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Lloydminster

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Ssbbplayer (talk | contribs) at 01:39, 21 January 2016 (→Climate: no need to shrink weatherbox since it will not cause excess whitespace due to the infobox). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the electoral districts named for this city, see Lloydminster (electoral district) and Lloydminster (Alberta electoral district).
Lloydminster
City
City of Lloydminster
An aerial view of Lloydminster City Hall looking North along the Alberta / Saskatchewan border
An aerial view of Lloydminster City Hall looking North along the Alberta / Saskatchewan border
Flag of Lloydminster
Flag
Official seal of Lloydminster
Seal
Nicknames: 
"Border City" or "Canada's Border City", "Heavy Oil Capital of Canada"[1][2]
Location of Lloydminster in Alberta and Saskatchewan
Location of Lloydminster in Alberta and Saskatchewan
CountryCanada
ProvincesAlberta (AB)
Saskatchewan (SK)
RegionsCentral Alberta,
West Central Saskatchewan
Census divisions10 (AB), 17 (SK)
Pre-amalg. [3]
incorporation
 - SK Village
 
 - AB Village
 - SK Town

November 25, 1903
 (then within the NWT)
July 6, 1906
April 1, 1907
Amalgamation [3]
 - AB/SK Town
May 22, 1930
Post-amalg. [3]
incorporation
 - AB/SK City

January 1, 1958
Government
[4]
 • MayorRob Saunders
 • Governing body
Lloydminster City Council
  • Ken Baker
  • Lachlan Cummine
  • Linnea Goodhand
  • Chris McQuid
  • Larry Sauer
  • Jason Whiting
 • City ManagerGlenn Carroll
 • MPShannon Stubbs (AB, CPC)
Gerry Ritz (SK, CPC)
 • MLARichard Starke (AB, PC)
Colleen Young (SK, SP)
Area
 (2011)[5][6]
 • City41.53 km2 (16.03 sq mi)
Elevation
[7]
645 m (2,116 ft)
Population
 (2011)[5][6][9]
 • City27,804
 – 18,032 (AB)
 – 9,772 (SK)
 • Density669.5/km2 (1,734/sq mi)
 • Urban
27,804
 • Municipal census (2013)
31,483[8]
 – 20,011 (AB)
 – 11,472 (SK)
Time zoneUTC−7 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (MDT)
Postal code span
T9V (AB), S9V (SK)
Area code(s)306, 587, 639, 780
WebsiteOfficial website

Lloydminster is a Canadian city which has the unusual geographic distinction of straddling the provincial border between Alberta and Saskatchewan.[10] Unlike most such cases (such as Texarkana and Kansas City), Lloydminster is not a pair of twin cities on opposite sides of a border which merely share the same name, but is actually incorporated by both provinces as a single city with a single municipal administration.

History

Barr colonists 1903

Intended to be an exclusively British Utopian settlement centred on the idea of sobriety, the town was founded in 1903 by the Barr Colonists, who came directly from the United Kingdom.[11] At a time when the area was still part of the North-West Territories, the town was located astride the Fourth Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey. This meridian was intended to coincide with 110° west longitude, although the imperfect surveying methods of the time led to the surveyed meridian being placed a few hundred meters west of this longitude.[citation needed]

The town was named for George Lloyd (Anglican Bishop of Saskatchewan), a strong opponent of non-British immigration to Canada. During a nearly disastrous immigration journey, which was badly planned and conducted,[12] he distinguished himself with the colonists and replaced the Barr Colony's leader and namesake Isaac Montgomery Barr during the colonists' journey to the eventual townsite.[citation needed]

The town developed rapidly: by 1904 there was a telegraph office as well as a log church; in 1905 the Lloydminster Daily Times started publication and the first train arrived on July 28.[13]

While provincehood of some sort for the prairie territories was seen as inevitable by 1903, it had been widely expected that only one province would eventually be created instead of two. The colonists were not aware of the federal government's deep-rooted opposition to the creation of a single province and thus had no way of knowing that the Fourth Meridian was under consideration as a future provincial boundary. Had they known, it is very unlikely they would have sited the new settlement on the future border.[citation needed]

When the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created in 1905, the Fourth Meridian was selected as the border, bisecting the town. Caught by surprise, Lloydminster residents petitioned for the new border to be revised so as to encompass the entire town within Saskatchewan, without success.[citation needed]

