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Terrorism in France

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A common definition of terrorism is the systematic use or threatened use of violence in order to intimidate a population or government and thereby effect political, religious, or ideological change.[1][2]

France has experienced significant terrorism in its history. During the 20th and 21st centuries attacks have been carried out by a wide array of groups, including; nationalist and partisan movements of former French colonies, such as those from Algeria and Lebanon; liberation movements for the Palestinian territories; Islamic extremist groups and individuals inspired by them; anti-immigrant and French nationalist groups; Carlos the Jackal and his associates; and several far-left and anti-government organizations.

Foiled attacks

Towards the end of March 2016, police arrested a Paris citizen named Reda Kriket, and upon searching his apartment, they discovered five assault rifles, a number of handguns, and an amount of chemical substances that could be used to make explosives.[3]

Kriket was convicted in absentia by a Belgian court in a 2015 case involving Abdelhamid Abaaoud.[4]

Terrorism in (or involving) France

Abu Nidal Organization Action Directe Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ASALA (Armenian nationalists)
Carlos the Jackal Charles Martel Group CSPPA (Lebanese faction) GIA (Islamic extremists)
Guards of Islam (Iranian agents) Hezbollah & Islamic Jihad Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant PFLP (Palestinian nationalists)

List of significant terrorist incidents inside France

Main article: List of terrorist incidents in France
France
Date Sub Location Deaths Injuries Type Perpetrator Description of target and attack
15 September 1958 Île-de-France Paris 1 3 Small arms fire FLN (Algerian nationalists) -- Government institutions
Several gunmen fire into the car of the French Minister of Information, Jacques Soustelle. The minister survives unharmed, however four bystanders are struck and one is killed.[5]
14 December 1973 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Marseilles 4 20 Improvised Explosive Device Charles
Martel Group 		-- Diplomatic (Algeria)
A man exits a car and throws a bomb into the compound of the Algerian Consulate; the subsequent explosion kills 4 and injures 20 more, 4 seriously.[6]
15 September 1974 Île-de-France Paris 2 34 Improvised Explosive Device PFLP (Palestinian nationalists) -- Private Citizens & Property
A bomb explodes at the Drugstore Saint Germain, part of the fashionable circuit of restaurants and bars on Paris’s Left Bank, killing two and injuring 34.[7]
24 October 1975 Île-de-France Paris 2 - Grenade & Small arms fire ASALA (Armenian nationalists) -- Diplomatic (Turkish)
As İsmail Erez is returning from a reception -- and as his vehicle approached the building of the Turkish Embassy in Paris -- a group of 3–4 armed Armenian militants ambush the automobile, killing him and his driver Talip Yener.[8][9]
20 May 1978 Île-de-France Paris 4 3 Grenade & Small arms fire PFLP (Palestinian nationalists) -- Airports & airlines
Three terrorists open fire on El Al passengers in the departure lounge. All three terrorists are killed, along with one policeman, and three French tourists are also injured.[10]
5 October 1978 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Marseilles 9 12 Small arms fire -- Private citizens & property
At about 21:00 (UTC+1), three hooded men armed with sub machine guns enter a quiet neighborhood bar and shoot 21 patrons, killing nine. The attack at Le Telephone bar was likely related to organized crime, although none of the attackers were identified.[11]
23 December 1979 Île-de-France Paris 1 - Grenade & Small arms fire ASALA (Armenian nationalists) -- Diplomatic (Turkish)
A gunman fires an automatic weapon amid crowds of Christmas shoppers, killing the director of the Turkish National Tourist Office, Yilmaz Colton, in Paris. The director was struck by three bullets while walking along the Champs-Élysées.[12]
28 January 1980 Île-de-France Paris 1 8 Improvised Explosive Device ' -- Diplomatic (Syrian)
A bomb blast destroys the ground floor of the Syrian Embassy, killing one and injuring 8 others. Three of those injured were in a serious condition, including a pregnant woman. The attack happened 2 hours before the arrival of then Foreign Minister of Syria, Abdel Halim Khaddam, in France.[13]
17 July 1980 Île-de-France Paris 2 4 Small arms fire Guards of Islam
(Iranian agents) 		-- Government institutions (Shah of Iran)
Former Iranian Prime Minister Shahpour Bakhtiar escapes an assassination attempt in which a French policeman and a female neighbour are killed. Four other officers were wounded, one seriously. Allegedly posing as reporters, a trio of gunmen attempted to enter the exiled leader's apartment in Neuilly, a suburb of Paris. A police guard at an armored door to the residence resisted and a gunfight took place.[14][15]
29 July 1980 Rhône-Alpes Lyon 2 11 Small arms fire ASALA (Armenian nationalists) -- Diplomatic (Turkish)
Two gunmen storm the Turkish Consulate General in Lyon. The gunmen are unable to locate the Turkish consul general and open fire on the waiting area, killing two people and wounding eleven others, two seriously.[16]
3 October 1980 Île-de-France Paris 4 40 Improvised Explosive Device - -- Religious figures & institutions
A bomb went off outside the Union Libérale Israélite de France synagogue on Rue Copernic. The bomb had been hidden in the saddlebags of a motorcycle parked outside the synagogue on the eve of Simchat Torah. The explosion happened shortly before the end of services, however one of those killed were members of the congregation. French police initially suspected that the attack had been carried out by neo-Nazis, but later attributed it to the PFLP or one of its offshoots.[17][18][19][20]
See also: 1980 Paris synagogue bombing
25 November 1980 Île-de-France Paris 2 1 Small arms fire - -- Private citizens & property
An unknown gunman murders the Jewish owners of a Paris travel agency that specialized in tours to Israel. The assailant walked into the office of IT-Tours and fired from an automatic pistol, fatally wounding Edwin Douek, the proprietor. His wife, Michele, was killed instantly and a clerk was slightly wounded. Edwin Douek died of his wounds later in a hospital.[21]
4 March 1981 Île-de-France Paris 2 1 Small arms fire ASALA (Armenian nationalists) -- Diplomatic (Turkish)
Two gunmen open fire on Turkish Labour Attache, Resat Morali, and the Religious Affairs Officer in the Turkish Embassy, Tecelli Ari. Both are killed.[22]
24 September 1981 Île-de-France Paris 1 2 Small arms fire -- Hostage taking

