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PNR South Long Haul project
The South Long Haul project map as of April 2021. This does not include some minor stations such as Banlic or Ibaan.
Overview
StatusApproved
OwnerDepartment of Transportation
LocaleSouth Luzon
Termini
Stations35
Service
TypeInter-city rail
SystemPhilippine National Railways
Services3
Operator(s)Philippine National Railways
Depot(s)San Pablo, Tagkawayan and Daraga
Rolling stockDiesel locomotives and diesel multiple units
Daily ridership100,000
History
Opened1916 (PNR South Main Line)
Closed2014
Reopened2022
Technical
Line length639 km (397 mi)[a]
Track length639 km (397 mi)[a]
Number of tracksSingle-track[b]
CharacterGrade-separated[c]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) dual gauge[d]
Minimum radius300 m (980 ft)
ElectrificationNone
Operating speed160 km/h (99 mph)[e]
SignallingETCS Level 1
Route map

Legend
 To Tutuban  NSCR 
Sucat
 NSCR 
Other NSCR stations
Metro Manila
Calabarzon
 Other NSCR stations
Mamatid  NSCR 
Banlic
Banlic Railyard  NSCR 
To Calamba  NSCR 
San Cristobal River
San Juan River
Bucal
Los Baños
Bay viaduct
Batangas branch
San Antonio
Rosario
Ibaan
Tinga Labac
Batangas Passenger Terminal
San Pablo
San Pablo Railyard
Candelaria
Iyam River
Lucena
Dumacaa River
Pagbilao
Agdangan
Gumaca
Lopez
Calauag
Sumulong River
Tagkawayan
Tagkawayan Railyard
Calabarzon
Bicol Region
 Sabang River
Liboro
Lohong River
Lupi
Libmanan River (Lupi crossing)
Sipocot
Libmanan
Libmanan River (Libmanan crossing)
Bicol River
Naga
Pawili River
Pili
Waras River
Iriga
Antipolo/Libis River
Agos River
Polangui
Tobgon River
Ligao
Cabilogan River
Guinobatan
Daraga
Daraga Railyard
Legazpi branch
Legazpi
Castilla
Sorsogon
Casiguran
Irosin
Matnog
This diagram:

The PNR South Long Haul Project, also known as PNR Bicol, is the project title of a proposed inter-city rail line to be built by the Philippine National Railways in southern Luzon, Philippines. Along with the North–South Commuter Railway's NSCR South section between Solis and Calamba, the two projects form the PNR South Luzon Railways program. The program aims to rebuild PNR's network south of Tutuban station with most of the stations being located in areas south of the Pasig River.

The South Long Haul project in particular involves the reconstruction of the intercity line from Sucat station in Metro Manila to Daraga station in Daraga, Albay, as well as extending it to Matnog, Sorsogon. Once completed, its name will be reverted into the PNR South Main Line.

History

Background

Main article: PNR South Main Line
The Manila Railroad celebrated the first Manila–Legazpi Bicol Express on May 8, 1938.

The South Main Line was first proposed in 1875 as part of the plan for the Luzon railway network.[1] The line was first opened as the Main Line South in 1916 and its first named service was the Lucena Express to Lucena, Quezon.[2][3] The Bicol Express opened three years later in 1919. Several more segments were constructed into Quezon province and the Bicol Region, including a new line called the Legazpi Division. The two sections were then connected by a train ferry.[4] On May 8, 1938, the two sections were officially linked with President Manuel L. Quezon hammering the golden spike at Del Gallego, Camarines Sur.

During its peak in 1941, the line also had branches in Batangas as the Batangas City line and eastern Laguna province as the Pagsanjan line. The line was also known to carry mixed trains as late as 1968, when PNR operated a short-lived refrigerated car service carrying produce with the 1968 eruption of the Mayon Volcano being the cause of its cancellation.[5] According to the PNR, post-war services peaked between the late 1960s and the early 1970s, and the South Main Line enjoyed a daily ridership of 7,560 passengers being carried by 36 passenger railcars.[2]

