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"The Joker" redirects here. For other uses, see Joker (disambiguation).

The Joker
The Joker.
Art by Alex Ross
Publication information
PublisherDC Comics
First appearanceBatman #1 (April 25, 1940)[1]
Created by
In-story information
Team affiliations
Notable aliasesRed Hood[2]
Abilities
  • Genius-level intelligence
  • Expert chemist and engineer
  • Skilled in hand-to-hand combat

The Joker is a fictional character, a comic book supervillain appearing in DC Comics publications. The character was created by Jerry Robinson, Bill Finger, and Bob Kane, and first appeared in Batman #1 (April 25, 1940). Credit for the character's creation is disputed; Kane and Robinson claimed responsibility for the Joker's design, while acknowledging Finger's writing contribution. Although the Joker was planned to be killed off during his initial appearance, he was spared by editorial intervention, allowing the character to endure as the archenemy of the superhero Batman.

In his comic book appearances, the Joker is portrayed as a criminal mastermind. Introduced as a psychopath with a warped, sadistic sense of humor, the character became a goofy prankster in the late 1950s in response to regulation by the Comics Code Authority, before returning to his darker roots during the early 1970s. As Batman's nemesis, the Joker has been part of the superhero's defining stories, including the murder of Jason Todd—the second Robin and Batman's ward—and the paralysis of Batman's ally, Barbara Gordon. The Joker has had various origin stories during his over seven decades in publication. The most common story is where he falls into a tank of chemical waste which bleaches his skin white, turns his hair green and his lips bright red; the resulting disfigurement drives him insane. The antithesis of Batman in personality and appearance, the Joker is considered by critics to be his perfect adversary.

One of the most iconic characters in popular culture, the Joker has been cited as one of the greatest comic book villains and fictional characters ever created. He appears in a variety of merchandise, such as clothing and collectable items, real-world structures (such as theme park attractions) and references in a number of media. The Joker has been Batman's adversary in live-action and animated incarnations, including the 1960s Batman television series (played by Cesar Romero) and in film by Jack Nicholson in 1989's Batman and Heath Ledger in 2008's The Dark Knight (earning Ledger a posthumous Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor). Mark Hamill, Brent Spiner, Michael Emerson, Richard Epcar, Troy Baker, and others have voiced the animated character.

Publication history

Creation

Sketch of a playing card with a grinning Joker
Jerry Robinson's 1940 concept sketch of the Joker

Jerry Robinson, Bill Finger and Bob Kane are credited with creating the Joker, but each man had their own version of the character's conception and their role in it. Elements of the character's roots include a photo of actor Conrad Veidt as Gwynplaine (a man with a disfigured face, giving him a perpetual grin) in the 1928 film The Man Who Laughs, which was seen by Finger, and a joker playing card provided by Robinson. Finger said that he was also inspired by an image in Steeplechase Park at Coney Island, and Robinson cited his 1940 sketch as the source of the Joker's design. Although Kane adamantly refused to share credit for many of his characters (and refused to credit Robinson until Kane's death), many comic historians credit Robinson with the Joker's creation and Finger with the character's development.[2][3][4][5] In a 1994 interview with journalist Frank Lovece, Kane said:

Bill Finger and I created the Joker. Bill was the writer. Jerry Robinson came to me with a playing card of the Joker. That's the way I sum it up. [The Joker] looks like Conrad Veidt — you know, the actor in The Man Who Laughs, [the 1928 movie based on the novel] by Victor Hugo. ... Bill Finger had a book with a photograph of Conrad Veidt and showed it to me and said, 'Here's the Joker'. Jerry Robinson had absolutely nothing to do with it, but he'll always say he created it till he dies. He brought in a playing card, which we used for a couple of issues for him [the Joker] to use as his playing card.[6][7]

Robinson credited himself, Finger and Kane for the Joker's creation. He said he created the character as Batman's larger-than-life nemesis when extra stories were quickly needed for Batman #1, and he received credit for the story in a college course:[8]

In that first meeting when I showed them that sketch of the Joker, Bill said it reminded him of Conrad Veidt in The Man Who Laughs. That was the first mention of it ... He can be credited and Bob himself, we all played a role in it. The concept was mine. Bill finished that first script from my outline of the persona and what should happen in the first story. He wrote the script of that, so he really was co-creator, and Bob and I did the visuals, so Bob was also.[9]

Kane hired the 17-year-old Robinson as an assistant in 1939, after he saw Robinson in a white jacket decorated with his own illustrations.[5][10] Beginning as a letterer and background inker, Robinson quickly became primary artist for the newly created Batman comic book series. In a 1975 interview in Amazing World of DC Comics, Robinson said he wanted a supreme arch-villain who could test Batman, but not a typical crime lord or gangster designed to be easily disposed. He wanted an exotic, enduring character as an ongoing source of conflict for Batman (similar to the relationship between Sherlock Holmes and Professor Moriarty), designing a diabolically sinister-but-clownish villain.[11][12][13] Robinson was intrigued by villains; his studies at Columbia University taught him that some characters are made up of contradictions, leading to the Joker's sense of humor. He said that the name came first, followed by an image of a playing card from a deck he often had at hand: "I wanted somebody visually exciting. I wanted somebody that would make an indelible impression, would be bizarre, would be memorable like the Hunchback of Notre Dame or any other villains that had unique physical characters."[14][15] He told Finger about his concept by telephone, later providing sketches of the character and images of what would become his iconic Joker playing-card design. Finger thought the concept was incomplete, providing the image of Veidt with a ghastly, permanent rictus grin. Kane disputed Robinson's story; however, because Finger credited Robinson historians generally accept the latter's version of events.[11] By 2011, Robinson, Finger, and Kane had died, leaving the story unresolved.[4][11][16]

Golden Age

Comic book panel of the grinning Joker
From the Joker's debut in Batman #1 (April 25, 1940)

The Joker debuted in Batman #1 (1940) as Batman's first villain, shortly after the latter's debut in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). The Joker initially appeared as a remorseless serial killer, modeled after a joker playing card with a mirthless grin, who killed his victims with "Joker Venom": a toxin which left their faces smiling grotesquely.[17] The character was intended to be killed in his second appearance in Batman #1, after being stabbed in the heart. Finger wanted the Joker to die because of his concern that recurring villains would make Batman appear inept, but was overruled by then-editor Whitney Ellsworth; a hastily drawn panel, indicating that he was still alive, was added to the comic.[2][18][19] The Joker went on to appear in nine of Batman's first twelve issues.[20]