For the next quarter century, Lloydminster remained two separate towns with two separate municipal administrations. Finally, in 1930 the provincial governments agreed to amalgamate the towns into a single town under shared jurisdiction. The provinces, again jointly, reincorporated Lloydminster as a city in 1958.[citation needed]

Commemorating Lloydminster's distinctive bi-provincial status, a monument consisting of four 100-foot survey markers was erected in 1994 near the city's downtown core.[14]

Although the majority of Lloydminster's population once lived in Saskatchewan, that ratio has long since been reversed; in the Canada 2011 Census, nearly two-thirds of the city's population lived in Alberta. In 2000, the city hall and municipal offices were re-located from Saskatchewan to Alberta.[citation needed]

Since Lloydminster's founders were attempting to create a utopian, temperate society, alcohol was not available in Lloydminster for the first few years after its founding.[citation needed]

Geography

The provincial border runs north to south, falling directly on 50th Avenue (Meridian Avenue) in the centre of Lloydminster. Addresses east of 50th Avenue are considered to be in Lloydminster, Saskatchewan and addresses west of 50th Avenue are considered to be in Lloydminster, Alberta. The city is bordered by the County of Vermilion River, Alberta, on the west, the Rural Municipality (R.M.) of Britannia No. 502, Saskatchewan, on the northeast and the R.M. of Wilton No. 472, Saskatchewan, on the southeast.

Lloydminster is not the only city that straddles a Canadian provincial border. The city of Flin Flon, Manitoba, has a small section that is actually located within Saskatchewan. In the National Capital Region, Ottawa, Ontario, and Gatineau, Quebec, form a single metropolitan area, but they do not form a biprovincial city because there are separate municipalities in each province.

Lloydminster's distinctive situation is reflected in other legal matters, including its time zone. Most of Saskatchewan does not observe daylight saving time, instead staying on Central Standard Time year-round. However, Alberta mandates daylight saving time. Lloydminster's charter allows the city to follow Alberta's use of daylight saving time on both sides of the provincial border in order to keep all clocks within the city in sync. This has the effect of placing Lloydminster and the surrounding area in the Mountain Time Zone along with Alberta. During the summer, the entire province is on UTC−06:00—Mountain Daylight Time in Lloydminster and Central Standard Time in the rest of the province. During the winter, Lloydminster is on Mountain Standard Time with the rest of Alberta, which is UTC−07:00.

The provincial line divides the city in two aspects related to communications. Telephones on the Saskatchewan side are assigned to area codes 306 and 639, the two area codes assigned to that province, while land lines on the Alberta side have numbers in the 780 and 587 area codes, the two area codes assigned to northern Alberta. Similarly, Saskatchewan addresses have a postal code with a forward sortation area designation (first three characters) of "S9V", and addresses in Alberta have postal codes beginning with "T9V". All postal codes in Canada beginning with the letter "S" are assigned to Saskatchewan, and those beginning with "T" belong to Alberta.

Lloydminster was not exempted from recent anti-smoking legislation passed by Saskatchewan's legislature. Citizens responded by initiating a referendum against the wishes of the mayor, as permitted in the charter, which resulted in the enactment of a city-wide anti-smoking bylaw. The matter was made a moot point when Alberta enacted its own anti-smoking legislation, which was the solution that the mayor and council preferred.

Climate

Lloydminster experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb), which approaches a semi-arid (Köppen climate classification Bsk) climate due to the amount of rainfall this city receives. Winters are long, cold and dry, while summers are short, warm and moderately wet. Year-round precipitation is low, with an average of 408 mm.