(2 days)

ASALA (Armenian nationalists) -- Diplomatic (Turkish)
At about 11:30 CET, four members of Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia took over the consulate killing a Turkish guard, wounding the Turkish Consul and taking 56 people hostage, including 8 women and a 3-year-old child.
Shortly after midnight, the militants' leader started the negotiations that led to the end of the ordeal at about 2 a.m. He was promised by French authorities that the four militants would receive political asylum. The next day, however, the French Government issued a statement saying that the men would have to stand trial on charges growing out of the assault, including the death of a Turkish guard.[23]
See also: 1981 Turkish consulate attack in Paris
29 March 1982 Limousin Ambazac 5 27 Improvised Explosive Device Carlos the Jackal -- Transport
A explosion on a Paris-Toulouse express train kills five passengers and injures 27 near Ambazac. The blast in the baggage compartment of the Capitole Express was caused by several pounds of extremely powerful explosives, intentionally planted. In 2011 Carlos the Jackal was tried for involvement in the attack and was subsequently convicted and sentenced to life in prison.[24][25]
22 April 1982 Île-de-France Paris 1 47 Car bomb Carlos the Jackal -- Political
A powerful car bomb detonates in a crowded street in central Paris during the morning rush hour, killing a young woman and injuring 46 people. The apparent target are the offices of the Libyan newspaper Al-Watan al-Arabi. In 2011 Carlos the Jackal is tried for involvement in the attacks and is subsequently convicted and sentenced to life in prison.[25][26]
9 August 1982 Île-de-France Paris 6 22 Grenade & Small arms fire Abu Nidal Organization -- Private Citizens & Property
Two assailants throw grenades into the dining room of the Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant and fire machine guns at the patrons. Six people die, including two American tourists, and 22 others are wounded in the attack on the Jewish restaurant in Paris's Marais district.[27][28]
See also: Goldenberg restaurant attack
21 August 1982 Île-de-France Paris 1 2 Improvised Explosive Device - -- Diplomatic (United States)
A bomb, that police said was intended to target a United States diplomat, explodes on a luxurious residential street on the Left Bank near the Eiffel Tower, killing a bomb disposal expert and wounding two others. The bomb had been planted under the vehicle of Roderick Grant, commercial counselor at the United States Embassy in Paris.[29]
28 February 1983 Île-de-France Paris 1 4 Improvised Explosive Device ASALA (Armenian nationalists) -- Private Citizens & Property
A bomb detonates at the Turkish-owned Marmara Voyages tourism agency in central Paris, killing one female employee and injuring four others. The blast reportedly caused the roof of the offices to collapse.[30][31]
15 July 1983 Île-de-France Paris 8 55 Improvised Explosive Device ASALA (Armenian nationalists) -- Airports & airlines
A bomb explodes inside a suitcase at the Turkish Airlines check-in desk in the south terminal of the Orly airport, sending flames through the crowd of passengers checking in for a flight to Istanbul. The bomb consisted of a half kilo of Semtex explosive connected to three portable gas bottles, which caused extensive burns on the victims. Three people were killed immediately in the blast and another five died in hospital. Four of the victims were French, two were Turkish, one was American, and one was Swedish.[32][33][34]
See also: Orly Airport attack
5 August 1983 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Avignon 7 - Small arms fire -- Private citizens & property
At approximately 4:00 (UTC+1), two gunmen shoot to dead seven people at a Sofitel Hotel in a popular holiday town. The victims include the French consul-general for Saarbrücken in West Germany, Lucien Andre. Three other hotel guests and three employees of Sofitel were also killed after apparently being rounded up and ushered into a hotel room.[35]
1 October 1983 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Marseilles 1 26 Improvised Explosive Device ASALA (Armenian nationalists) -- Private Citizens & Property