The character's regular appearances quickly defined him as the archenemy of the dynamic duo, Batman and Robin's; he continued to claim lives, and even derailed a train. By issue #13, Kane's work on the syndicated Batman newspaper strip left him little time for the comic book; artist Dick Sprang assumed his duties, and editor Jack Schiff collaborated with Finger on stories. During this period, the first changes in the Joker began to appear; when he kidnaps Robin the ransom is paid by check, and he cannot cash it without being arrested. Around the same time, DC Comics found it easier to market its stories to children without the characters' more mature elements.[21]

The 1942 cover of Detective Comics #69, known as "Double Guns" (with the Joker emerging from a genie lamp, aiming two guns at Batman and Robin), is considered one of the greatest superhero comic covers of the Golden Age and is the only image of the character using traditional guns. Robinson said that other contemporary villains used guns, and the creative team wanted the Joker—as Batman's adversary—to be more resourceful.[14][22]

Silver Age

The Joker was one of the few popular villains appearing regularly in Batman comics from the Golden Age into the Silver Age, as the series continued during the rise in popularity of mystery and romance comics. In 1951, Finger wrote an origin story for the Joker in Detective Comics #168, which introduced the concept of him formerly being the criminal Red Hood, and his disfigurement the result of a fall into a chemical vat.[23]

By 1954, the Comics Code Authority had been established in response to increasing public disapproval of comic book content. The backlash was inspired by Frederic Wertham, who hypothesized that mass media (especially comic books) was responsible for the rise in juvenile delinquency, violence and homosexuality, particularly in young males. Parents forbade their children from reading comic books, and there were several mass burnings.[2] The Comics Code banned gore, innuendo and excessive violence, stripping Batman of his menace and transforming the Joker into a goofy, thieving trickster without his original homicidal tendencies.[18][24] The character appeared less frequently after 1964, when Julius Schwartz (who despised the Joker) became editor of the Batman comics, and the character remained largely absent throughout the decade.[2][18][25] The character risked becoming an obscure figure of the preceding era until this goofy prankster version of the character was adapted into the 1966 television series Batman, where he was played by Cesar Romero.[2][18] The campy show's popularity (including Romero's Joker) compelled Schwartz to keep the comics in a similar vein. As the show's popularity waned, however, so did that of the Batman comics.[2][25] After the TV series ended in 1968, the increase in public visibility had not stopped the comic's sales decline; editorial director Carmine Infantino resolved to turn things around, moving stories away from schoolboy-friendly adventures.[26] The Silver Age introduced several of the Joker's defining character traits: lethal joy buzzers, acid-squirting flowers, trick guns, and goofy, elaborate crimes.[27][28]

Bronze Age

"Batman" cover, with the Joker holding an ace of spades with Batman on it
Cover of Batman #251 (Sept. 1973) featuring "The Joker's Five-Way Revenge", which returned the Joker to his homicidal roots; art by Neal Adams

In 1973, after a four-year disappearance,[2] the Joker was revived (and revised) by writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams. Beginning with Batman #251's "The Joker's Five-Way Revenge", the character returns to his roots as an impulsive, homicidal maniac who matches wits with Batman.[29][30] This story began a trend in which the Joker was used, sparingly, as a central character.[31] O'Neil said his idea was "simply to take it back to where it started. I went to the DC library and read some of the early stories. I tried to get a sense of what Kane and Finger were after."[32] O'Neil's 1973 run introduced the Joker's legal insanity, the reason he was sent to Arkham Asylum (then Arkham Hospital) after its creation in 1974 instead of to prison.[33] Adams modified the Joker's appearance, changing his more average figure by extending his jaw and making him taller and leaner.[34]

DC Comics was a hotbed of experimentation during the 1970s, and in 1975 the character became the first villain to star in a comic book series, The Joker.[35] Following the character's interactions with other supervillains, the series' first issue was written by O'Neil.[36] Stories balanced between emphasizing the Joker's criminality and making him a likable protagonist whom readers could support. Although he murdered thugs and civilians, he never fought Batman; this made The Joker a series in which the character's villainy prevailed over equivalent rivals, instead of a struggle between good and evil.[37] Because the Comics Code Authority mandated punishment for villains, each issue ended with the Joker being apprehended, limiting the scope of each story. The series never found an audience, and The Joker was cancelled after nine issues (despite a "next issue" advertisement for an appearance by the Justice League).[36][38][37]

When Jenette Kahn became DC editor in 1976, she redeveloped the company's struggling titles; during her tenure, the Joker would become one of DC's most popular characters.[37] While O'Neil and Adams' work was critically acclaimed, writer Steve Englehart and penciller Marshall Rogers's eight-issue run in Detective Comics #471-476 (August 1977-April 1978) defined the Joker for decades to come[29] with stories emphasizing the character's insanity. In "The Laughing Fish", the Joker disfigures fish by giving them a rictus grin (expecting copyright protection), killing bureaucrats who tell him that copyrighting a natural resource is legally impossible.[30][33][39][40] Engelhart and Rogers' work on the series influenced the 1989 film Batman, and was adapted for 1992's Batman: the Animated Series.[33][41] Rogers expanded on Adams' character design (adding a fedora and trench coat to the Joker's wardrobe),[34] and Englehart outlined his Joker: "He was this very crazy, scary character. I really wanted to get back to the idea of Batman fighting insane murderers at 3 a.m. under the full moon, as the clouds scuttled by."[18]