Climate data for Lloydminster Airport
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 10.4 8.2 18.6 27.1 34.7 39.0 42.5 38.4 32.8 26.5 16.3 9.5 42.5
Record high °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1) 		8.6
(47.5) 		18.6
(65.5) 		27.6
(81.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		37.8
(100.0) 		38.1
(100.6) 		37.4
(99.3) 		31.7
(89.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		14.8
(58.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		38.1
(100.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.6
(14.7) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		9.9
(49.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.7
(69.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.4
(72.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		9.1
(48.4) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		7.5
(45.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −14.3
(6.3) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		4.0
(39.2) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		15.9
(60.6) 		10.3
(50.5) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−12.5
(9.5) 		2.0
(35.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −18.9
(−2.0) 		−16.6
(2.1) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		3.5
(38.3) 		8.5
(47.3) 		10.8
(51.4) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−17.0
(1.4) 		−3.5
(25.7)
Record low °C (°F) −43.3
(−45.9) 		−42.5
(−44.5) 		−36.7
(−34.1) 		−22.6
(−8.7) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−24.0
(−11.2) 		−34.4
(−29.9) 		−40.7
(−41.3) 		−43.3
(−45.9)
Record low wind chill −54.6 −54.5 −49.8 −30.3 −15.7 −4.9 0.0 −6.1 −14.7 −35.8 −50.9 −54.0 −54.6
Average precipitation mm (inches) 15.8
(0.62) 		9.8
(0.39) 		14.4
(0.57) 		26.3
(1.04) 		44.6
(1.76) 		70.6
(2.78) 		75.3
(2.96) 		59.9
(2.36) 		42.3
(1.67) 		17.8
(0.70) 		17.6
(0.69) 		14.4
(0.57) 		408.8
(16.09)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 0.4
(0.02) 		0.2
(0.01) 		1.6
(0.06) 		13.2
(0.52) 		40.8
(1.61) 		70.6
(2.78) 		75.3
(2.96) 		59.7
(2.35) 		40.5
(1.59) 		11.6
(0.46) 		2.3
(0.09) 		0.5
(0.02) 		316.7
(12.47)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 17.0
(6.7) 		9.8
(3.9) 		13.4
(5.3) 		13.4
(5.3) 		4.2
(1.7) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.0) 		1.8
(0.7) 		6.4
(2.5) 		16.7
(6.6) 		15.3
(6.0) 		98.1
(38.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 9.7 7.3 8.0 7.6 10.5 13.2 12.2 10.5 9.0 7.1 9.4 9.8 114.2
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 0.7 0.1 1.1 4.8 9.9 13.2 12.2 10.5 8.7 4.9 1.3 0.6 68.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 9.4 7.4 7.4 3.9 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 3.0 8.7 9.7 51.7
Average relative humidity (%) 74.2 73.0 67.4 48.2 42.4 49.6 53.9 50.2 50.0 54.0 73.3 75.9 59.3
Source: [15]

Demographics

The flags of Saskatchewan and Alberta flanking the flag of Canada in Lloydminster

The City of Lloydminster's 2013 municipal census counted a population of 31,483,[8] an 18.8% increase over its 2009 municipal census population of 26,502.[37] Of the 31,483 residents, 20,011 (64%) lived on the Alberta side and 11,472 (36%) lived on the Saskatchewan side.[8]

In the 2011 Census, the City of Lloydminster had a population of 27,804 living in 10,613 of its 11,453 total dwellings, a 15.7% change from its 2006 population of 24,028. With a land area of 41.53 km2 (16.03 sq mi), it had a population density of 669.5/km2 (1,734.0/sq mi) in 2011.[5][6] Of this total, 18,032 people (65%) lived on the Alberta side and 9,772 (35%) lived on the Saskatchewan side.

According to the Canada 2006 Census, the population was 24,028, of which 15,910 (66.0%) lived in Alberta[38] and 8,118 (34.0%) lived in Saskatchewan.[39] According to the 2001 federal census, the total population of the city was 20,988, of which 13,148 (62.6%) resided in Alberta while 7,840 (37.4%) lived in Saskatchewan.

From 2001 to 2006, the population rose 21.0 per cent on the Alberta side[38] while the Saskatchewan side rose by 3.5 per cent.[39] From 2006 to 2011, however, the population rose 20.4 per cent on the Saskatchewan side,[40] compared to 13.3 per cent on the Alberta side.[41]

The two sides of the city rank 12th in Alberta and 10th in Saskatchewan in municipal population. If the city were entirely in one province or the other, Lloydminster's population would rank ninth in Alberta and fifth in Saskatchewan.

There are substantial demographic differences between the populations on each side of the border, with the population on the Saskatchewan side being substantially younger; the median age on the Saskatchewan side is 26.6,[39] nearly seven years less than the median age of 33.2 on the Alberta side. Even when combining the median ages for both sides of the city, Lloydminster has the youngest median age in all of Canada.[38][42] Also, the specific age group of 20–24 is much more concentrated on the Saskatchewan side. The two sides of the city have virtually identical numbers of people in that age group (1,220 in Saskatchewan,[39] 1,230 in Alberta[38]) even though the total population on the Alberta side is nearly twice that of the Saskatchewan side.

