1980 United States Senate elections
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34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate 51 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Results Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1980 United States Senate elections coincided with Ronald Reagan's victory in the presidential election. Reagan's large margin of victory over incumbent Jimmy Carter pulled in many Democratic voters and gave a huge boost to Republican Senate candidates.
Gains and losses
The Republicans gained a net of 12 seats from the Democrats and gained control of the Senate, 53–46–1. Majority and minority leaders Robert Byrd and Howard Baker exchanged places. This election marked the first time since 1954 that the Republican Party controlled either chamber of Congress.
Without losing any seats, the Republicans took open seats in Alabama, Alaska, and Florida, and unseated nine incumbents: Herman Talmadge (D-GA), Frank Church (D-ID), Birch E. Bayh II (D-IN), John Culver (D-IA), John A. Durkin (D-NH), Robert Morgan (D-NC), 1972 presidential nominee George S. McGovern (D-SD), Warren Magnuson (D-WA), and Gaylord Nelson (D-WI) (see Reagan's coattails).
Milestones
This was the largest Senate swing since 1958, and was the largest Republican gain since 1946, when Republicans also picked up 12 seats. This was also the last time the Senate changed hands in a presidential election year until 2000 when Democrats won control, as well as the last time the Republicans gained control of the Senate in a presidential election year.
Results summary
Parties | Total Seats | Popular Vote | ||||
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1978 | 1980 | Change | Vote | % | ||
Democratic Party | 58 | 46 | ![]() |
30,699,463 | 51.62% | |
Republican Party | 41 | 53 | ![]() |
26,597,169 | 44.73% | |
Libertarian Party | 0 | 0 | ![]() |
401,077 | 0.67% | |
Independent | 1 | 1 | ![]() |
112,242 | 0.19% | |
Others | 0 | 0 | ![]() |
1,658,979 | 2.79% | |
Total | 100 | 100 | ![]() |
59,468,930 | 100.0% |
Source: Election Statistics – Office of the Clerk
style="background:Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color; width:53%;" | 53 | style="background:Template:Independent (United States)/meta/color; width:1%;" | 1 | style="background:Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color; width:46%;" | 46 |
Republican | I | Democratic |
Change in Senate composition
Before the elections
D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 |
D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 |
D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 | D27 | D28 | D29 | D30 |
D40 Ran |
D39 Ran |
D38 Ran |
D37 Ran |
D36 Ran |
D35 Ran |
D34 | D33 | D32 | D31 |
D41 Ran |
D42 Ran |
D43 Ran |
D44 Ran |
D45 Ran |
D46 Ran |
D47 Ran |
D48 Ran |
D49 Ran |
D50 Ran |
Majority → | D51 Ran | ||||||||
R41 Retired |
I1 | D58 Retired |
D57 Retired |
D56 Ran |
D55 Ran |
D54 Ran |
D53 Ran |
D52 Ran | |
R40 Retired |
R39 Retired |
R38 Ran |
R37 Ran |
R36 Ran |
R35 Ran |
R34 Ran |
R33 Ran |
R32 Ran |
R31 |
R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 | R27 | R28 | R29 | R30 |
R20 | R19 | R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 |
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 |
After the elections
D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 |
D20 | D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 |
D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 | D27 | D28 | D29 | D30 |
D40 Re-elected |
D39 Re-elected |
D38 Re-elected |
D37 Re-elected |
D36 Re-elected |
D35 Re-elected |
D34 | D33 | D32 | D31 |
D41 Re-elected |
D42 Re-elected |
D43 Re-elected |
D44 Re-elected |
D45 Hold |
D46 Hold |
I1 | R53 Gain |
R52 Gain |
R51 Gain |
Majority → | |||||||||
R41 Hold |
R42 Gain |
R43 Gain |
R44 Gain |
R45 Gain |
R46 Gain |
R47 Gain |
R48 Gain |
R49 Gain |
R50 Gain |
R40 Hold |
R39 Hold |
R38 Hold |
R37 Re-elected |
R36 Re-elected |
R35 Re-elected |
R34 Re-elected |
R33 Re-elected |
R32 Re-elected |
R31 |
R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 | R27 | R28 | R29 | R30 |
R20 | R19 | R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 |
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 |
Key: |
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Race summary
Special elections during the 96th Congress
There were no special elections during 1980 or before January 3, 1981.