Modern Age

Years after the end of the 1966 television series, sales of Batman continued to fall and the title was nearly canceled. Although the 1970s restored the Joker as an insane, lethal foe of Batman, it was during the 1980s that the Batman series started to turn around and the Joker came into his own as part of the "dark age" of comics: mature tales of death and destruction. The shift was derided for moving away from tamer superheroes (and villains), but comic audiences were no longer primarily children.[42][29] Several months after Crisis on Infinite Earths launched the era by killing off Silver-Age icons such as the Flash and Supergirl and undoing decades of continuity, Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns (1986) re-imagined Batman as an older, retired hero and the Joker as a lipstick-wearing celebrity who cannot function without his foe.[43][34][44][45][46] The late 1980s saw the Joker exert a significant impact on Batman and his supporting cast. In the 1988–89 story arc "A Death in the Family", the Joker murders Batman's sidekick (the second Robin, Jason Todd). Fans never accepted Todd; rather than modify his character, DC opted to let them vote for his fate and a 28-vote plurality had the Joker beat Todd to death with a crowbar. This story altered the Batman universe: instead of killing anonymous bystanders, the Joker murdered a core character in the Batman fiction; this had a lasting effect on future stories.[47][48] Written at the height of tensions between the United States and Iran, the story's conclusion had Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini appoint the Joker his country's ambassador to the United Nations (allowing him to temporarily escape justice).[49]

Alan Moore and Brian Bolland's 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke expands on the Joker's origins, describing the character as a failed comedian who adopts the identity of Red Hood to support his pregnant wife.[23][50] Unlike The Dark Knight Returns, The Killing Joke takes place in mainstream continuity.[51] The novel is described as one of the greatest Joker stories ever written, influencing later comic stories (including the forced retirement of then-Batgirl Barbara Gordon after she is paralyzed by the Joker) and films such as 1989's Batman and 2008's The Dark Knight.[52][53] Grant Morrison's 1989 Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth explores the psychoses of Batman, the Joker and other rogues in the eponymous facility.[54][55]

The 1992 animated series introduced the Joker's female sidekick: Harley Quinn, a psychologist who falls for—and ends up in an abusive relationship with—the Joker, becoming his supervillain accomplice. The character was popular, and was adapted into the comics as the Joker's romantic interest in 1999.[56] In the same year, Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle's comic book, Anarky, concluded with the revelation that the titular character, Anarky, was the Joker's son. Breyfogle conceived the idea as a means to expand on Anarky's characterization, but O'Neil (by then the editor for the Batman series of books) was opposed to it, and only allowed it to be written under protest, and with a promise that the revelation would eventually be revealed incorrect. However, the Anarky series was cancelled before the rebuttal could be published.[57] The Joker's first major storyline in The New 52, DC Comics' 2011 reboot of story continuity, was 2012's "Death of the Family" by writer Scott Snyder and artist Greg Capullo. The story arc explores the symbiotic relationship between Joker and Batman, and sees the villain shatter the trust between Batman and his adopted family.[20][58] Capullo's Joker design replaced his traditional outfit with a utilitarian, messy, and disheveled appearance to convey that the character was on a mission; his face (surgically removed in 2011's Detective Comics #1) was reattached with belts, wires, and hooks, and he was outfitted with mechanics overalls.[59] The Joker's face was restored in Snyder's and Capullo's "Endgame" (2014), the concluding chapter to "Death of the Family".[60]

Character biography

Hideously-grinning man holding his head with purple hands, with repeated "ha-ha-ha"s in the background
The Joker goes insane after emerging from a vat of chemical-waste which bleaches his skin, dyes his hair green and his lips red in Batman: The Killing Joke (1988)

The Joker has undergone many revisions since his 1940 debut. The most common interpretation of the character is where he is disguised as the criminal Red Hood, and pursued by Batman. The Joker falls into a vat of chemicals which bleaches his skin, colors his hair green and his lips red, and drove him insane. The reasons why the Joker was disguised as the Red Hood, and his identity before his transformation have changed over time.[18]

The character was introduced in Batman #1 (1940), where he announces that he will kill three of Gotham's prominent citizens (including Mayor Henry Claridge). Although the police protect Claridge, the Joker poisoned him before making his announcement and Claridge dies with a ghastly grin on his face. The Joker tries to poison Robin with the same Joker Venom, Batman defeats him, sending him to prison.[61] The Joker commits whimsical, brutal crimes for reasons that, in Batman's words, "make sense to him alone."[39] Detective Comics #168 (1951) introduced the Joker's first origin story as Red Hood: a criminal who, during his final heist, vanishes after leaping into a vat of chemicals to escape Batman. His resulting disfigurement led him to adopt the name "Joker", from the playing card he now resembled.[23] The Joker's Silver-Age transformation into a figure of fun was established in 1952's "The Joker's Millions". In this story the Joker is obsessed with maintaining his illusion of wealth and celebrity as a criminal folk hero, afraid to let Gotham's citizens know that he is penniless and was tricked out of his fortune.[62] The 1970s redefined the character as a homicidal psychopath. "The Joker's Five-Way Revenge" has the Joker taking violent revenge on the former gang members who betrayed him;[31] in "The Laughing Fish" the character chemically adds his face to Gotham's fish (hoping to profit from a copyright), killing bureaucrats who stand in his way.[30]

Batman: The Killing Joke (1988) built on the Joker's 1951 origin story, portraying him as a failed comedian pressured into committing crime as the Red Hood to support his pregnant wife. Batman's interference causes him to leap into a chemical vat, which disfigures him. This, combined with the trauma of his wife's earlier accidental death, causes him to go insane and become the Joker.[23] However, he says that this story may not be true and prefers his past to be "multiple choice".[63] In this graphic novel, the Joker shoots and paralyzes Barbara Gordon and tortures her father, Commissioner James Gordon, to prove that it only takes one bad day to turn a sane man into a psychopath.[51] After Batman rescues Gordon and subdues the Joker, he offers to rehabilitate his old foe and end their rivalry. Although the Joker refuses, he shows his appreciation by sharing a joke with Batman.[64]

"See, there were these two guys in a lunatic asylum...and one night, one night they decide they don't like living in an asylum any more. They decide they're going to escape! So, like, they get up onto the roof and there, just across this narrow gap, they see the rooftops of the town, stretching away in the moonlight...stretching away to freedom. Now, the first guy, he jumps right across with no problem. But his friend, his friend daren't make the leap. Y'see...y'see, he's afraid of falling. So then, the first guy has an idea...He says 'Hey! I have my flashlight with me! I'll shine it across the gap between the buildings. You can walk along the beam and join me!' B-but the second guy just shakes his head. He suh-says... he says 'What do you think I am? Crazy? You'd turn it off when I was half way across!'"