Ridership eventually declined as buses were the favored transit mode out of Metro Manila. The new Maharlika Highway system was being built around the country starting in the 1970s which accelerated the demise of rail travel. Its northern counterpart was closed in 1988, and the South Main Line continued to operate as the sole inter-city rail line in the Philippines. After a derailment in Padre Burgos, Quezon in 2004 made the Philippine National Railways to cancel all intercity services until 2011,[6] when both the Bicol Express to Legazpi and the Isarog Limited to Naga returned to service. The services were short-lived and were terminated again the following year after a derailment in nearby Sariaya, and services were intermittent since then.[7] The Aquino administration purchased rail ties to rehabilitate the rails in the area of Hondagua station in 2015 as part of the first South Main Line rebuild, but the ties were left to rot on the yards of a train station in Muntinlupa by 2019.[8]

During the Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon, the South Main Line was used to carry so-called locally-stranded individuals or people stranded outside their hometown during the lockdowns. They were sent home on express trains to the Bicol Region under the Balik Probinsya, Bagong Pag-asa (lit. Return to the Country Side, New Hope) program.

Development

By 2015, a proposal was presented to PNR and will be built as-is. The narrow gauge line would have had a maximum speed of 75 km/h (47 mph) and was eventually rejected.[9] In 2017, another proposal was presented as a standard-gauge line and was promoted by president Rodrigo Duterte. The new standard-gauge line was announced in 2018 and would have had a maximum speed of 120 km/h (75 mph).[10] In 2019, the line is announced to have a maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and the new Bicol Express train will have an average speed of 107 km/h (66 mph). The line was initially set to fully open by 2026.[11]

In December 2019, PNR ordered diesel multiple units from CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive.[12] The order was cancelled in February 2021 due to the latter's failure to submit post-bid documents.[13]

Construction

Construction is yet to begin on the system. On March 3, 2021, AECOM Philippines requested the local governments that occupy the project's right-of-way to provide information for their environmental impact assessment which will be conducted between March and June 2021.[14] On April 21, the Presidential Commission for the Urban Poor-Luzon along with the Department of Transportation and local governments held a conference regarding the identification of affected private property and resettlement of households whose houses are located on the right-of-way of the line.[15] On May 7, the Philippine Railway Institute published the latest map for the project that was initially approved by the Department of Transportation on March 31. This changed the separation point of the Batangas branch line from Tiaong, Quezon to somewhere between Calauan and Bay, Laguna.[16]

Phases

Construction will be divided into five phases and construction on the first phase will start by 2021:

  • Phase 1 is the reconstruction of the bulk of the old South Main Line. It will be between Banlic in Cabuyao, Laguna and Daraga in Daraga, Albay. It will have 23 stations and the total line length will be 414.3 km (257.4 mi). The line's main railyard and maintenance depot will be located near San Pablo station in Laguna,[17] while according to ArcGIS, smaller railyards will be built in Tagkawayan and Daraga. Construction is expected by May 2021 and completion is set by the second quarter of 2022.[18]
  • Phase 2 will be the expansion of Phase 1 to Legazpi, Albay and Matnog, Sorsogon. Legazpi station will be served by a dedicated branch line from the new Daraga station located outside the town center, while the new main line will have 5 stations ending in Matnog. The combined length of the lines will be 117 kilometers (73 miles).[19]
  • Phase 3 will be the reconstruction of the Batangas branch which was deactivated before 1986.[20] A new right of way will be used since the old line was planned for the NSCR South Phase 2 to Batangas City.[21] As of April 2021, the branch will separate from the mainline between Los Baños and San Pablo stations. It will pass through Lipa City and the towns of Rosario and Ibaan before terminating at the Batangas International Port with at least 5 stations and a length of 44.8 kilometers (27.8 miles).
  • Phase 4 will be from Sucat to Banlic. There will be no intermediate stations and will have a total length of 38 kilometers (24 miles).
  • A future reconstruction of the PNR Metro Commuter Line's South section between Tutuban and Sucat will happen after the construction of the NSCR South. It will have a total length of 25 kilometers (16 miles). Although passenger services shall terminate at Sucat, freight services shall be extended to Tutuban. This is particularly due to the planned freight services between the Port of Manila and the Batangas International Port to be served by the Batangas branch line.[22]
  • An extension to Daet, Camarines Norte is also considered. Trains will travel southeast towards the direction of Matnog.[22] Its length is yet to be determined since it is not part of the present South Long haul proposal.

