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PAK FA
T-50
A T-50 flies at the MAKS 2011 air show
Role Stealth multirole fighter
National origin Russia
Manufacturer NAPO, KnAAPO
Designer Sukhoi
First flight 29 January 2010[1]
Introduction December 2016[2]
Status Flight testing/pre-production
Primary users Russian Air Force
Russian Navy[3]
Produced 2009–present
Number built 5 prototypes[4]
Variants Sukhoi/HAL FGFA

The PAK FA (Template:Lang-ru, Template:Lang-ru, Perspektivny Aviatsionny Kompleks Frontovoy Aviatsii, literally "Prospective Airborne Complex of Frontline Aviation") is a fifth-generation fighter programme of the Russian Air Force. The T-50 is the aircraft designed by Sukhoi for the PAK FA programme. The aircraft is a stealthy, single-seat, twin-engine jet fighter, and will be the first operational aircraft in Russian Air Force service to use stealth technology.[5] It is a multirole combat aircraft that can be used for both air superiority and ground attack missions.[6][7]

The T-50 is intended to be the successor to the MiG-29 and Su-27 in the Russian Air Force and serve as the basis of the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA being developed with India.[8][9] The aircraft combines supersonic cruise, stealth, maneuverability, and advanced avionics and software to overcome legacy fighter aircraft as well as ground and maritime defences. The T-50 prototype first flew on 29 January 2010 and the aircraft is slated to enter service in the Russian Air Force in 2016.[10] The prototypes and initial production batch will be delivered with heavily upgraded models of the AL-31F used by the Su-27 family as interim engines while a new clean-sheet design powerplant is currently under development. It is expected to have a service life of up to 35 years.[11]

Development

Origins

Main article: Post-PFI Soviet/Russian aircraft projects

In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union outlined a need for a next-generation aircraft that would enter service in the 1990s. The Soviet fighter project was designated the I-90 (Template:Lang-ru, Istrebitel, "Fighter") and the fighter was required to have substantial ground attack capabilities and would eventually replace the MiG-29s and Su-27s in frontline tactical aviation service. The subsequent program designed to meet these requirements, the MFI (Template:Lang-ru, Template:Lang-ru, Mnogofunksionalni Frontovoy Istrebitel, "Multifunctional Frontline Fighter"), resulted in Mikoyan being selected to develop the MiG 1.44.[12] Though not a participant in the MFI, Sukhoi started its own program in the early 1990s to develop technologies for a next-generation fighter aircraft, resulting in the S-37, later designated as the Su-47. Due to chronic lack of funds after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the MiG 1.44 program was repeatedly delayed and the first flight of the prototype did not occur until 2000, nine years behind schedule.[12] The MiG 1.44 was subsequently canceled and a new program for a next-generation fighter, PAK FA, was initiated. The requirements of the new program reflected the capabilities of Western developments in fighter aircraft, such as the Eurofighter Typhoon and F-22 Raptor. In a competition between Sukhoi, Mikoyan, and Yakovlev, Sukhoi was chosen in 2002 as the winner of the PAK FA competition and would lead the design of the new combat aircraft.[13]

To reduce developmental risk and spread out the cost of technology development of the PAK FA, as well as to bridge the gap between it and previous generation fighters, some of its new technology and features were developed and implemented in the 4.5-generation Sukhoi Su-35S fighter aircraft, an advanced variant of the Su-27 developed from c.2005. The Su-35S and T-50 would share technology in propulsion and avionics.[14][15] The Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association (NAPO) is manufacturing the new multirole fighter at Komsomol'sk-on-Amur along with Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association (KnAAPO), and final assembly is to take place at Komsomol'sk-on-Amur.[16][17]

The Tekhnokompleks Scientific and Production Center, Ramenskoye Instrument Building Design Bureau, the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP), the Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant (UOMZ) in Yekaterinburg, the Polet firm in Nizhny Novgorod and the Central Scientific Research Radio Engineering Institute in Moscow were pronounced winners in the competition held in early 2003 for the development of the avionics suite. NPO Saturn is the lead contractor for the interim engines while Saturn and MMPP Salyut will compete for the definitive second stage engines.[18]