— – The Joker shares a joke with Batman in The Killing Joke (1988)[64]

The character's maiming of Barbara arguably turned her into a more-important character in the DC Universe: Oracle, a data gatherer and superhero informant who has her revenge in Birds of Prey by shattering the Joker's teeth and destroying his smile.[51] In the 1988 story "A Death in the Family", the Joker beats Jason Todd with a crowbar and leaves him to die in an explosion. Todd's death haunts Batman, and for the first time he considers killing the Joker.[47] The Joker temporarily escapes justice when Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini appoints him the Iranian ambassador to the United Nations, giving him diplomatic immunity. However, when he tries to poison the UN membership, he is brought down by Batman and Superman.[29]

In the 1999 "No Man's Land" storyline, the Joker murders Commissioner Gordon's second wife, Sarah, as she shields a group of infants.[65] He taunts Gordon, who shoots him in the kneecap. The Joker, lamenting that he may never walk again, collapses with laughter when he realizes that the commissioner has avenged Barbara's paralysis.[66] This story also introduced the Joker's girlfriend, Harley Quinn.[56]

The 2000s began with the crossover story "Emperor Joker", where the Joker steals Mister Mxyzptlk's reality-altering power and remakes the universe in his image (torturing and killing Batman daily, before resurrecting him). When the supervillain then tries to destroy the universe, his reluctance to eliminate Batman makes him lose control and Superman defeats him.[67] Broken by his experience, Batman's memories are erased by Superman so he can heal mentally.[68] In "Joker's Last Laugh" (2001), the doctors at Arkham Asylum convince the character that he is dying in an attempt to rehabilitate him. Instead, the Joker (flanked by an army of "Jokerized" supervillains) launches a final crime spree. Believing that Robin (Tim Drake) has been killed in the chaos, Dick Grayson beats the Joker to death (although Batman revives his foe to keep Grayson from being a murderer) and the character succeeds in making a member of the Bat-family break their rule against killing.[29][61]

In "Under the Hood" (2005), a resurrected Todd tries to force Batman to avenge his death by killing the Joker (who enjoys their conflict more than killing Todd). Batman refuses, arguing that if allows himself to kill the Joker, he will not be able to stop killing other criminals.[69] The Joker kills Alexander Luthor in Infinite Crisis (2005) for excluding him from the Secret Society of Super Villains, which considers him too unpredictable for membership.[70][71] In Morrison's "Batman and Son" (2006), a deranged police officer who impersonates Batman shoots the Joker in the face, scarring and disabling him. The supervillain returns in "The Clown at Midnight" (2007) as a cruel, enigmatic force who awakens and tries to kill Harley Quinn to prove to Batman that he has become more than human.[72][29] In the 2008 story arc "Batman R.I.P." the Joker is recruited by the Black Glove to destroy Batman but betrays the group, killing its members one by one.[61] After Batman's apparent death in "Final Crisis" (2008), Grayson investigates a series of murders (which leads him to a disguised Joker).[73] The Joker is arrested, and then-Robin Damian Wayne beats him with a crowbar (paralleling Todd's murder). When the Joker escapes, he attacks the Black Glove, burying its leader (Simon Hurt) alive after the supervillain considers him a failure as an opponent; the Joker is then defeated by the recently returned Batman.[74][75][76]

In DC's New 52, a 2011 relaunch of its titles, the Joker has his own face cut off.[77] He disappears for a year, returning to launch an attack on Batman's extended family in "Death of the Family" so he and Batman can be the best hero and villain they can be.[78] At the end of the storyline, the Joker falls off a cliff into a dark abyss.[78][79] The Joker returns in the 2014 storyline "Endgame", where he manipulates the Justice League into attacking Batman, believing he has betrayed their relationship.[80][81] The story implies that the Joker is immortal, having existed for centuries, and has developed a means to regenerate from mortal injuries. "Endgame" restores the Joker's face, and also reveals that he has discovered Batman's secret identity.[60]

Origins

"They've given many origins of the Joker, how he came to be. That doesn't seem to matter—just how he is now. I never intended to give a reason for his appearance. We discussed that and Bill [Finger] and I never wanted to change it at that time. I thought—and he agreed—that it takes away some of the essential mystery."

– Jerry Robinson, the Joker's creator[82]

Though many have been related, a definitive backstory has never been established for the Joker. An unreliable narrator, the character is uncertain of who he was before and how he became the Joker: "Sometimes I remember it one way, sometimes another ... if I'm going to have a past, I prefer it to be multiple choice!"[12][63] A story about the Joker's origin appeared in Detective Comics #168 (February 1951), nearly a decade after the character's debut. Here, the character is a laboratory worker who becomes the Red Hood (a masked criminal) to steal a million dollars from his employer and retire. He falls into a vat of chemical waste when his heist is thwarted by Batman, emerging with bleached white skin, red lips, green hair and a permanent grin.[83][84]

This story was the basis for the most often-cited origin tale, Moore's one-shot The Killing Joke.[53] The Joker quits his job, becoming a stand-up comedian to support his pregnant wife. Unsuccessful, he agrees to help mobsters with a robbery and dons the Red Hood. The heist goes awry; the comedian leaps into a chemical vat to escape Batman, surfacing disfigured. This, combined with the earlier accidental death of his wife and unborn child, drives the comedian insane and he becomes the Joker.[23][29] This version has been cited in many stories, including Batman: The Man Who Laughs (where Batman deduces that the Red Hood survived his fall and became the Joker), Batman #450 (where the Joker dons the Red Hood to aid his recovery after the events in A Death in the Family, but finds the experience too traumatic) and "Death of the Family".[84] Other stories have expanded on this origin; "Pushback" explains that the Joker's wife was murdered by a corrupt policeman working for the mobsters,[85] and "Payback" gives the Joker's first name as "Jack".[84]

However, the Joker's unreliable memory has allowed writers to develop other origins for the character.[84] The Paul Dini-Alex Ross story, "Case Study", describes the Joker as a sadistic gangster who creates the Red Hood identity to continue the thrill of small-time criminality. He has his fateful first meeting with Batman, which results in his disfigurement. It is suggested that the Joker is sane, and feigns insanity to avoid the death penalty. In Batman Confidential (#7-12), the character, Jack, is a talented criminal who is bored with his work. He encounters (and becomes obsessed with) Batman during a heist, embarking on a crime spree to attract his attention. After Jack injures Batman's girlfriend, the Dark Knight vengefully scars his face with a permanent grin. Batman then betrays Jack to a group of mobsters, who torture him in a chemical plant. Jack escapes, but falls into an empty vat as gunfire punctures chemical tanks above him. The flood of chemicals (used in anti-psychotic medication) alters his appearance and completes his transformation.[86] The superhero Atom sees the Joker's memory of burning his parents alive (after they find him killing animals) in The Brave and the Bold #31,[87] and Snyder's "Zero Year" (2013) suggests that the pre-disfigurement Joker was a criminal mastermind leading a gang of Red Hoods.[88][80]