Elections leading to the next Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1981; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
State (linked to summaries below) |
Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
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Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Alabama | Donald W. Stewart | Democratic | 1978 (Special) | Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ Jeremiah Denton (Republican) 50.2% Jim Folsom, Jr. (Democratic) 47.1% |
Alaska | Mike Gravel | Democratic | 1968 1974 |
Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ Frank Murkowski (Republican) 53.7% Clark Gruening (Democratic) 45.9% |
Arizona | Barry Goldwater | Republican | 1952 1958 1964 (Retired) 1968 1974 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ Barry Goldwater (Republican) 49.5% Bill Schulz (Democratic) 48.4% Fred R. Easer (Libertarian) 1.4% Lorenzo Torrez (People Over Politics) 0.4% Josefina Otero (Socialist Workers) 0.4% |
Arkansas | Dale Bumpers | Democratic | 1974 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Dale Bumpers (Democratic) 59.1% William Clark (Republican) 40.9% |
California | Alan Cranston | Democratic | 1968 1974 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ Alan Cranston (Democratic) 56.5% Paul Gann (Republican) 37.1% David Bergland (Libertarian) 2.4% David Wald (Peace & Freedom) 2.4% Jim Griffin (American Ind.) 1.6% |
Colorado | Gary Hart | Democratic | 1974 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Gary Hart (Democratic) 50.3% Mary E. Buchanan (Republican) 48.7% Earl Higgerson (Statesman) 0.6% Henry John Olshaw (Unaffiliated-American) 0.4% |
Connecticut | Abraham A. Ribicoff | Democratic | 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Democratic hold. |
√ Chris Dodd (Democratic) 56.3% James L. Buckley (Republican) 42.9% Jerry Brennan (Libertarian) 0.4% Andrew J. Zemel (Concerned Citizens) 0.4% |
Florida | Richard Stone | Democratic | 1974 | Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ Paula Hawkins (Republican) 51.7% Bill Gunter (Democratic) 48.3% |
Georgia | Herman Talmadge | Democratic | 1956 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ Mack Mattingly (Republican) 50.9% Herman Talmadge (Democratic) 49.1% |
Hawaii | Daniel Inouye | Democratic | 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ Daniel Inouye (Democratic) 77.9% Cooper Brown (Republican) 18.4% |
Idaho | Frank Church | Democratic | 1956 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ Steve Symms (Republican) 49.7% Frank Church (Democratic) 48.8% Larry Fullmer (Libertarian) 1.5% |
Illinois | Adlai Stevenson III | Democratic | 1970 (Special) 1974 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Democratic hold. |
√ Alan J. Dixon (Democratic) 56.0% Dave O'Neal (Republican) 42.5% Bruce Green (Libertarian) 0.6% Sidney Lens (Independent) 0.4% Charles F. Wilson (Communist) 0.2% Michael Soriano (Workers World) 0.1% Burton L. Artz (Socialist Workers) 0.1% |
Indiana | Birch Bayh | Democratic | 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ Dan Quayle (Republican) 53.8% Birch Bayh (Democratic) 46.2% |
Iowa | John Culver | Democratic | 1974 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ Chuck Grassley (Republican) 53.5% John Culver (Democratic) 45.5% Garry De Young (Independent) 0.5% Robert V. Hengerer (Libertarian) 0.3% John Ingram Henderson (Independent) 0.2% |
Kansas | Bob Dole | Republican | 1968 1974 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ Bob Dole (Republican) 63.8% John Simpson (Democratic) 36.2% |
Kentucky | Wendell H. Ford | Democratic | 1974 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Wendell H. Ford (Democratic) 65.1% Mary L. Foust (Republican) 34.9% |