The completed line will be around 639 kilometers (397 miles) long including the Tutuban–Sucat reconstruction of the Metro Commuter Line but not the Daet branch line.

Design

The new South Main Line will be built primarily at-grade similar to the old line. However, alignments were changed to allow higher maximum speeds, especially in Camarines Sur and Quezon province where tunnels will be built. Elevated sections will also be built between Cabuyao and Los Baños, Laguna, and bridges will be built on sections that cross rivers and steep gorges.[23]

The line shall be equipped with the European Rail Traffic Management System and ETCS Level 1 will be adopted on the line.

PNR Metro Commuter Line rehabilitation

As of 2021, only a section of the line between Sucat and IRRI stations is planned to be restored under the South Long Haul project. The present right-of-way of the Metro Commuter will be used for the NSCR South, while a new one will be built to the east of the NSCR.[24] For the meantime, a temporary line will be built during its construction. It will be located up to 10 meters (33 feet) east of the construction site to allow for PNR to continue operating.[25]

According to earlier news articles published by the Philippine News Agency, there are still plans to rebuild the Metro Commuter line towards Tutuban.[26] There are also plans to rebuild the existing North Main Line infrastructure to a single-track line to be located beside the NSCR North Phase 1.[27] This section will be primarily used by freight trains, although existing rolling stock will still be allowed as a transport redundancy measure.[26]

Additionally, there is an issue of conflicting track gauges between the existing narrow-gauge stock and the proposed infrastructure that is in standard gauge. This caused delays to the North–South Commuter Railway and the PNR South Long Haul. Revisions to the proposal, which included conversion to standard gauge were scrapped due to increased amount of land to be acquired for the project. The use of standard gauge was eventually approved and in 2017, the workaround strategy is to utilize dual gauge track where the right-of-way of the newly-proposed projects meets existing infrastructure.[28] This would include new trainsets from Industri Kereta Api (PT INKA) which entered service between 2019 and 2020.

Through an interview with Motoring Today on February 7, 2021, PNR general manager Junn Magno expressed his intent of extending the line towards Tutuban. This is because of the aforementioned service between the Port of Manila and the Batangas International Port.[22]

Rolling stock

The Philippine National Railways announced through a press conference on March 5, 2021 that the new South Main Line will use 64 railcars to be arranged into eight 8-car trainsets.[18] This was after the agency cancelled its order of twenty-one[29] 3-car trainsets from CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive for the upcoming Bicol Express service.[13] Whether it will be a diesel multiple unit or a diesel locomotive-hauled train will be determined after PNR's consultant for the project has revised their feasibility study.[18]

Two Chinese designs are being considered for freight services. The first is the CNR CKD9, a cab forward design based on the New Zealand DL class locomotive made by CRRC Dalian. This will have a dual cab similar to the PNR 9000 class locomotives due to its orientation. The other is a conventional cab hood unit design based on the South African Class 45-000. It is CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive and CRRC Dalian's derivative of the GE Evolution series. The design would be similar with the older PNR 900 class, predecessor to the 9000 class. One scale model each were given for both the DL class and Class 45-000 by then-CNR Dalian to the Department of Transportation prior to the handover of the MRTC Class 3100 light rail vehicles.[22]

The actual locomotives to be used are yet to be determined. Currently, promotional material for future PNR freight services uses an image of the China Railways HXN5 for reference.[30]

Electrification

There are no plans to electrify this line in the near future unlike the other PNR projects such as NSCR, the PNR North Long Haul and the Mindanao Railway. There is a planned extension of the NSCR South to the right-of-way of the defunct Batangas branch. This line is reserved for 1,500 V DC electrification as part of the standard requirements for the NSCR.[21][31] Meanwhile, the South Long Haul will be built on a new right-of-way separate from the NSCR in both the new Batangas branch under Phase 3 and the Sucat–Banlic station under Phase 4.[32]

Services

There will be four types of services on the new South Main Line. The following are:[11]