The Joker has claimed a number of origins, including being the child of an abusive father who broke his nose and the long-lived jester of an Egyptian pharaoh. As Batman says, "Like any other comedian, he uses whatever material will work".[89]

Other versions

Main article: Alternative versions of Joker

A number of alternate universes in DC Comics publications allow writers to introduce variations on the Joker, in which the character's origins, behavior and morality differ from the mainstream setting.[90] The Dark Knight Returns depicts the final battle between an aged Batman and Joker;[44] others portray the aftermath of the Joker's death at the hands of a number of characters, including Superman.[67][91] Still others describe distant futures, in which the Joker is a computer virus or a hero trying to defeat the era's tyrannical Batman.[92] In some stories, the Joker is someone else entirely; "Flashpoint" features Batman's mother Martha Wayne as the Joker in response to her son's murder,[93] and in Superman: Speeding Bullets Lex Luthor becomes the Joker in a world where Superman is Batman.[94]

Characterization

Renowned as Batman's greatest enemy, the Joker is known by a number of nicknames: the Clown Prince of Crime, the Jester of Genocide,[95] the Harlequin of Hate, and the Ace of Knaves.[96] During the evolution of the DC Universe, interpretations and versions of the Joker have taken two forms. The original, dominant image is that of an extreme psychopath,[97] with genius-level intelligence and a warped, sadistic sense of humor.[98][99] The other version, popular in comic books from the late 1940s to the 1960s and in the 1960s television series, is an eccentric, harmless prankster and thief. The Joker is typically seen in a purple suit with a long-tailed, padded-shoulder jacket, a string tie, gloves, striped pants and spats on pointed-toe shoes (sometimes with a wide-brimmed hat). This appearance is such a fundamental aspect of the character that when the 2004 animated series The Batman placed the Joker in a straitjacket, it quickly redesigned him in his familiar suit.[100]

The Joker is obsessed with Batman, the pair representing a yin-yang of opposing dark and light force; although it is the Joker who represents humor and colour and Batman who dwells in the dark.[101] Murder, theft, and terrorism, no crime is beyond the Joker, and his exploits are a theatrical performance that are funny to him alone. Although the Joker claims indifference to everything, he secretly craves Batman's attention and validation.[102][30] The character was described as having killed over 2,000 people in The Joker: Devil's Advocate (1996). Despite this body count, he is always found not guilty by reason of insanity and sent to Arkham Asylum, avoiding the death penalty.[103][104] Many of the Joker's acts attempt to force Batman to kill; if the most orderly and self-controlled of humans can murder, anyone is capable of becoming a monster like the Joker. The villain displays no instinct for self-preservation, and is willing to die to prove his point.[105]

Personality

Smiling, bearded white-haired man
Joker co-creator Jerry Robinson in 2008; he conceived the Joker as an exotic, enduring arch-villain who could repeatedly challenge Batman.

The Joker's main characteristic is his apparent insanity, although he is not described as having any particular psychological disorder. Like a psychopath, he lacks empathy, a conscience, and concern over right and wrong. In A Serious House on Serious Earth, the Joker is described as capable of processing outside sensory information only by adapting to it. This enables him to create a new personality every day (depending on what would benefit him) and explains why, at different times, he is a mischievous clown or a psychopathic killer.[106] The Killing Joke (in which the Joker is the unreliable narrator) explains the roots of his insanity as "one bad day": losing his wife and unborn child and being disfigured by chemicals, paralleling Batman's origin in the loss of his parents. He tries (and fails) to prove that anyone can become like him after one bad day by torturing Commissioner Gordon, physically and psychologically.[27][51] Batman offers to rehabilitate his foe; the Joker apologetically declines, believing it too late for him to be saved.[64] Other interpretations show him fully aware of how his actions affect others and his insanity as merely an act.[101] Comics scholar Peter Coogan describes the Joker as trying to reshape reality to fit himself by imposing his face on his victims (and fish) in an attempt to make the world comprehensible by creating a twisted parody of himself. Englehart's "The Laughing Fish" demonstrates the character's illogical nature: trying to copyright fish which bear his face, and not understanding why threatening the copyright clerk cannot produce the desired result.[107][33]

The Joker is alternatively depicted as sexual and asexual. In The Dark Knight Returns and Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth, the Joker is seductive toward Batman; it is uncertain if their relationship has homoerotic undertones or if the Joker is simply trying to manipulate his nemesis. Frank Miller interpreted the character as fixated on death and uninterested in sexual relationships, while Robinson believes that the Joker is capable of a romantic relationship.[108] His relationship with Harley Quinn is abusively paradoxical; although the Joker keeps her at his side, he heedlessly harms her (for example, throwing her out a window without seeing if she survives). Harley loves him but the Joker does not reciprocate her feelings, chiding her for distracting him from other plans.[109]

Snyder's "Death of the Family" describes the Joker as in love with Batman, although not in a traditionally romantic way. The Joker believes that Batman has not killed him because he makes Batman better, and he loves the villain for that.[58][110] The Joker and Batman represent opposites: the extroverted Joker wears colorful clothing and embraces chaos, while the introverted, monochromatic Batman represents order and discipline. The Joker is often depicted as defining his existence through his conflict with Batman. In 1994's "Going Sane" the villain tries to lead a normal life after Batman's (apparent) death, reverting when Batman reappears; in "Emperor Joker", an apparently omnipotent Joker cannot destroy Batman without undoing himself. Since the Joker is simply "the Joker", he believes that Batman is "Batman" (with or without the costume) and has no interest in what is behind Batman's mask, ignoring opportunities to learn Batman's secret identity.[111][67] Given the opportunity to kill Batman, the villain demurs; he believes that without their game, winning is pointless.[102] The character has no desire for typical criminal goals like money or power; his criminality is designed only to continue his game with Batman.[77]

