best wines in the world) are also a major part of the cuisine, playing different roles both regionally and nationally with their many variations and Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) (regulated appellation) laws. Coffee, and more specifically espresso, has become highly important to the cultural cuisine of Italy.

Italian diaspora

Main article: Italian diaspora
See also: Oriundo

Over 70 million people of full or partial Italian descent live outside of Europe, with nearly 50 million living in South America (primarily Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay), about 19 million living in North America (United States and Canada) and 850,000 in Australia. Millions of others live in other parts of Europe (primarily France, Germany and Switzerland). Most Italian citizens living abroad live in other nations of the European Union. Small Italian neighborhoods can be found in urban centers throughout Europe such as Great Britain (see Italian Scots and Welsh Italians), as well small waves of pre-WWI ethnic Italian Austria-Hungary subjects in factory towns of Poland and post-WWII guest workers from southern Italy arrived in Sweden.

There is a history of Italians working and living outside of the Italian Peninsula since ancient times. Italian bankers and traders expanded to all parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, sometimes creating outposts. In medieval times, there was a significant permanent presence in Flanders, Lyon, Paris, Prague, Vienna and outposts were created throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East, such as Egypt had ethnic Italian residents. Since the Renaissance, the services of Italian architects and artists were sought by many of Europe's royal courts, as far as Russia (i.e. the Venetian Italian communities of Taganrog, Russia and Odessa, Ukraine). This migration, though generally small in numbers, and sometimes ephemeral, pre-dates the unification of Italian states.

Italy became an important source for emigrants after about 1870. More than 10 million Italians emigrated between 1870 and 1920.[citation needed] In the beginning (1870–1880), the main destination of the migrants were other European countries (France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, the United Kingdom and Luxembourg), where most Italians worked for some time and then returned to Italy. During this time many Italians also went to the Americas, especially to Brazil, Argentina and the United States. From about 1880 until the end of the early 1900s, the main destinations for Italian immigrants were Brazil, Argentina as well to Uruguay. Smaller migration patterns of Italians went to Mexico, the United States, and Corsicans constituted a large proportion of immigrants to Puerto Rico (see Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico). Substantial early 20th century Italian immigration to Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and Venezuela is also mentioned.

New World

Mulberry Street, along which New York City's Little Italy is centred. Lower East Side, circa 1900

Italian immigration to Argentina began in the 19th century, just after Argentina won its independence from Spain. There are many reasons explaining the Italian immigration to Argentina: Italy was enduring economic problems caused mainly by the unification of the Italian states into one nation.

Italians arrived in Australia most prominently in the decades immediately following the Second World War, and they and their descendents have had a significant impact on the culture, society and economy of Australia. Italian migration to Australia prior to the Second World War was strongly influenced by the application of Australia's White Australia Policy which favoured Northern Italian migrants over Southern Italians. The 2006 Census counted 199,124 persons who were born in Italy, and Italian is the fifth most identified ancestry in Australia with 852,418 responses, excluding interfamily marriages . Italian Australians experienced a relatively low rate of return migration to Italy.

Brazil is home to 30 million Italian Brazilians, the largest number of people with full or partial Italian ancestry outside of Italy. The country was in need of workers to embrace the vast coffee plantations, and Italian immigrants became a main source of manpower for its agriculture and industry.

A substantial influx of Italian immigrants to Canada began in the early 20th century when over a hundred thousand Italians moved to Canada. In the post-war years (1945-early 1970s) another influx of Italians emigrated to Canada, again from the south but also from Veneto and Friuli and displaced Italians from Istria.

Starting in the late 19th century until the 1950s, the United States became a main destination for Italian immigrants, most settling originally in the New York metropolitan area, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, New Orleans and Chicago. Many Italian Americans still retain aspects of their culture. In movies that deal with cultural issues, Italian American words and lingo are sometimes spoken by the characters. Although many do not speak Italian fluently, over 1 million speak Italian at home according to the 2000 US Census.[56]

Europe

Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor and general, ethnically Italian of Corsican origin, whose family was of Italian (Genoese and Tuscan) ancestry.[57]

In a wave of temporary Italian migration, from 1920 to the early 1970s (peaking in the periods of WWI and WWII), Italian "guest workers" went mostly to Austria, Belgium, France, West Germany, Switzerland and Luxembourg.[58]

Italian migration into what is today France has been going on, in different migrating cycles, for centuries, beginning in prehistoric times right to the modern age.[22][59] In addition, Corsica passed from the Republic of Genoa to France in 1770, and the area around Nice and Savoy from the Kingdom of Sardinia to France in 1860. Initially, Italian immigration to modern France (late 18th to the early 20th C.) came predominantly from northern Italy (Piedmont, Veneto), then from central Italy (Marche, Umbria), mostly to the bordering southeastern region of Provence.[22] It wasn't until after World War II that large numbers of immigrants from southern Italy immigrated to France, usually settling in industrialised areas of France, such as Lorraine, Paris and Lyon.[22] Today, it is estimated that as many as 5 million French nationals have Italian ancestry going back three generations.[22]

In Switzerland, Italian immigrants (not to be confused with a large autochthonous population of Italophones in Ticino and Grigioni)[60] reached the country starting in the late 19th century, most of whom eventually came back to Italy after the rise of Italian Fascism. Future Fascist leader Benito Mussolini emigrated in Switzerland in 1902, only to be deported after becoming involved in the socialist movement.[61] A new migratory wave began after 1945, favoured by the lax immigration laws then in force.[62]

Africa

See also: Italian Colonial Empire

Italian communities once thrived in the former African colonies of Eritrea (50,000 Italian settlers in 1935),[63] Somalia and Libya (150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting about 18% of the total population).[64] A significant portion of the pied-noir community of French Algeria was also of Italian descent, though much of this population naturalized as French citizens, and most migrated to France after Algerian independence.