  • Bicol Express: The sixth Bicol Express would be PNR's flagship service. It will be a limited express service that will only stop at major stations that serve provincial capitals. It will use specialized rolling stock like its previous incarnations.
  • Bicol Commuter: A new Bicol Commuter service will serve on the line. The maximum speed for this service is 120 km/h (75 mph). As an interim measure, the DOTr planned to transfer ex-JR East rolling stock from the Metro Commuter Line to be used in this area once all these older railcars and locomotives have been refurbished. This is to continue operating the current service and expand it to its former expanse between Ragay and Legazpi stations.[33] Meanwhile, the Metro Manila line will only operate newer rolling stock from Hyundai Rotem and PT INKA.
  • Regional Express: A regional rail service as well as an express train between Quezon province and the Bicol Region. It is ranked below the Bicol Express and above the Bicol Commuter in terms of priority. Its rolling stock is yet to be determined.
  • Freight services: Refer to the subsection below.

Freight services

The new South Main Line aims to connect major seaport cities in southern Luzon,[34] and freight trains are also expected to serve the new South Main Line.[23] It will have a maximum speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).[11] Three known freight services have been identified:

  1. A service from the Manila International Container Terminal to a facility owned by International Container Terminal Services (ICTSI) in Calamba, Laguna was originally proposed in 2016 by both ICTSI and Meralco subsidiary MRail, which also supervised the maintenance of the PNR 900 class. The proposed service also hoped for the operation of 180 freight cars and six locomotives. Negotiations between PNR and the two private operators as late as 2019 but no plans have been implemented as of 2021.[35]
  2. A service to and from the Batangas International Port will also be included as part of the proposal. Originally proposed to decongest the highways leading to Manila, it has been confirmed that the PNR will reintroduce freight services on the branch line by February 2021.[22] name The PNR is conducting cost reassessment with the National Economic and Development Authority, environmental impact studies and land surveys as of March 2021.[18][34]
  3. A freight service to the Bicol Region has also been under consideration, and test runs carrying personal protective equipment were conducted in the midst of the Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon in 2020 but using passenger DMUs. By November, old PNR equipment such as the 14 class sleepers and its remaining freight cars were moved from the Tutuban railyard in Manila to Calamba station in Laguna in preparation for the arrival of the 9000 class locomotives and 8300 class coaches.

High-speed capability

According to DOTr Undersecretary for Railways Timothy Batan, recently proposed railroads such as the South Long Haul are made with future high-speed rail development in mind.[36] The proposed line is capable of reaching 160 kilometers per hour (99 miles per hour) and with the Bicol Express trains will have an average speed of 107 km/h (66 mph) which would be classified in other countries as higher-speed rail.[37]

Station layout

Most stations in the South Long Haul project will be built at-grade. Based on publicly available information regarding Phase 1 however, three stations will be built elevated: Banlic, Bucal and Lucena. Bucal station will be built over two roads while Lucena station will be built at its current location near its Poblacion. Some parts of Banlic station and its northward extension to Sucat under Phase 4 will be built over private property, which is caused by the present Metro Commuter right-of way being superseded by the NSCR South. Additionally, tracks on the will be built around 10 meters (33 feet) to the east of the NSCR line.[38] Some stations were also relocated to avoid downtown areas. The new Naga station for example was built 1.77 km (1.10 mi) southeast of it old location in Barangay Tabuco both to avoid causing traffic in its city center and to decrease its railway curvature.

The main railyard for Phase 1 will be built near San Pablo station,[18] and smaller facilities will be built near the new Tagkawayan and Daraga stations.

Stations

The following are the stations of the new South Main Line as included in Phase 1.