Procurement

In 2007, Russia and India agreed to jointly develop the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft Programme (FGFA) for India.[19][20][21] In September 2010, it was reported that India and Russia had agreed on a preliminary design contract where each country invests $6 billion; development of the FGFA fighter was expected to take 8–10 years.[22] The agreement on the preliminary design was to be signed in December 2010.[23]

T-50 with landing gear down, April 2010
Sukhoi T-50 stealth multirole aircraft at MAKS-2011 airshow

The Russian Air Force is expected to procure more than 150 PAK FA aircraft, the first of which is slated to be delivered in 2016.[24][25] India planned on acquiring modified PAK FA as a part of its Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) program. It originally planned on buying 166 single-seat and 44 two-seat variants, but this has since been reduced to 144 single-seat aircraft due to cost.[26] The Russian Defence Ministry plan on purchasing the first 10 evaluation example aircraft after 2012 and then 60 production standard aircraft after 2016.[27][28][29] The Russian Air Force plans on receiving 55 aircraft by 2020.[30] Due to the aircraft's complexity and rising costs, the Russian Air Force will retain large fleets of fourth-generation Sukhoi Su-27 and Su-35S to supplement the PAK FA in frontline aviation.[31]

Flight testing

On 8 August 2007, Russian Air Force Commander-in-Chief (CinC) Alexander Zelin was quoted by Russian news agencies that the development stage of the PAK FA program was complete and construction of the first aircraft for flight testing would begin.[32] Zelin also said that by 2009 there would be three fifth-generation aircraft ready. "All of them are currently undergoing tests and are more or less ready," he said.[33] In mid-2009 the design was approved.[13]

The T-50's maiden flight was repeatedly postponed from early 2007 after encountering unspecified technical problems. In August 2009, Alexander Zelin acknowledged that problems with the engine and in technical research remained unsolved.[34] On 28 February 2009, Mikhail Pogosyan announced that the airframe was almost finished and that the first prototype should be ready by August 2009.[35] On 20 August 2009, Pogosyan said that the first flight would be by year's end. Konstantin Makiyenko, deputy head of the Moscow-based Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies said that "even with delays", the aircraft would likely make its first flight by January or February, adding that it would take five to ten years for commercial production.[36]

On 8 December 2009, Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov announced that the first trials with the fifth-generation aircraft would begin in 2010.[37] The first taxi test was successfully completed on 24 December 2009.[38][39][40] Flight testing of the T-50 began with T-50-1, the first prototype aircraft, on 29 January 2010.[41] Piloted by Hero of the Russian Federation Sergey Bogdan, the aircraft's 47-minute maiden flight took place at KnAAPO's Dzemgi Airport in the Russian Far East.[42][43][44][45] By 31 August 2010, it had made 17 flights and by mid-November, 40 flights in total.

The second T-50 was to start its flight test by the end of 2010, but this was delayed until early 2011.[46][47][46][48] On 3 March 2011, the second aircraft completed a 44-minute test flight.[46] These first two aircraft will lack radar and weapon control systems. The third and fourth aircraft, first flown in 2011 and 2012, are fully functional test aircraft.[49] On 14 March 2011, the aircraft achieved supersonic flight at a test range near Komsomolsk-on-Amur.[50]

T-50 flying at MAKS 2011

The T-50 was displayed publicly for the first time at the 2011 MAKS Airshow. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin was in attendance.[51][52] In June 2011, an unauthorized video was made of the Sukhoi PAK FA in flight displaying a variety of aerobatic moves.[53] On 3 November 2011, the PAK FA program achieved its 100th flight.[54] More than 20 test flights were made in the next nine months.[55]

The third prototype, T-50-3, was the first prototype to fly with an AESA radar. Originally scheduled for the end of 2011, these flights occurred in August 2012, and showed performance comparable to existing radars.[56][57] On 22 November 2011, T-50-3 took its first flight from KnAAPO's airfield in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, piloted by Sergey Bogdan. The aircraft spent over an hour in the air, and was subjected to basic stability and powerplant checks.[58] It differs from the other prototypes in the way it lacks a pitot tube. All 14 test aircraft are scheduled to fly by 2015.[59]