Louisiana | Russell B. Long | Democratic | 1948 (Special) 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ Russell B. Long (Democratic) 57.64% Woody Jenkins (Democratic) 38.75% Jerry Bardwell (Republican) 1.64% Robert M. Ross (Republican) 1.21% Naomi Bracy (No Party) .76% |
Maryland | Charles Mathias, Jr. | Republican | 1968 1974 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ Charles Mathias, Jr. (Republican) 66.2% Edward T. Conroy (Democratic) 33.8% |
Missouri | Thomas Eagleton | Democratic | 1968 1974 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ Thomas Eagleton (Democratic) 52.0% Gene McNary (Republican) 47.7% Martha Pettit (Socialist Workers) 0.3% |
Nevada | Paul Laxalt | Republican | 1974 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Paul Laxalt (Republican) 58.5% Mary Gojack (Democratic) 37.4% |
New Hampshire | John A. Durkin | Democratic | 1975 (Special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ Warren Rudman (Republican) 52.1% John A. Durkin (Democratic) 47.8% |
New York | Jacob K. Javits | Republican | 1956 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent lost re-nomination. Incumbent lost re-election as the Liberal nominee. New senator elected. Republican hold. |
√ Al D'Amato (Republican) 44.9% Elizabeth Holtzman (Democratic) 43.5% Jacob K. Javits (Liberal) 11.0% Richard Savadel (Libertarian) 0.36% William R. Scott (Communist) 0.07% Thomas Soto (Workers World) 0.06% Victor A. Nieto (Socialist Workers) 0.06% |
North Carolina | Robert Burren Morgan | Democratic | 1974 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ John Porter East (Republican) 50.0% Robert Burren Morgan (Democratic) 49.4% |
North Dakota | Milton Young | Republican | 1945 (Appointed) 1946 (Special) 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold. |
√ Mark Andrews (Republican) 70.3% Kent Johanneson (Democratic) 29.0% Harley McLain (Independent) 0.5% Don J. Klingensmith (Independent) 0.2% |
Ohio | John Glenn | Democratic | 1974 1974 (Appointed) |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ John Glenn (Democratic) 68.8% James E. Betts (Republican) 28.2% John E. Powers (Independent) 1.9% Rick Nagin (Independent) 1.1% |
Oklahoma | Henry Bellmon | Republican | 1968 1974 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold. |
√ Don Nickles (Republican) 53.5% Andrew Coats (Democratic) 43.5% Charles R. Nesbitt (Independent) 1.9% Robert T. Murphy (Libertarian) 0.9% Paul E. Trent (Independent) 0.2% |
Oregon | Bob Packwood | Republican | 1968 1974 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ Bob Packwood (Republican) 52.1% Ted Kulongoski (Democratic) 44.0% Theodora Nathalia Nathan (Libertarian) 3.8% |
Pennsylvania | Richard Schweiker | Republican | 1968 1974 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican hold. |
√ Arlen Specter (Republican) 50.5% Pete Flaherty (Democratic) 48.0% |
South Carolina | Ernest Hollings | Democratic | 1966 (Special) 1968 1974 |
Incumbent re-elected. | √ Ernest Hollings (Democratic) 70.4% Marshall T. Mays (Republican) 29.6% |
South Dakota | George McGovern | Democratic | 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ James Abdnor (Republican) 58.2% George McGovern (Democratic) 39.4% Wayne Peterson (Independent) 2.4% |
Utah | Jake Garn | Republican | 1974 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Jake Garn (Republican) 73.6% Dan Berman (Democratic) 25.5% |
Vermont | Patrick Leahy | Democratic | 1974 | Incumbent re-elected. | √ Patrick Leahy (Democratic) 49.8% Stewart M. Ledbetter (Republican) 48.5% |
Washington | Warren Magnuson | Democratic | 1944 (Appointed) 1944 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ Slade Gorton (Republican) 54.2% Warren G. Magnuson (Democratic) 45.8% |
Wisconsin | Gaylord Nelson | Democratic | 1962 1968 1974 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain. |
√ Bob Kasten (Republican) 50.2% Gaylord Nelson (Democratic) 48.3% |
Special elections during the 97th Congress
There were no special elections in 1981 after January 3.