One man is killed and 26 people injured when multiple bombs destroyed the American, Soviet and Algerian pavilions at an international trade fair in Marseilles. An Armenian guerrilla group took responsibility for the attack in a telephone call to the police. However then Interior Minister, Gaston Defferre, later stated that the far rightist Charles Martel Group had also taken responsibility for the blast.[36]
31 December 1983 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Marseilles 5 58+ Improvised Explosive Device Carlos the Jackal -- Transport
A bomb explodes in the two first-class cars of an AGV locomotive as it heads north toward Paris, from the Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles. Although the train was travelling at about 160 kilometres per hour, it does not derail. Rescue workers find 2 passengers dead and 20 wounded, 5 of them seriously.
Half an hour later a second bomb explodes in the baggage checkroom of the main hall at the Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles, killing 2 people and wounding at least 38. In 2011 Carlos the Jackal is tried for involvement in the attacks and is subsequently convicted and sentenced to life in prison.[25][37][38]
7 February 1984 Île-de-France Paris 2 1 Small arms fire Hezbollah & Islamic Jihad -- Government institutions (Shah of Iran)
Gholam Ali Oveisi, a four-star general under Iran's late shah, and his brother, an ex-colonel, are killed by gunmen in central Paris. Their driver is also wounded.[39][40]
8 February 1984 Île-de-France Paris 1 - Small arms fire Abu Nidal Organization -- Diplomatic (Emirati)
A lone gunman shoots and kills the United Arab Emirates' ambassador to France outside the diplomat's Paris home. Khalifa Ahmed Abdel Aziz al-Mubarak is killed in a district of Paris nearby the Eiffel tower.[41]
25 January 1985 Île-de-France Paris 1 - Small arms fire Action Directe -- Government institutions
General René Audran, a senior official of the French Ministry of Defence, is shot to dead in front of his residence at La Celle-Saint-Cloud.[42]
23 February 1985 Île-de-France Paris 1 15 Improvised Explosive Device - -- Private Citizens & Property
A bomb explodes at an entrance to the Paris branch of the British-owned department store Marks & Spencer as it opened for business, killing a man and wounding 15 other people. Telephone calls claiming responsibility were received from the Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance, an outlawed group seeking the independence of France's Caribbean territories; and from Direct Action, a left-wing extremist group that had announced its fusion with the Red Army Faction terrorists of Germany.[43]
3 March 1985 Île-de-France Paris 4 - Small arms fire - -- Government institutions (Foreign: Khmer Rouge)
Try Meng Huot -- a doctor in chemistry who had been a lecturer at the University of Paris before he became a Khmer Rouge leader -- is killed in his Parisian apartment alongside his wife and another unidentified couple.[44]
20 March 1986 Île-de-France Paris 2 28 Improvised Explosive Device CSPPA (Lebanese faction) -- Private Citizens & Property
A bomb explodes in a packed mall of luxury boutiques on the Champs-Elysees, killing 2 people and wounding 28. A second bomb, found on a metro train, was defused by police demolition experts before it could explode. A terrorist organization calling itself the Committee of Solidarity With Arab and Middle Eastern Political Prisoners asserted responsibility for the attack in a handwritten letter sent to the Beirut office of a Western news agency.[45][46]
25 April 1986 Rhône-Alpes Lyon 1 - Small arms fire - -- Business
Kenneth Marston, director of a French subsidiary of Black & Decker, is shot to death outside his home.[47]
9 September 1986 Île-de-France Paris 1 18 Improvised Explosive Device CSPPA (Lebanese faction) -- Government institutions
A bomb explodes inside the post office of the Hôtel de Ville, killing one person and wounding 18 others. The dead man is identified as Marguerite Thuault, an employee of the post office.[48][49]
15 September 1986 Île-de-France Paris 1 51 Improvised Explosive Device CSPPA (Lebanese faction) -- Government institutions