The census agglomeration of Lloydminster includes both parts of the city, as well as the rural municipality of Wilton No. 472, the town of Lashburn, Saskatchewan, and the village of Marshall, Saskatchewan.

About 94% of residents identified English as their first language. More than 1.4% of the population identified French as their first language, while 0.8% identified German, 0.7% identified Ukrainian, and 0.5% identified Cree as their first language learned. The next most common languages were Chinese and Spanish at about 0.3% each.[43]

More than 78 percent of residents identified as Christian at the time of the 2001 census, while over 18 percent indicated that they had no religious affiliation. For specific denominations Statistics Canada found that 31% of residents identified as Roman Catholic, and 44% Protestants of which, 18% identified with the United Church of Canada, more than 7% identified as Anglican, about 5% identified as Lutheran, almost 3% identified as Pentecostal, about 2% identified as Baptist, and just over 1% of the population identified as Eastern Orthodox.[44]

More than 8% of residents identified themselves as aboriginal at the time of the 2006 census.[45]

Visible minorities and Aboriginal population
Canada 2006 Census Population % of Total Population
Visible minority group
Source:[46][47]		 South Asian 120 0.5
Chinese 120 0.5
Black 70 0.3
Filipino 40 0.2
Latin American 80 0.3
Southeast Asian 45 0.2
Arab 30 0.1
West Asian 30 0.1
Korean 20 0.1
Japanese 30 0.1
Mixed visible minority 10 0
Other visible minority 0 0
Total visible minority population 590 2.5
Aboriginal group
Source:[48][49]		 First Nations 740 3.1
Métis 1,205 5.1
Inuit 10 0
Total Aboriginal population 1,980 8.3
White 21,185 89.2
Total population 23,755 100

Economy

Oil and Gas plaque at the Barr Colony Heritage Cultural Centre

The local economy is driven primarily by the petroleum industry. Agriculture remains an important economic activity, although many farmers in the area have been sustained financially by lease payments resulting from oil wells drilled on their land.[citation needed] The Husky Lloydminster Refinery is also located in the community. An issue in business is the sales tax. The only sales tax applicable in Alberta is the federal GST. Saskatchewan has in addition to GST a PST, or provincial sales tax. To ensure that business will not float away from the Saskatchewan side in favour of lower prices in Alberta, PST does not apply in the Saskatchewan side of the city[50] with the exception of hotels, vehicle registration and utility services.


Government

Lloydminster is governed by a seven member city council, consisting of a mayor and six city councillors. The city follows the Saskatchewan schedule when voting in municipal elections.

Residents on the Alberta side are in the electoral district of Vegreville—Wainwright for elections to the federal House of Commons, and Vermilion-Lloydminster for elections to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Residents in Saskatchewan are in Battlefords—Lloydminster federally, and Lloydminster for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.

Taxation

Lloydminster's bi-provincial status has resulted in special provisions regarding provincial taxation within the city limits. The Saskatchewan side of the city is exempt from that province's sales tax, preventing businesses located there from being placed at a disadvantage relative to businesses in Alberta, which has no provincial sales tax [51]. There is no exemption for provincial income tax, which is based solely on the taxpayer's province of residence. Other differences surrounding interprovincial costs are reflected within the treatment of automobile insurance, and housing taxes. For example, a driver under age 25 who lives on the Alberta side will pay approximately 2-3 times the average amount required of a Saskatchewan driver of the same age[52].

Infrastructure

Health care

The Lloydminster Hospital, located on the Saskatchewan side of the city, serves residents of both sides, through an agreement between the Alberta and Saskatchewan governments. This is of note because Alberta's health care system is significantly more privatized than that in Saskatchewan.

Transportation

The city is served by Lloydminster Airport.

Education

Elementary and secondary schools on both sides of the border all use Saskatchewan's curriculum. Lloydminster provides post-secondary education through Lakeland College offering one and two year certificate and diploma programs.