The fourth prototype had its first flight on 12 December 2012[60] and joined the other three aircraft in testing near Moscow a month later.[61][62] By the end of 2013, five T-50 prototypes were flown, with the fifth prototype having its first flight on 27 October 2013; with this flight the program has amassed more than 450 flights.[63] The first aircraft for State testing was delivered on 21 February 2014.[64] However the VVS lacks facilities for testing some of the aircraft's performance parameters.[65]

Design

Overview

Prototype T-50 in flight

The PAK FA is a fifth generation multirole fighter aircraft and the first operational stealth aircraft for the Russian Air Force. Although most information is classified, sources within in the Sukhoi and Defense Ministry have openly stated that the aircraft will be stealthy, have supercruise capability, incorporate substantial amount of composite materials, and possess advanced avionics such as active phased array radar and sensor fusion.[7][66][17] It is to be outfitted with the next generation of air-to-air, air-to-surface, and anti-ship missiles.[67]

The T-50 has a blended wing-body designed to accommodate main weapons bays between the engines, and incorporates all-moving vertical stabilizers and horizontal elevators. The all-moving vertical tails also serve as the airbrake. The aircraft has adjustable leading-edge vortex controllers (LEVCONs) designed to control vortices generated by the leading edge root extensions. The LEVCONs can be used for trim and improving high angle of attack behaviour, as well as allowing quick stall recovery if the thrust vectoring system fails.[68] The two engines incorporate thrust vectoring (TVC) nozzles whose rotational axes are each canted at an angle, similar to the nozzle arrangement used by the Su-35S. Thrust vectoring nozzles themselves operate in only one plane, but the canting allows the aircraft to produce both roll and yaw by vectoring each engine nozzle differently. The aircraft inlet incorporates variable intake ramps for increased supersonic engine efficiency and retractable mesh screens to prevent foreign object debris from being ingested into the engines.[69] In the T-50's design, Sukhoi addressed what it perceived to be the F-22's limitations, such as the Raptor's inability to use thrust vectoring to induce roll and yaw moments and the lack of space for weapons bays between the engines, and complications for stall recovery if thrust vectoring fails.[70]

The T-50's advanced flight control system and thrust vectoring nozzles allow the aircraft to be highly maneuverable and departure resistant. The aircraft can perform very high angles of attack maneuvers such as the Pugachev's Cobra and the Bell maneuver.[71] The canted thrust vectoring system also enables a high degree of maneuverability and control in the yaw axis, and allows the T-50 to perform flat rotations with little altitude loss. The aircraft's high cruising speed and normal operating altitude is also expected to give it a significant kinematic advantage over prior generations of aircraft.[69]

Composites are used extensively on the T-50 and comprise 25% of its structural weight and almost 70% of the outer surface.[49] Weapons are housed in two tandem main weapons bays between the engine nacelles and smaller bulged, triangular-section bays near the wing root.[72] Internal carriage of weapons eliminates drag from external stores and enables the aircraft to achieve much higher performance compared to older fighters with external stores. Advanced engines and improved aerodynamics give the aircraft the ability to supercruise, and high fuel load also contributes to the aircraft's significant endurance, with supersonic range being twice as long as the Su-27's.[71][73][69]

Stealth

The T-50 will be the first operational aircraft in Russian Air Force service to use stealth technology. Similar to other stealth fighters like the F-22, the airframe incorporates planform alignment to reduce its radar cross-section (RCS); the leading and trailing edges of the wings and control surfaces and the serrated edges of skin panels are carefully aligned at several specific angles in order to reduce the number of directions the radar waves can be reflected.[74] Weapons are carried internally in weapons bays in the airframe, and antennas are recessed from the surface of the skin to preserve the aircraft's stealthy shape. The partial serpentine inlet obscures most, but not all, of the compressor face of the engine. The production aircraft incorporates radar blockers similar in principle to that of the F/A-18E/F in front of the compressor face to hide it from all angles. The aircraft uses radar-absorbent material (RAM) to absorb some of the radar emissions and prevent them from reflecting back to the source, and the canopy is treated with a coating to minimize the radar return of the pilot.[75]