A bomb explodes inside the Parisian police headquarters, killing one person and wounding 51 others, two seriously.[48]
17 September 1986 Île-de-France Paris 5 50+ Improvised Explosive Device CSPPA (Lebanese faction) -- Private Citizens & Property
A bomb thrown from a passing car explodes in front of a Tati department store on the Left Bank, killing at least 5 people and wounding about 50. The blast, which occurred about 17:30, destroyed the entire front of the seven-story building on the rue de Rennes.[50]
18 October 1986 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Toulon 4 - Car bomb - --
A car explodes in the seafront market place at Toulon, killing the four occupants and setting fire to a nearby building. The police said it may have been carrying explosives in preparation for a bomb attack.[51]
17 November 1986 Île-de-France Paris 1 - Small arms fire Action Directe -- Business
A man and woman firing from a motorcycle kill the head of the French auto-maker Renault. Georges Besse is struck down by gunfire as he exited from his car, unaccompanied by bodyguards. He had been appointed chairman of the company in January 1985.[52]
19 December 1988 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Cagnes sur Mer 1 12 Improvised Explosive Device ' -- Private Citizens & Property
At 3:00 (UTC+1), two homemade' bombs explode at a crowded hostel for mostly North African immigrant workers, killing a Romanian national and wounding at least 12 others. The first blast destroyed a number of vehicles on the street, and following this a second blast, under the main stairwell of the building, destroyed the corridor into which many residents had come to check the first blast.[53][54]
5 October 1994 Île-de-France Paris 4 6 Small arms fire -- Hostage taking - -- Government institutions
Three police officers and a taxi driver are killed, and six other people -- including two more officers -- are wounded in separate shoot outs with two masked gunmen in Paris. The pair broke into a Paris police station to steal fire arms, then took a taxi driver hostage and forced him to drive them to the Bois de Vincennes park on the outskirts of Paris, where the final shoot out took place.[55]
25 July 1995 Île-de-France Paris 8 150 Improvised explosive device GIA
(Islamists) 		-- Transport
Eight people are killed and 150 wounded in an explosion of a gas canister packed with nails and bolts on a Paris regional train at the Gare de Saint-Michel-Notre-Dame rail station. The bombing was claimed by the Armed Islamic Group as reprisals for French support for Algeria's army-backed government.[56][57]
3 December 1996 Île-de-France Paris 3 85 Improvised explosive device GIA
(Islamists) 		-- Transport
A blast at 18:03 CET rips open the doors of a train on the southbound track of the Port Royal station of the regional express network on the Left Bank, scattering the wounded -- totaling over 85 -- over the platform. Three people succumb to injuries caused by the bomb made from a 28-pound camping gas canister filled with nails.[58][59]
19 April 2000 Brittany Plévin 1 - Improvised explosive device - -- Private Citizens & Property
A bomb explodes beside a McDonald's in a small town in Brittany, killing a restaurant worker. The explosion, in the Dinan area, happens at about 10:00 CET, near the restaurant's drive-through window.[60]
6 December 2007 Île-de-France Paris 1 4 Improvised explosive device - -- Private Citizens & Property
A parcel bomb explodes at a legal office in central Paris killing a secretary and seriously injuring a lawyer. Several other people were lightly hurt in the unclaimed blast shortly before 13:00 CET on the fourth floor of a building in the capital's fashionable eighth arrondissement or district.[61]
15 March 2012 Midi-Pyrénées Montauban 2 1 Small arms fire Mohammed Merah (Islamist) -- Government institutions
At around 14:00 CET, two uniformed soldiers were killed and a third was seriously injured outside a shopping centre in Montauban, while withdrawing money from a cash machine. They were all from the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment (17e Régiment du génie parachutiste), whose barracks are close to the town. Corporal Abel Chennouf, 24, and Private Mohamed Legouad, 23, both of North African origin, were killed. Corporal Loïc Liber, 28, from Guadeloupe, was left in a coma.[62][63]