Today, there are still some Italian descendents remnant in African nations since colonial days, although most returned to Italy or moved elsewhere after the second world war. There is a significant post-colonial immigrant community, however, in South Africa.

Autochthonous communities outside Italy

See also: Dalmatian Italians, Italians in France, and Corsican people

In both the Slovenian and Croatian portions of Istria, as well as in the city of Rijeka (Fiume), Italian refers to autochthonous speakers of Italian and various Italo-Dalmatian languages, natives in the region since before the inception of the Venetian Republic, and also to descendants of Italians that migrated to the area in the early to mid 20th C. when it was a part of Italy. It can also refer to Istrian Slavs who adopted the Italian culture and language as they moved from rural to urban areas, or from the farms into the bourgeoisie, since the time of the Austrian Empire through to the period of annexation to Italy. In the aftermath of the Istrian exodus following the Second World War, most Italian speakers consider themselves ethnic Italian and are today located in the south and west of Istria, and number about 35,000.[citation needed] The number of inhabitants with Italian ancestry is likely much greater but undeterminable.

The Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic[clarification needed] culture and language in cities such as Zadar (Zara), Split (city) (Spalato) and Dubrovnik (Ragusa). The 1816 Austro-Hungarian census registered 66,000 Italian-speaking people amongst the 301,000 inhabitants of Dalmatia, or 22% of the total Dalmatian population.[65]

In France (County of Nice, parts of Savoy), autochthonous speakers of regional languages of Italy (Ligurian and Piedmontese), are natives in the region since before annexation to France in 1860, in addition to descendants of Italians that migrated to the areas when they were part of Italian states. The number of inhabitants with Italian ancestry is generally undeterminable, and the use of French language is now ubiquitous. In addition, Corsica was a part of the Republic of Genoa until 1770 and, until recently, most Corsicans spoke the Corsican language.

In figures

Italian citizens, any ethnicity

Country Population References Criterion Primary source Year
Germany Italians in Germany 582,111 [66] Italian citizenship Italian Ministry of the Interior 31-12-2007
Argentina Italians in Argentina 527,570
France Italians in France 348,722
Belgium Italians in Belgium 235,673
Brazil Italians in Brazil 229,746
United States Italians in the US 200,560
United Kingdom Italians in the UK 170,927
Canada Italians in Canada 131,775
Australia Italians in Australia 120,239
Venezuela Italians in Venezuela 94,704
Spain Italians in Spain 83,924
Uruguay Italians in Uruguay 71,115

Italian-born, any citizenship

Country Population References Criterion Primary source Year
Switzerland Italians in Switzerland 530,000 [9] ? ?
Belgium Italians in Belgium 290,000 [13] ? N.Perrin, M.Poulan, Italiens de Belgique. Analyses socio-démographiques et analyses d’appartenances 2002

Full or partial descent

Country Population (% of country) References Criterion Primary source Year
United States American people of Italian descent 17,829,184 (~6%) [67] Self-description US Census Bureau 2000
Argentina Argentines of Italian descent 20,000,000 (~60%) [20][68] ? FedItalia ?
Australia Australians of Italian descent 852,421 (4%) [69] Self-description Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006
Brazil Brazilians of Italian descent 30,000,000 (18%) [70][71] 15% of 190 M. inhab. Italian Embassy at Brasília ?
Canada Canadian people of Italian descent 1,445,330 (~4.5%) [72] Self-description Statistics Canada 2006
Chile Chileans of Italian descent 150,000 (~5%) [20] → Italian Chilean ? 1996
France French people of Italian descent 5,000,000 (~9%) [20][22][73] ? ? ?
Peru Peruvian people of Italian descent 500,000 (ca. 1.7%) [11] ? ? ?
Uruguay Uruguayans of Italian descent 1,500,000 (~42%) [20] ? ? ?

See also

References

  1. ^ [1] - Joshua Project (Ethnic groups in Italy)
  2. ^ "Gli Italiani in Brasile p.11/150" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-22.
  3. ^ Template:Es Lee, Adam (April 3, 2006). "Unos 20 millones de personas que viven en la Argentina tienen algún grado de descendencia italiana" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  4. ^ "S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States - Population Group: Italian (030-031, 051-074) - Data Set: 2006 American Community Survey - Survey: 2006 American Community Survey". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  5. ^ "Info Uruguay - DEMOGRAFíA". Hotelsclick.com. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
  6. ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
  7. ^ Santander Laya-Garrido, Alfonso. Los Italianos forjadores de la nacionalidad y del desarrollo economico en Venezuela. Editorial Vadell. Valencia, 1978
  8. ^ "Australian Census 2006".
  9. ^ a b "Die italienische Auswanderung in die Schweiz" (PDF). Zurich town hall. 2004. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  10. ^ "Immigration Laws: October, 2003 - Number #14". MigrationInt.com. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  11. ^ a b "Documento sin título". Lucanidelperu.com. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
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