The T-50's design emphasizes frontal stealth, with RCS-reducing features most apparent in the forward hemisphere; the shaping of the aft fuselage is much less optimized for radar stealth compared to the F-22.[69] The combined effect of airframe shape and RAM of the production aircraft is estimated to have reduced the aircraft's RCS to a value thirty times smaller than that of the Su-27.[76] Sukhoi's patent of the T-50's stealth features cites an average RCS of the aircraft of approximately 0.1-1 square meters.[75] However, like other stealth fighters, the T-50's low observability measures are chiefly effective against high-frequency radars, usually found on other aircraft. The effects of Rayleigh scattering and resonance mean that low-frequency radars, employed by weather radars and early warning systems, are more likely to detect the T-50 due to its physical size. However, such radars are also large, susceptible to clutter, and have lower precision.[77][78]

Engines

Main article: Saturn AL-31
117 engine compressor stall at MAKS-2011

Pre-production and initial production batches of the T-50 will use interim engines, a pair of NPO Saturn izdeliye 117, or AL-41F1.[79] Closely related to the Saturn 117S engine used by the Su-35S, the 117 engine is a highly improved variant of the AL-31 and produces 93.1 kN (21,000 lbs) of dry thrust, 147.1 kN (33,067 lbs) of thrust in afterburner, and has a dry weight of 1,420 kg (3,130 lb) and a thrust to weight ratio of 10.5:1.[80] The engines allow the T-50 to supercruise, or sustain supersonic flight without using afterburners. In addition to increased thrust compared to its predecessors, the engine has full authority digital engine control (FADEC) and a complex automation system to facilitate maneuverability and handling. Thrust vectoring of the two engines enable the aircraft to produce thrust vectoring moments about all three rotational axes, pitch, yaw and roll.[69] These engines will incorporate infrared and RCS reduction measures.[81][82]

The 117 engines have experienced reliability issues and suffered a compressor stall that caused a T-50 to abort its takeoff during the 2011 Moscow Air Show. Concerns over the reliability and performance of the interim engines were highlighted by the Indian Air Force.[83]

Production T-50 from 2020 onward will be equipped with a more powerful engine known as the izdeliye 30, which will be a clean sheet design that will supersede the 117. NPO Saturn and MMPP Salyut are competing to supply this definitive second stage engine.[18] The new powerplant will have increased thrust and fuel efficiency as compared to 117 as well as increased reliability and lower costs.[80] The izdeliye 30 is being designed to have a thrust of approximately 107 kN (24,050 lbf) in military power and 176 kN (39,600 lbf) in full afterburner. Development began in 2011 and the engine is planned to be bench tested starting in 2014.[84] Flight testing of the engine on the T-50 is projected to begin in 2017.[85] The new powerplant is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the 117 with minimal changes to the airframe.[86]

Armament

File:Pakfainterna.jpg
Internal weapon bays

The PAK FA has an internally mounted 9A1-4071K (GSh-301) 30 mm cannon near the right LEVCON root.[87][11] The aircraft has two tandem main internal weapon bays each approximately 4.6 m (15.1 ft) long and 1.0 m (3.3 ft) wide and two small triangular-section weapon bays that protrudes under the fuselage near the wing root.[76][88] The internal carriage of weapons preserves the aircraft's stealth, reduces drag and improves performance compared to external stores. The T-50's high cruising speed is expected to substantially increase weapon effectiveness compared to its predecessors.[76]

For air-to-air combat, the T-50 is expected to carry up to six beyond-visual-range missiles in its two main weapons bays and two short-range missiles in the wing root weapons bays.[88][89] The primary medium-range missile is the active radar-homing K-77M (izdeliye 180), a highly upgraded R-77 variant with AESA seeker and conventional rear fins, and the short-range missile is the heat-seeking K-74M2 (izdeliye 760), an upgraded R-74 variant with reduced cross-section for internal carriage.[90][91] A clean-sheet design short-range missile designated K-MD (izdeliye 300) is being developed to eventually replace the K-74M2.[92] For longer ranged applications, two large izdeliye 810 beyond-visual-range missiles can be carried in each main weapons bay. The main bays can also accommodate air-to-ground missiles such as the Kh-38, as well as multiple 250 kg (550 lb) KAB-250 or 500 kg (1,100 lb) KAB-500 precision guided bombs.[88] The aircraft is also expected to carry further developed and modified variants of Kh-35UE (AS-20 "Kayak") anti-ship missile, Kh-38M air-to-surface missile, and Kh-58UShK (AS-11 "Kilter") anti-radiation missile.[93] Vympel is developing ejection mechanisms for the main weapons bays that can accommodate 300 kg to 700 kg loads.[92]