The Joker does not express any fears, showing no effect when exposed to the supervillain Scarecrow's fear gas in Knightfall (1993).[112] The villain has been temporarily rendered sane by several means, including telepathic manipulation by the Martian Manhunter[64] and being resurrected in a life-restoring Lazarus Pit (an experience typically inducing temporary insanity in the subject). At these moments, the Joker is depicted as expressing remorse for his acts;[113][114] however, during a medically induced period of partial sanity in Batman: Cacophony he tells his opponent: "I don't hate you 'cause I'm crazy. I'm crazy 'cause I hate you" and confirms that he will only stop murdering when Batman is dead.[115][116]

Skills and equipment

The Joker has no inherent superhuman abilities.[117] He commits crimes with a variety of weaponized thematic props such as a deck of razor-tipped playing cards, rolling marbles, Jack-in-the-boxes with unpleasant surprises and exploding cigars capable of leveling a building. The flower in his lapel sprays acid, and his hand often holds a lethal joy buzzer conducting a million volts of electricity, although both items were introduced in 1952 as harmless joke items.[118][28] However, his chemical genius provides his most-notable weapon: Joker Venom, a liquid or gaseous toxin which sends its targets into fits of uncontrollable laughter; higher doses can lead to paralysis, coma or death, leaving its victim with a ghoulish, pained rictus grin. The Joker has used venom since his debut; only he knows the formula, and is shown to be gifted enough to manufacture the toxin from ordinary household chemicals. Another version of the venom (used in "Joker's Last Laugh") makes its victims resemble the Joker, susceptible to his orders.[30][61][119][120] The villain is immune to venom and most poisons; in Batman #663 (2007), Morrison writes that being "an avid consumer of his own chemical experiments, the Joker's immunity to poison concoctions that might kill another man in an instant has been developed over years of dedicated abuse".[121][100]

The character's arsenal is inspired by his nemesis' weaponry, such as batarangs. In "The Joker's Utility Belt" (1952), he mimicked Batman's utility belt with non-lethal items, such as Mexican jumping beans and sneezing powder.[118] In 1942's "The Joker Follows Suit" the villain built his versions of the Batplane and Batmobile, the Jokergyro and Jokermobile (the latter with a large Joker face on its hood), and created a Joker signal with which criminals could summon him for their heists.[122] The Jokermobile lasted for several decades, evolving with the Batmobile. His technical genius is not limited by practicality, allowing him to hijack Gotham's television airwaves to issue threats, transform buildings into death traps, launch a gas attack on the city and rain poisoned glass shards on its citizens from an airship.[123][124]

The Joker is portrayed as skilled in melee combat, from his initial appearances where he defeats Batman in a sword fight (nearly killing him), and others where he overwhelms Batman but declines to kill him.[125] He is talented with firearms, although even his guns are theatrical; his long-barreled revolver often releases a flag reading "Bang", and a second trigger-pull launches the flag to skewer its target.[118][126] Although formidable in combat, the Joker's chief asset is his mind.[92]

Relationships

See also: List of Batman Family adversaries

The Joker's unpredictable, homicidal nature makes him one of the most feared supervillains in the DC Universe; the Trickster says in the 2005 mini-series Underworld Unleashed, "When super-villains want to scare each other, they tell Joker stories."[127][128] Gotham's villains also feel threatened by the character; depending on the circumstances, he is as likely to fight with his rivals for control of the city as he is to join them for an entertaining outcome.[129] The Joker interacts with other supervillains who oppose Batman, whether he is on the streets or in Arkham Asylum. He has collaborated with criminals like the Penguin, the Riddler and Two-Face, although these partnerships rarely end well due to the Joker's desire for unbridled chaos, and uses his stature to lead others (such as Killer Croc and the Scarecrow).[130] The Joker's greatest rival is the smartest man in the world, Lex Luthor. Although they have a friendly partnership in 1950's World's Finest Comics #88, later unions emphasized their mutual hostility and clashing egos.[131]

Despite his tendency to kill subordinates on a whim, the Joker has no difficulty attracting henchmen with a seemingly infinite cash supply and intimidation: they are too afraid of their employer to refuse his demands that they wear red clown noses or laugh at macabre jokes.[123] Even with his unpredictability and lack of superhuman powers, the 2007 limited series Salvation Run sees hundreds of villains fall under his spell because they are more afraid of him than the alternative: Luthor.[132] Batman #186 (1966) introduced the Joker's first sidekick: the one-shot character, Gaggy Gagsworth, who is short, and dressed like a clown; the character was later resurrected as an enemy of his replacement, Harley Quinn.[133][134] Introduced in the 1992 animated series, Quinn is the Joker's former Arkham psychiatrist who develops an obsessive infatuation with him and dons a red-and-black harlequin costume to join him in the 1999 graphic novel Batman: Harley Quinn. Although Quinn loves the Joker, he is obsessed with Batman and uses her to achieve his goals at her expense. Despite violent abuse, she returns to him.[135][134] The Joker is sometimes shown to keep hyenas as pets; this trait was introduced in the 1977 animated series The New Adventures of Batman.[123] A 1976 issue of Batman Family introduced Duela Dent as the Joker's daughter, though her parentage claim was later proven to be false.[37]

Although his chief obsession is Batman, the character has occasionally ventured outside Gotham City to fight Batman's superhero allies. In "To Laugh and Die in Metropolis" (1987) the character kidnaps Lois Lane, distracting Superman with a nuclear weapon. The story is notable for the Joker taking on a (relative) god and the ease with which Superman defeats him—it took only 17 pages. Asked why he came to Metropolis, the Joker replies simply: "Oh Superman, why not?"[136] In 1995, the Joker fought his third major DC hero: Wonder Woman, who drew on the Greek god of trickery to temper the Joker's humor and shatter his confidence.[137] The character has joined supervillain groups like the Injustice Gang and the Injustice League, to take on superhero groups like the Justice League.[138][139]

Cultural impact

Three smiling live-action villains next to electronic equipment
Cesar Romero as the Joker in the 1960s Batman TV series with Burgess Meredith (left) as the Penguin and Frank Gorshin as the Riddler