Media

Newspapers
  • Lloydminster Meridian Booster, serves Lloydminster and area, circulating to 15,000 homes. Published Monday, Wednesday and Friday each week.
  • Lloydminster Source is a free weekly newspaper, distributed each Tuesday and Thursday.
Radio
Frequency Call sign Branding Format Owner Notes
AM 540 CBK CBC Radio One Talk radio, public radio Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
FM 95.9 CKSA-FM Lloyd FM Country music Newcap Radio
FM 97.5 CKUA-FM-15 CKUA Radio Variety, public radio CKUA Radio Foundation Rebroadcaster of CKUA-FM (Edmonton)
FM 98.9 CILR-FM – Tourist information Newcap Radio
FM 106.1 CKLM-FM 106.1 The Goat Active rock Newcap Radio
Television

Lloydminster is served by two broadcast television stations, operated as part of a twinstick operation owned by Newcap Radio:

OTA virtual channel (PSIP) OTA actual channel Call sign Network Notes
2.1 2 (VHF) CKSA-DT CBC Television Privately-owned affiliate
4.1 4 (VHF) CITL-DT CTV Privately-owned affiliate

Notable people

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lloydminster.

References

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  2. ^ "Mayor's Office". City of Lloydminster. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
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  4. ^ "Municipal Officials Search". Alberta Municipal Affairs. May 9, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
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  11. ^ Saskatchewan's Top News Stories: Beginnings And Landmarks
  12. ^ Shara Buchan. History of Lloydminster
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  14. ^ City of Lloydminster
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  28. ^ "Population by specified age groups and sex, for census subdivisions, 1966". Census of Canada, 1966. Vol. Population, Specified Age Groups and Sex for Counties and Census Subdivisions, 1966. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1968. p. 6.50-6.53.
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  30. ^ "Table 3: Population for census divisions and subdivisions, 1971 and 1976". 1976 Census of Canada. Census Divisions and Subdivisions, Western Provinces and the Territories. Vol. Volume I: Population, Geographic Distributions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1977. p. 3.40-3.43. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  31. ^ "Table 4: Population and Total Occupied Dwellings, for Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1976 and 1981". 1981 Census of Canada. Vol. Volume II: Provincial series, Population, Geographic distributions (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1982. p. 4.1-4.10. ISBN 0-660-51095-2. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  32. ^ "Table 2: Census Divisions and Subdivisions – Population and Occupied Private Dwellings, 1981 and 1986". Census Canada 1986. Vol. Population and Dwelling Counts – Provinces and Territories (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1987. p. 2.1-2.10. ISBN 0-660-53463-0.
  33. ^ "Table 2: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 and 1991 – 100% Data". 91 Census. Vol. Population and Dwelling Counts – Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1992. p. 100-108. ISBN 0-660-57115-3.
  34. ^ "Table 10: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions, Census Subdivisions (Municipalities) and Designated Places, 1991 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data". 96 Census. Vol. A National Overview – Population and Dwelling Counts. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1997. p. 136-146. ISBN 0-660-59283-5.
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  36. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
  37. ^ "2009 Census". City of Lloydminster. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  38. ^ a b c d "2006 Community Profiles: Lloydminster (Part), Alberta". Statistics Canada. March 13, 2007.
  39. ^ a b c d "2006 Community Profiles: Lloydminster (Part), Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. March 13, 2007.
  40. ^ Statistics Canada. 2012. Lloydminster (Part), Saskatchewan (Code 4717029) and Division No. 17, Saskatchewan (Code 4717) (table). Census Profile. 2011 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-XWE. Ottawa. Released February 8, 2012. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
  41. ^ Statistics Canada. 2012. Lloydminster (Part), Alberta (Code 4810039) and Division No. 10, Alberta (Code 4810) (table). Census Profile. 2011 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-XWE. Ottawa. Released February 8, 2012. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
  42. ^ Age and Sex Highlight Tables, 2006 Census[dead link]
  43. ^ "Lloydminster". Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 2006 Censuses – 20% Sample Data. Statistics Canada. 2007-11-20. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  44. ^ "Lloydminster". Religion (95A), Age Groups (7A) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1991 and 2001 Censuses – 20% Sample Data. Statistics Canada. 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  45. ^ "Lloydminster". Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data. Statistics Canada. 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  46. ^ [1], Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision
  47. ^ [2], Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision
  48. ^ [3], Aboriginal Peoples - Data table
  49. ^ [4], Aboriginal Peoples - Data table
  50. ^ http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/english/Regulations/Regulations/F13-4R23.PDF
  51. ^ http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/english/Regulations/Regulations/F13-4R23.PDF
  52. ^ http://http://www.financialpost.com/story.html?id=3ca0b10e-bbce-44d6-960a-e3189a0ad5f6&p=1
  53. ^ http://www.friends.ca/news-item/3972
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