For missions that do not require stealth, the T-50 can carry stores on its six external hardpoints. PAK FA chief designer Alexander Davydenko has said that there is a possibility of the installation of BrahMos supersonic missile on the PAK FA and its FGFA derivative. However, it is unclear how these missiles will be installed, though it can be one or two missiles only due to heavy weight of the BrahMos.[94]

Cockpit

The T-50 has a glass cockpit with two 38 cm (15 in) main multi-functional LCD displays similar to the arrangement of the Su-35S. Positioned around the cockpit are three smaller control panel displays. The cockpit has a wide-angle (30° by 22°) head-up display (HUD), and Moscow-based Geofizika-NV provides a new helmet-mounted sight and display for the ZSh-10 helmet. Primary controls are the joystick and a pair of throttles.[95][96] The aircraft uses a two-piece canopy, with the aft section sliding forward and locking into place. The canopy is treated with special coatings to increase the aircraft's stealth.

The T-50 employs the NPP Zvezda K-36D-5 ejection seat and the SOZhE-50 life support system, which comprises the anti-g and oxygen generating system. The 30 kg (66 lb) oxygen generating system will provide the pilot with unlimited oxygen supply.[97][98] The life support system will enable pilots to perform 9-g maneuvers for up to 30 seconds at a time, and the new VKK-17 partial pressure suit will allow safe ejection at altitudes of up to 23 km.[99]

Avionics

The main avionics systems are the Sh121 multifunctional integrated radio electronic system (MIRES) and the 101KS Atoll electro-optical system.[100] The Sh121 consists of the N036 Byelka radar system and L402 Himalayas electronic countermeasures system. Developed by Tikhomirov NIIP Institute, the N036 consists of the main nose-mounted N036-1-01 X band Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, or Active Phased Array Radar (Template:Lang-ru, Aktivnaya Fazirovannaya Antennaya Reshotka, Template:Lang-ru, AFAR) in Russian nomenclature, with 1,552 T/R modules and two side-looking N036B-1-01 X-band AESA radars with 358 T/R modules embedded in the cheeks of the forward fuselage for increased angular coverage.[74] The suite also has two N036L-1-01 L-band arrays on the wing's leading edge extensions that are not only used to handle the N036Sh Pokosnik (Reaper) friend-or-foe identification system but also for electronic warfare purposes. Computer processing of the X- and L-band signals by the N036UVS computer and processor enable the system’s information to be significantly enhanced.[71][101]

The radar will reduce pilot load and make use of a new data link to share information between aircraft. The T-50 will have secure communication links to share data with all other friendly aircraft in the area, as well as airborne and ground-based control points.[102][7] In 2012 ground tests of the N036 radar began on the third T-50 aircraft.[103] The L402 Himalayas electronic countermeasures (ECM) suite made by the KNIRTI institute uses both its own arrays and that of the N036 radar system. One of its arrays is mounted in the dorsal sting between the two engines.[80] The system is mounted on the aircraft in 2014.[10]

The UOMZ 101KS Atoll electro-optical system includes the 101KS-V infra-red search and track turret mounted on the starboard side in front of the cockpit. This sensor can detect, identify, and track multiple airborne targets simultaneously.[74] The 101KS-O infrared countermeasure system has sensors housed in turrets mounted on the dorsal spine and forward fuselage and uses laser-based countermeasures against heat-seeking missiles. The Atoll complex also includes the 101KS-U ultraviolet warning sensors and 101KS-N navigation and targeting pod.[104]

Operational history

Testing

The 929th State Flight Test Centre (GLITS) was delivered its first T-50 prototype for further testing and state trials on March 2014, and Russian Air Force Commander-in-Chief Lieutenant General Viktor Bondarev said that deliveries of initial production T-50 fighter were expected to begin in 2016.[25][105][106] External weapon trials have started in May 2014.[107]