The Joker is considered one of the most-recognizable and iconic fictional characters in popular culture (Batman's arguable equal), one of the best comic villains, and one of the greatest villains of all-time.[140][141][142][143] The character has been the focus of ethical discussion on the desirability of Batman (who adheres to an unbreakable code forbidding killing) saving lives by murdering the Joker (a relentless dealer of death). These debates weigh the positive (stopping the Joker permanently) against its effect on Batman's character and the possibility that he might begin killing all criminals.[105][144][145]

In 2006, the Joker was number one on Wizard magazine's "100 Greatest Villains of All Time".[146] In 2008 Wizard's list of "200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time" placed the Joker fifth,[147] and the character was eighth on Empire's list of "50 Greatest Comic Book Characters" (the highest-ranked villain on both lists).[148] In 2009 the Joker was second on IGN's list of "Top 100 Comic Book Villains",[149] and in 2011 Wired named him "Comics' Greatest Supervillain".[150] Complex, CollegeHumor and WhatCulture named the Joker the greatest comic book villain of all time[117][140][151] and IGN listed him the top DC Comics villain in 2013.[152] Other publications called him the decade's top villain[153] and the greatest Batman villain.[154]

The Joker's popularity (and his role as Batman's enemy) has involved the character in most Batman-related media, from television to video games.[2][12] He has been received positively on film and television, and (as in the comics) the character's personality and appearance shift; he is campy, ferocious or unstable, depending on the author and the intended audience.[20] TV Guide included Caesar Romero's Joker on its 2013 list of "60 Nastiest Villains of All Time",[155] and he was the 45th villain on the American Film Institute's 100 Heroes and Villains list.[156] His portrayal in The Dark Knight ranked him third on Empire magazine's list of "100 Greatest Movie Characters".[157] Also that year, Digital Spy ranked the Joker first on its list of "25 Greatest Movie Villains" and Complex placed him second on its list of "50 Best Villains in Movie History".[158][159] In 2014 the character topped Total Film's "100 Greatest Movie Villains" list, outranking Darth Vader and Hannibal Lecter.[160] Entertainment Weekly rated the Joker the fifth-greatest character of the past 20 years, Time named him among its "10 Best Movie Supervillains" and Xfinity rated the character its all-time greatest movie villain.[161][162][163] In 2009, posters appeared in Los Angeles, and other parts of the United States, of President Barack Obama modified to resemble Ledger's Joker, accompanied by the word "Socialism". The image gained notoriety and widespread media coverage, becoming an anti-Obama icon.[164][165][166] The Joker's Batman: Arkham video-game series' version was named the 22nd-best video game villain by GamesRadar in 2014.[167]

The character inspired theme-park roller coasters (The Joker's Jinx,[168][169] The Joker,[170] and The Joker Chaos Coaster),[171] and featured in story-based rides such as Batman Adventure – The Ride,[172] The Dark Knight Coaster,[173] and Justice League: Battle for Metropolis.[171] The Jokermobile was a popular toy; a Corgi die-cast metal replica was successful during the 1950s, and in the 1970s a Joker-styled, Flower power-era Volkswagen microbus was manufactured by Mego.[123]

In other media

Main article: Joker in other media
Smiling, middle-aged man in black jacket and shirt
Young man with short beard, looking past the camera
Mark Hamill voiced the Joker in animation and video games for two decades, and Heath Ledger won a posthumous Academy Award for his interpretation of the character in 2008's The Dark Knight

The Joker has appeared in a variety of media, including television series, animated and live-action films. The character's earliest on-screen adaptation was in the 1966 television series Batman, where he was played as a cackling prankster by Cesar Romero (reflecting his contemporary comic counterpart).[142][174] The Joker then appeared in the animated television shows The Adventures of Batman (1968, voiced by Larry Storch),[175] The New Adventures of Batman (1977, voiced by Lennie Weinrib)[176] and The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985, voiced by Frank Welker).[177][178] A more mature version of the Joker (played by Jack Nicholson) made his film debut in 1989's Batman, which earned over $400 million at the worldwide box office. The role was considered to overshadow Batman's, and was a defining performance in Nicholson's career.[179] Batman's success led to the 1992 television series, Batman: The Animated Series. Voiced by Mark Hamill, the Joker retained the darker tone of the comics in stories acceptable for young children.[180][181] Hamill's Joker is considered a defining portrayal, and he voiced the character in spinoff films (1993's Batman: Mask of the Phantasm and 2000's Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker), video games (2001's Batman: Vengeance), related series (1996's Superman: The Animated Series, 2000's Static Shock and 2001's Justice League), action figures, toys and amusement-park voiceovers.[182][183][184][185] A redesigned Joker, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson, appeared in 2004's The Batman; Richardson was the first African-American to play the character.[186][187]

After Christopher Nolan's successful 2005 Batman film reboot, Batman Begins, ended with a teaser for the Joker's involvement in a sequel, the character returned in 2008's The Dark Knight, played by Heath Ledger as an avatar of anarchy and chaos.[188][189] While Batman Begins earned a worldwide total of $370 million;[190] The Dark Knight earned over $1 billion and was the highest-grossing film of the year, setting several box-office records (including highest-grossing midnight opening, opening day and opening weekend).[191][192] Ledger won a posthumous Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance, the first acting Oscar ever won for a superhero film.[193][194] The Joker has featured in a number of animated projects, such as 2009's Batman: The Brave and the Bold (voiced by Jeff Bennett)[195] and 2011's Young Justice (voiced by Brent Spiner),[196] and comic book adaptations (including 2010's Batman: Under the Red Hood, where he is voiced by John DiMaggio). In 2012, Michael Emerson voiced the character in a two-part animated adaptation of The Dark Knight Returns.[197][198] The Joker is scheduled to appear in the 2016 film Suicide Squad, portrayed by Jared Leto.[199]

The Joker has also been featured in video games. Hamill returned to voice the character in 2009's critically acclaimed Batman: Arkham Asylum, its equally praised 2011 sequel Batman: Arkham City and the multiplayer DC Universe Online.[200] After voicing the character for two decades, Hamill retired from the role after Arkham City; he was replaced by Troy Baker for the 2013 prequel, Batman: Arkham Origins, and the Arkham series' animated spin-off Batman: Assault on Arkham.[182][201][202][203] Richard Epcar voiced the Joker in the 2008 fighting game, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, and 2013's Injustice: Gods Among Us.[204][205] The character also appeared in Lego Batman: The Videogame (2008), Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes (2012) and its animated adaptation (the latter two voiced by Christopher Corey Smith).[206][207]