See also: Toulouse and Montauban shootings
19 March 2012 Midi-Pyrénées Toulouse 5
(one perp.) 		1 Small arms fire Mohammed Merah (Islamist) -- Religious figures & institutions
At about 8:00 CET, a man drove up to the Ozar Hatorah school on a motorcycle. He dismounted, and immediately opened fire toward the schoolyard. Four people died: 30-year-old Rabbi Jonathan (Yonatan) Sandler; his two oldest (out of three) children Aryeh, aged 6, and Gabriel, aged 3; and the head teacher's daughter, eight-year-old Miriam Monsonego, the girl shot in the head. Bryan Bijaoui, a 17-year-old Jewish boy, was gravely injured.[64][65][66]
See also: Toulouse and Montauban shootings
7 January 2015 Île-de-France Paris 14
(2 perps.) 		11 Small arms fire Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula -- Private Citizens & Property
At about 11:30 CET, two militants armed with assault rifles and other weapons forced their way into the offices of the French satirical weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo in Paris. They fired up to 50 shots, initially killing 11 people and injuring 11 others, and shouted "Allahu Akbar" (Arabic for "God is [the] greatest") during their attack.
Main articles: Charlie Hebdo shooting and January 2015 Île-de-France attacks
9 January 2015 Île-de-France Paris 5
(one perp.) 		9 Small arms fire -- hostage taking
(1 day) 		Amedy Coulibaly (Islamist) -- Private Citizens & Property
At about 1:00 CET, an Islamist militant who pledged allegiance to Islamic State, enters the Hypercacher kosher superette in Porte de Vincennes and takes up to 20 Jewish patrons hostage. Four Jewish hostages die and held fifteen others are held during a siege in which Coulibaly demands that the two militants responsible for the attack on the satirical weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo not be harmed.
Main articles: Porte de Vincennes siege and January 2015 Île-de-France attacks
26 June 2015 Rhône-Alpes Saint-Quentin-Fallavier 1 2 Bladed weapon & Improvised Explosive Device Yassine Salhi (Islamist) -- Private Citizens & Property
At about 9:30 CEST, a suspected Islamic militant decapitates a man and drives a company van into gas cylinders at an Air Products gas factory near Lyon. The attacker placed the head of a victim on a fence railing, and planted two Jihadist flag banners alongside it. Video surveillance footage showed that the perpetrator also tried to ignite several canisters containing flammable chemicals.
Main article: Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack
21 August 2015 Nord-Pas-de-Calais Oignies 0 5 Small arms, bladed weapons Ayoub El Kahzani -- Transport
At about 17:45 CEST, a 26-year-old Moroccan national carrying an AK-47, a semi-automatic pistol, 300 rounds and a box cutter, opens fire on a Thalys train traveling from Amsterdam to Paris. The gunman was attacked and subdued by four men (three Americans and one British), who beat him unconscious. The train was diverted to Arras where the man was arrested and identified. The man had been previously flagged with an "S" card, France's warning alert for someone believed to be a national security risk.[67]
Main article: 2015 Thalys train attack
13 November 2015 Île-de-France Paris, Saint-Denis 137 368 AK-47 assault rifles, hand grenades, various explosives, suicide vests Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (claimed) -- Private Citizens & Property
On the evening of 13 November 2015, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks comprising mass shootings and suicide bombings occurred in Paris and Saint-Denis, France. Beginning at 21:16 CET,[68] three separate explosions and six mass shootings occurred, including bombings near the Stade de France in the northern suburb of Saint-Denis.[68][69] The deadliest attack was at the Bataclan theatre where attackers took hostages and engaged in a standoff with police until it was ended at 00:58 CET 14 November 2015.
Main article: November 2015 Paris attacks

List of international terrorist incidents with significant French casualties

See also

References

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