Exports

Sukhoi states that the main export advantage of the PAK FA is its lower cost than current US fifth generation jet fighters.[108] Russia was reported to be offering the PAK FA for South Korea's next generation jet fighter.[109] South Korea's defence procurement agency confirmed that the Sukhoi PAK FA was a candidate for the Republic of Korea Air Force's next-generation fighter (F-X Phase 3) aircraft;[110] however, Sukhoi did not submit a bid by the January 2012 deadline.[111]

Russia's Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade predicts that the PAK FA will be available for export in 2025;[112] though this may include the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA for India,[113] the primary export version.[114] Ruslan Pukhov, director of the Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, has projected that Vietnam will be the second export customer for the fighter.[115] In 2012, Russian Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov said that Russia and India would jointly build the export version of the T-50 starting in 2020.[116] In 2013, United Aircraft Corporation president Mikhail Pogosyan said that the Russian PAK FA and the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA will use the "identical onboard systems and avionics".[117]

In 2013, Russia made an unsolicited call for Brazil to help in developing a next-generation fighter based on the T-50.[118][119]

Variants

FGFA

Main article: Sukhoi/HAL FGFA

The completed joint Indian/Russian versions of the single-seat or two-seat FGFA will differ from the current T-50 flying prototypes in 43 ways with improvements to stealth, supercruise, sensors, networking, and combat avionics.[120]

In March 2010, Sukhoi director Mikhail Pogosyan projected a market for 1,000 fighter aircraft over the next four decades, which will be produced in a joint venture with India, 200 each for Russia and India and 600 for other countries.[121] He has also said that the Indian contribution would be in the form of joint work under the current agreement rather than as a joint venture.[122] In June 2010, the Indian Air Force planned to receive 50 of the single-seat "Russian version" before receiving the two-seat FGFA.[123] Then in an October 2012 interview the Chief of Air Staff of India, NAK Browne, said that the IAF will purchase 144 of the single-seat FGFA. To reduce development costs and timelines, the IAF plans to begin induction of the FGFA in 2020.[124]

Navalized Sukhoi T-50 PAK FAs will be deployed on the Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov and future Russian aircraft carriers.[125] There will be a competition between the Sukhoi, Mikoyan and Yakovlev design bureaus to choose the new naval aircraft.[3]

Alexei Fedorov has said that any decision on applying fifth-generation technologies to produce a smaller fighter (comparative to the F-35) must wait until after the heavy fighter, based on the T-50, is completed.[126]

Accidents

On 10 June 2014, the fifth flying prototype, aircraft T-50-5, was severely damaged by an engine fire after landing. The pilot managed to escape unharmed. Sukhoi stated that the aircraft will be repaired, and that the fire "will not affect the timing of the T-50 test program".[127][128]

Specifications (T-50)

Data from Aviation News,[129] Aviation Week,[130] Air International[131]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1Fuel capacity: 10,300 kg (22,700 lb)[132]

Performance

  • Thrust/weight:
    • Saturn 117: 1.06 (1.19 at typical mission weight)
    • izdeliye 30: 1.24 (1.41 at typical mission weight)
  • Maximum g-load: +9.0 g[99]

Armament

  • Guns: Provision for 1× 30 mm GSh-301 cannon in right LEVCON root
  • Air to air loadout:
    • 6× K-77M or 4× izdeliye 810
    • 2× K-74M2 or 2× izdeliye 300
  • Air to ground loadout:
    • 4× Kh-38M or 4× Kh-58UShK or 8× KAB-250 or 4× KAB-500
    • 2× K-74M2 or 2× izdeliye 300
  • Air to sea loadout:
    • 4× Kh-35
    • 2× K-74M2 or 2× izdeliye 300
  • Hardpoints: Six external hardpoints.[133]

Avionics

  • Sh121 multifunctional integrated radio electronic system (MIRES)
    • N036 Byelka radar system
      • N036-1-01: Frontal X-band AESA radar
      • N036B-1-01: Cheek X-band AESA radars for increased angular coverage
      • N036L-1-01: Slat L-band arrays for IFF
    • L402 Himalayas ECM suite
  • 101KS Atoll electro-optical system[74]