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Zalben, Alex (March 28, 2014). "When Is Batman's Birthday, Actually?". MTV News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Eason, Brian K. (July 11, 2008). "Dark Knight Flashback: The Joker, Part I". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ O'Neal, Sean (December 8, 2011). "R.I.P. Jerry Robinson, creator of the Joker". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b Seifert, Mark (August 12, 2013). ""He Made Batman, No One Else. Kane Had Nothing To Do With It. Bill Did It All" – Carmine Infantino On Bill Finger". Bleeding Cool. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b "Jerry Robinson". The Daily Telegraph. London. December 12, 2011. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "The man who was The Joker". Den of Geek. July 15, 2008. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2014. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 15, 2013 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Lovece, Frank (May 17, 1994). "Web Exclusives — Bob Kane interview". FrankLovece.com (official site of Entertainment Weekly writer). Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Meet the Joker's Maker, Jerry Robinson" (interview)". The Ongoing Adventures of Rocket Llama. July 21, 2009. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "The Joker's Maker Tackles The Man Who Laughs" (interview)". The Ongoing Adventures of Rocket Llama. August 5, 2009. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Cartoonist who drew Batman's arch enemy The Joker dies aged 89". London: Daily Mail. December 9, 2011. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; December 11, 2011 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b c "R.I.P. Jerry Robinson ..." Ain't It Cool News. December 15, 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b c Patrick, Seb (December 13, 2013). "The Joker: The Nature of Batman's Greatest Foe". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Tollin 1975, pp. 2–3.
  14. ^ a b "Holy Toledo that's expensive: 'Rarest' Superman and Batman covers set to go on sale for £1 Million". Daily Mail. London. November 9, 2010. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (August 12, 2011). "R.I.P. Jerry Robinson, Creator of Batman's Nemesis, the Joker". io9. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Gustines, George Gene (October 4, 2010). "The Joker in the Deck: Birth of a Supervillain". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Manning 2011, p. 21.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Cohen, Alex (July 16, 2008). "The Joker: Torn Between Goof And Evil". NPR. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Gallagher, Simon (September 1, 2013). "10 Terrible Mistakes That Almost Ruined Batman For Everyone". What Culture. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b c Boucher, Geoff (August 1, 2012). "The Joker returns to 'Batman' pages, building on 72-year history". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Manning 2011, p. 24, 27.
  22. ^ Sullivan, Justin (July 23, 2014). "Batman 75: Marc Tyler Nobleman on 'uncredited co-creator' Bill Finger". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b c d e "The Origins Of! The Joker". Cracked. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Manning 2011, p. 171.
  25. ^ a b Macek III, J.C. (February 26, 2013). "Spotlight on The Dark Knight: 'The Smile on the Bat'". PopMatters. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Manning 2011, p. 173.
  27. ^ a b Parker, John (November 7, 2011). "The Evolution Of The Joker: Still Crazy After All These Years". Comics Alliance. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ a b Cronin, Brian (March 15, 2014). "When We First Met – Joker's Deadly Bag of Tricks". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Eason, Brian K. (July 16, 2008). "Dark Knight Flashback: The Joker, Part II". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 9, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ a b c d e Phillips, Daniel (January 18, 2008). "Rogue's Gallery: The Joker". IGN. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2013. [T]he Joker decides to brand every fish product in Gotham with his trademark grin, going so far as to blackmail and murder copyright officials until he's compensated for his hideous innovation. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ a b Patrick, Seb (July 15, 2008). "10 Essential Joker Stories". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Pearson, Roberta E.; Uricchio, William (1991). "Notes from the Batcave: An Interview with Dennis O'Neil.". The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-85170-276-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ a b c d "Joker Panel Interview: Steve Englehart on The Laughing Fish". The Ongoing Adventures of Rocket Llama. August 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ a b c Phillips, Daniel (December 8, 2008). "Why So Serious?: The Many Looks of Joker (Page 2)". IGN. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Manning 2011, p. 176.
  36. ^ a b Sims, Chris (September 12, 2013). "Bizarro Back Issues: The Joker's Solo Series (1975)". Comics Alliance. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ a b c d Manning 2011, p. 177.
  38. ^ Duncan Smith 2013, p. 380.
  39. ^ a b Sanderson, Peter (May 13, 2005). "Comics in Context #84: Dark Definitive". IGN. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Greenberger and Manning, p. 163: "In this fondly remembered tale that was later adapted into an episode of the 1990s cartoon Batman: The Animated Series, the Joker poisoned the harbors of Gotham so that the fish would all bear his signature grin, a look the Joker then tried to trademark in order to collect royalties."
  41. ^ "Batman Artist Rogers is Dead". Sci Fi. March 28, 2007. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2008. Even though their Batman run was only six issues, the three laid the foundation for later Batman comics. Their stories include the classic 'Laughing Fish' (in which the Joker's face appeared on fish); they were adapted for Batman: The Animated Series in the 1990s. Earlier drafts of the 1989 Batman film with Michael Keaton as the Dark Knight were based heavily on their work {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Manning 2011, p. 182.
  43. ^ Manning 2011, p. 183.
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  50. ^ Greenberger and Manning, p. 38: "Offering keen insight into both the minds of the Joker and Batman, this special is considered by most Batman fans to be the definitive Joker story of all time."
  51. ^ a b c d Manning 2011, p. 188.
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Sources

  • Duncan, Randy; Smith, Matthew J. (2013). Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman, Volume 1. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-39923-7.
  • Langley, Travis (2012). Batman and Psychology: A Dark and Stormy Knight. New York City, New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-16765-6.
  • Manning, Matthew K. (2011). The Joker: A Visual History of the Clown Prince of Crime. Universe Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7893-2247-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Tollin, Anthony (January–February 1975). "Profile on Jerry Robinson - Creator of the Joker". Amazing World of DC Comics. 2 (4). DC Comics. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2014. I felt that Batman needed a supreme arch-villain to test him... Batman didn't need another crime lord like Al Capone. I felt he needed something more exotic: something that would fit in with the mysterious mood of Batman... The strip needed an antagonist that would be more enduring; a continuing conflict in the literary tradition of Holmes and Moriarty or King Arthur and Mordred.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Wikiquote has quotations related to The Joker.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joker (comics).
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