Station Coordinates Town/City Province Character No. of Tracks Transfers
Banlic 14°36′23″N 121°09′00″E / 14.60639°N 121.15000°E / 14.60639; 121.15000 Cabuyao Laguna Elevated 2  NSCR  Mamatid
Bucal 14°11′17″N 121°10′08″E / 14.18806°N 121.16889°E / 14.18806; 121.16889 Calamba 2 None
Los Baños 14°09′56″N 121°15′21″E / 14.16556°N 121.25583°E / 14.16556; 121.25583 Los Baños At-grade 2
San Pablo 14°02′53″N 121°18′33″E / 14.04806°N 121.30917°E / 14.04806; 121.30917 San Pablo 4
Candelaria 13°55′27″N 121°26′22″E / 13.92417°N 121.43944°E / 13.92417; 121.43944 Candelaria Quezon 2
Lucena 13°55′36″N 121°36′53″E / 13.92667°N 121.61472°E / 13.92667; 121.61472 Lucena Elevated 4
Pagbilao 13°57′20″N 121°40′57″E / 13.95556°N 121.68250°E / 13.95556; 121.68250 Pagbilao At-grade 2
Agdangan 13°52′35″N 121°55′04″E / 13.87639°N 121.91778°E / 13.87639; 121.91778 Agdangan 2
Gumaca 13°54′15″N 122°05′16″E / 13.90417°N 122.08778°E / 13.90417; 122.08778 Gumaca 2
Lopez 13°53′23″N 122°15′12″E / 13.88972°N 122.25333°E / 13.88972; 122.25333 Lopez 2
Caluag 13°57′14″N 122°18′08″E / 13.95389°N 122.30222°E / 13.95389; 122.30222 Caluag 2
Tagkawayan 13°58′03″N 122°31′36″E / 13.96750°N 122.52667°E / 13.96750; 122.52667 Tagkawayan 2
Liboro 13°48′58″N 122°45′41″E / 13.81611°N 122.76139°E / 13.81611; 122.76139 Ragay Camarines Sur 2
Lupi 13°46′19″N 122°51′32″E / 13.77194°N 122.85889°E / 13.77194; 122.85889 Lupi 2
Sipocot 13°45′44″N 122°58′40″E / 13.76222°N 122.97778°E / 13.76222; 122.97778 Spiocot 2
Libmanan 13°42′04″N 123°03′09″E / 13.70111°N 123.05250°E / 13.70111; 123.05250 Libmanan 2
Naga 13°36′27″N 123°11′49″E / 13.60750°N 123.19694°E / 13.60750; 123.19694 Naga 4
Pili 13°33′45″N 123°15′57″E / 13.56250°N 123.26583°E / 13.56250; 123.26583 Pili 2
Iriga 13°24′14″N 123°23′55″E / 13.40389°N 123.39861°E / 13.40389; 123.39861 Iriga 2
Polangui 13°17′07″N 123°29′34″E / 13.28528°N 123.49278°E / 13.28528; 123.49278 Polangui Albay 2
Ligao 13°14′32″N 123°32′42″E / 13.24222°N 123.54500°E / 13.24222; 123.54500 Ligao 2
Guinobatan 13°09′55″N 123°35′54″E / 13.16528°N 123.59833°E / 13.16528; 123.59833 Guinobatan 2
Daraga 13°07′45″N 123°40′41″E / 13.12917°N 123.67806°E / 13.12917; 123.67806 Daraga 4

Notes

  1. ^ a b Total line length, including Phases 2 to 5 but not the Daet branch.
  2. ^ With passing sidings at stations.
  3. ^ With tunneled sections in Quezon and Camarines Sur and elevated viaduct sections in Laguna
  4. ^ Refer to the design section for more information.
  5. ^ Operational speed for the Bicol Express train. Up to 120 km/h (75 mph) for commuter services and 80–100 km/h (50–62 mph) for freight.