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ The new fighter's control systems, avionics and cockpit will be designed on the basis of the Su-35BM's systems.[137]

Citations

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  2. ^ Druzhinin, Alexei (25 April 2013). "New T-50 Fighter Jet to Enter Service in 2016 – Putin". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  3. ^ a b Druzhinin, Alexei (28 September 2009). "Defense: Russian Navy to get fifth generation carrier fighter after 2020". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  4. ^ Dmitry Litovkin, specially for RIR (29 June 2013). "T-50 fighter to be ready in 2013 | Russia & India Report". Indrus.in. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  5. ^ O'Keeffe, Niall (17 June 2009). "Sukhoi secretive on PAK-FA programmes". Flightglobal. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
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  8. ^ Unnithan, Sandeep. "India, Russia to have different versions of same fighter plane." India Today, 29 September 2008.
  9. ^ Cohen, Ariel. "Russia bets on new Sukhoi fighter to match F-35." United Press International (UPI), 16 January 2009.
  10. ^ a b "Новейший российский истребитель получил один из ключевых элементов". RIA Novosti. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b Druzhinin, Alexei. "Defense: Russian Air Force to buy over 60 fifth-generation fighters". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  12. ^ a b Gordon, Yefim (2002). "Sukhoi S-37 and Mikoyan MFI: Russian Fifth-Generation Fighter Technology Demonstrators". Warbird Tech. 1. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-120-2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ a b "Premier Putin satisfied with Russian fifth-generation fighter tests". RIA Novosti. 20 April 2010.
  14. ^ Butowski, Piotr (22 June 2004). "Halfway to PAK FA: the latest addition to the Su-27 family seeks to bridge the gap to the fifth generation combat aircraft". Interavia Business & Technology. Aerospace Media Publishing  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . OCLC 71365085. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  15. ^ Butowski, Piotr (22 September 2007). "Wraps come off new Russian fighters: Russia's so-called "intermediate-generation" fighters made their debut at MAKS 2007". Interavia Business & Technology. Aerospace Media Publishing  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . OCLC 71365085. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
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  17. ^ a b KnAAPO PAK FA information page. Retrieved: 23 June 2014
  18. ^ a b Ivan, Cheberko. "Creating an engine for the fifth generation fighter". Marker (JSC) (RU), 8 April 2010. Retrieved: 23 June 2014.
  19. ^ "The contract to develop a sketch and technical project of the Russian-Indian 5th -generation fighter was completed" (Press release). Sukhoi. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  20. ^ "India, Russia to ink new military pact". The Times Of India. 10 October 2009.
  21. ^ Shukla, Ajai (5 January 2010). "India, Russia close to PACT on next generation fighter". Business Standard. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  22. ^ "India, Russia to Ink gen-5 fighter pact". business-standard.com. Retrieved: 19 November 2012.
  23. ^ "Russia, India to begin design of 5G-fighter in December". RIA Novosti. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  24. ^ "PAK FA" - Russia Special Report". Flightglobal. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  25. ^ a b "Russian air forces started the state testing of T-50 fighter". - Russian Aviation, RuAviation.com, 28 May 2014
  26. ^ J. Michael Cole, The Diplomat. "Russia Delays India's 5th-Gen. Fighter Program". The Diplomat. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  27. ^ Druzhinin, Alexei. "Russian military to buy 60 fifth-generation fighters after 2016". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
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Bibliography

  • Butowski, Piotr. "Raptorski's Maiden Flight". Air International, Vol. 78, No 3, March 2010, pp. 30–37. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
  • Butowski, Piotr. "T-50 Turning and Burning over Moscow". Air International, Vol. 85, No 4, October 2013, pp. 79–82. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
  • Lake, Jon. "Sukhoi T-50 - Russia's Raptor?" Combat Aircraft, Vol. 11, No.4, April 2010.
  • Sweetman, Bill. "Sukhoi T-50 Shows Flight-Control Innovations". Aviation Week & Space Technology, 19 August 2013. New York City, New York, US: Penton Media, Inc.
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