Alabama
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![]() U.S. Senate election results map. Red denotes counties won by Denton. Blue denotes those won by Folsom.
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Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Donald Stewart decided to run for his second term, but was defeated in the primary. In November, Republican Jeremiah Denton defeated Democrat Jim Folsom, Public Service Commissioner.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Jeremiah Denton | 650,363 | 50.2% | |
Democratic | Jim Folsom | 610,175 | 47.1% |
Alaska
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Incumbent Democrat Mike Gravel ran for a third term, but lost in the Democratic primary to Clark Gruening, a former state representative who was the grandson of Ernest Gruening, whom Gravel had defeated twelve years prior in an election for the same seat. Gruening later went on to lose the general election to Republican nominee Frank Murkowski, a banker.
After the loss of Gravel's seat, no Alaska Democrat would win a congressional race again until Mark Begich's narrow, protracted triumph in Alaska's 2008 Senate election.[4]
First elected in 1968, by 1980 two-term Democratic incumbent Mike Gravel had become noted for a filibuster that attempted to end the draft during the Vietnam War and for including the full text of the Pentagon Papers in the Congressional Record.
Gravel faced a challenging bid for re-election, complicated by the fact that his triumph over Ernest Gruening years prior had made him a pariah in the Alaska Democratic Party. Though Gravel had campaigned to be selected as George McGovern's running mate in the 1972 U.S. presidential election and had easily won re-election to the Senate in 1974, he had never established a strong political base in Alaska.[5]
The passage of a controversial land bill earlier in the year, as opposed to a compromise bill worked out by fellow Senator Ted Stevens that failed thanks to Gravel two years prior, further harmed his re-election bid.[6][7] A group of Democrats, including future governor Steve Cowper, campaigned against Gravel on the land bill issue.[8]
The sources of Gravel's campaign funds, some of which came from political action committees outside the state, also became an issue in the contest.[7] Another factor may have been Alaska's blanket primary system, which allows unlimited cross-over voting across parties and from its large unaffiliated electorate;[8] Republicans believed Gruening would be an easier candidate to defeat in the general election.[7] The blanket primary had first been used in the 1968 election, and was something Gravel himself was able to capitalize upon in his 1968 campaign.
Gravel would later comment that by the time of his primary defeat, he had alienated "almost every constituency in Alaska."[6] In the August 26, 1980, primary Gruening defeated Gravel by 11 percentage points.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Clark Gruening | 39,719 | 54.88% | |
Democratic | Mike Gravel (inc.) | 31,504 | 43.53% | |
Democratic | Michael J. Beasley | 1,145 | 1.58% | |
Total votes | 72,368 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Frank Murkowski | 16,262 | 58.92% | |
Republican | Art Kennedy | 5,527 | 20.02% | |
Republican | Morris Thompson | 3,635 | 13.17% | |
Republican | Don Smith | 896 | 3.25% | |
Republican | Donald R. Wright | 824 | 2.99% | |
Republican | Dave Moe | 458 | 1.66% | |
Total votes | 27,602 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
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Republican | Frank Murkowski | 84,159 | 53.69% | +11.97% | |
Democratic | Clark Gruening | 72,007 | 45.93% | −12.35% | |
Write-ins | 596 | 0.38% | |||
Majority | 12,152 | 7.75% | −8.81% | ||
Turnout | 156,762 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic | Swing |
Arizona