References

  1. ^ "Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan – Plan General de Ferrocarriles de la Isla de Luzón – Filipinas". Spanish Railway (in Spanish). November 13, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Corporate Profile". Philippine National Railways. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  3. ^ Jerez, Luis (1917). "The Nationalization of the Philippine Railroads". Philippine Review. 2: 259. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  4. ^ Report of the General Manager for the year ended December 31, 1940. Reports of the General Manager, Manila Railroad Company (Report). 1946.
  5. ^ "Refrigerated car". The Manila Times. June 6, 1967. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  6. ^ Agence France-Presse (November 25, 2004). "Probe rules out terrorism, sabotage in PNR accident". The Manila Times. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  7. ^ "PNR eyes revival of Bicol Express by September". July 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  8. ^ 24 Oras (May 21, 2019). "24 Oras: Libu-libong sementadong materyales". GMA Network. Retrieved April 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ NORTH-SOUTH RAILWAY PROJECT – SOUTH LINE Project Information Memorandum (PDF) (Report). Department of Transportation and Communications. August 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  10. ^ Hallare, Jorge (August 18, 2018). "P175-B 'total transformation' of PNR Manila-Legazpi to start 2019". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  11. ^ a b c "Bidding Document, PNR South Long Haul Project" (PDF). Sinpro.cz. Department of Transportation (Philippines). August 8, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  12. ^ Altea, Sally (January 8, 2020). "DOTR: Contract of new trains for PNR Bicol signed". Philippine Infomration Agency. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  13. ^ a b "Philippine National Railways terminates CRRC DMU contract". International Rail Journal. March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  14. ^ AECOM EIA letter. March 3, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  15. ^ PNR South Long Haul Project Presentation. Presidential Commission for the Urban Poor Luzon (PCUP-Luzon). April 21, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  16. ^ PNR South Long Haul Map as of March 31. Philippine Railway Institute. May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  17. ^ Department of Transportation (Philippines) and Albay Governor Joey Salceda (February 22, 2021). Project Components. Mindanao Railway Watchers. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d e Rosal, Noel (March 6, 2021). "Briefing on PNR south long haul project". www.facebook.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  19. ^ "Bicol Airport to open, PNR South on track". Manila Standard (Auto-generated article). January 27, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  20. ^ TECHNICAL REPORT No. 3: URBAN / TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT CONDITION IN ADJOINING AREAS (PDF). METRO MANILA URBAN TRANSPORTATION INTEGRATION STUDY (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency. March 1999. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  21. ^ a b "Roadmap for Transport Infrastructure Development for Metro Manila and its Surrounding Areas (Region III and Region IV-A)" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. March 30, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  22. ^ a b c d e The Status of PNR Projects and Plans in 2021: Motoring Forum (16:9) (YouTube) (in Tagalog). February 7, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  23. ^ a b "TREN MULA MANILA HANGGANG BICOL, SISIMULAN NA AYON SA PNR". YouTube (in Tagalog). BHTV News Philippines. November 27, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  24. ^ "General Bid Bulletin No.6" (PDF). www.ps-philgeps.gov.ph. Department of Transportation (Philippines). January 7, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  25. ^ "NORTH SOUTH COMMUTER RAILWAY EXTENSION PROJECT". www.dotr.gov.ph. Department of Transportation (Philippines). November 21, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  26. ^ a b Parrocha, Azer (August 14, 2019). "Completed railway assets to ease traffic by 25%: DOTr". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  27. ^ Embankment Locations. NSTren Consortium. October 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  28. ^ "NSRP South gauge change costly, to delay project further". BusinessMirror. August 2, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  29. ^ Laurel, Drei (December 18, 2019). "DOTr: Additional PNR trains by 2021 to cut travel time to Bicol by 80%". www.topgear.com.ph. TopGear Philippines.
  30. ^ "Project Details". www.build.gov.ph. October 20, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  31. ^ "North-South Railway Project, Philippines". Railway Technology. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  32. ^ "General Bid Bulletin No.6: SOUTH COMMUTER RAILWAY PROJECT FOR PACKAGES CP S-04, CP S-05, CP S-06, AND CP S-07; CONSTRUCTION OF CIVIL STRUCTURES: VIADUCTS, BRIDGES, NINE (9) STATIONS, AND DEPOT" (PDF). PROCUREMENT SERVICE - PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT SYSTEM, Department of Finance (Philippines). January 7, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  33. ^ Valdez, Denise (May 30, 2018). "PNR buys 7 new train sets from Indonesia". BusinessWorld. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  34. ^ a b "P175-B South Railway project to start Q2 2019". November 4, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  35. ^ "DOTr to revive Manila-Laguna cargo rail project". Manila Standard. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  36. ^ "FACT CHECK: No, this is not a map of the Philippines' high-speed rail system". ABS-CBN News. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  37. ^ "Towards Improving Connectivity Between the Bicol and Calabarzon Regions". nro5.neda.gov.ph. National Economic and Development Authority. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  38. ^ PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN (PDF). The Supplementary Survey on North South Commuter Rail Project (Phase II-A) in the Republic of the Philippines (FINAL REPORT) (Report). Vol. Chapter 5. Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
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