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![]() U.S. Senate election results map. Red denotes counties won by Goldwater. Blue denotes those won by Schulz. | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican Barry Goldwater decided to run for reelection to a third consecutive term, after returning to the U.S. Senate in 1968 following his failed Presidential run in 1964 against Lyndon B. Johnson. Goldwater defeated Democratic Party nominee Bill Schulz in the general election, but only by a narrow margin, which later caused Goldwater to decide against running for reelection to a fourth consecutive term.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Bill Schulz | 97,520 | 55.36% | |
Democratic | James F. McNulty, Jr. | 58,894 | 33.43% | |
Democratic | Frank DePaoli | 19,259 | 10.93% | |
Democratic | Frances Morgan (withdrawn) | 485 | 0.28% | |
Total votes | 176,158 | 100.00 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
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Republican | Barry Goldwater | 432,371 | 49.46% | ||
Democratic | Bill Schulz | 422,972 | 48.38% | ||
Libertarian | Fred R. Esser | 12,008 | 1.37% | ||
People Over Politics | Lorenzo Torrez | 3,608 | 0.41% | ||
Socialist Workers | Josefina Otero | 3,266 | 0.37% | ||
Majority | 9,399 | 1.08% | |||
Turnout | 874,225 |
Arkansas
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Incumbent Democrat Dale Bumpers won re-election to a second term over real estate broker William Clark.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Dale Bumpers | 477,905 | 57.0% | |
Republican | Bill Clark | 360,576 | 43.0% | |
Independent | Walter McCarty | 331 | 0.0% |
California
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Incumbent Democrat Alan Cranston easily won re-election to a third term over Paul Gann, political activist, even as the state's former Republican governor, Ronald Reagan, claimed a landslide victory in the presidential election.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Alan Cranston | 4,705,399 | 56.5% | |
Republican | Paul Gann | 3,093,426 | 37.2% | |
Libertarian | David Bergland | 202,481 | 2.4% | |
Peace and Freedom | David Wald | 196,354 | 2.4% | |
American Independent | James C. Griffin | 129,648 | 1.6% |
Colorado
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Incumbent Democrat Gary Hart won re-election to a second term over Mary Estill Buchanan, Colorado Secretary of State.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
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Democratic | Gary Hart (Incumbent) | 590,501 | 50.33% | −6.90% | |
Republican | Mary Estill Buchanan | 571,295 | 48.70% | +9.20% | |
Statesman | Earl Higgerson | 7,265 | 0.62% | ||
Independent American | Henry John Olshaw | 4,081 | 0.35% | ||
Majority | 19,206 | 1.64% | −16.10% | ||
Turnout | 1,173,142 | ||||
Democratic hold | Swing |
Connecticut
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Incumbent Democrat Abraham Ribicoff decided to retire. Democrat Chris Dodd won the open seat over James Buckley, former U.S. Senator from New York
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Chris Dodd | 763,969 | 56.3% | |
Republican | James Buckley | 581,884 | 42.9% | |
Libertarian | Jerry Brennan | 5,336 | 0.4% | |
Concerned Citizens | Andrew J. Zemel | 4,772 | 0.4% |
Florida
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Incumbent Democrat Richard Stone decided to run for re-election to a second term, but was defeated in the Democratic primary election by Bill Gunter. Republican Paula Hawkins won the open seat.[3]
Stone, a freshman Senator, had a reputation for changing his mind. In 1980, the AFL-CIO actively campaigned against him, and Stone was deemed vulnerable in his re-election bid.[15] Six Democrats entered the race for Stone's seat including his 1974 runoff opponent Bill Gunter who was Florida State Treasurer/Insurance Commissioner in 1980.[15] As was the case in 1974, Stone and Gunter were forced into a runoff but, unlike 1974, Gunter won the nomination.[citation needed]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Richard Stone | 355,287 | 32.08% | |
Democratic | Bill Gunter | 335,859 | 30.33% | |
Democratic | Buddy MacKay | 272,538 | 24.61% | |
Democratic | Richard A. Pettigrew | 108,154 | 9.77% | |
Democratic | James L. Miller | 18,118 | 1.64% | |
Democratic | John B. Coffey | 17,410 | 1.57% | |
Total votes | 1,107,366 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Gunter | 594,676 | 51.76% | |
Democratic | Richard Stone | 554,268 | 48.24% | |
Total votes | 1,148,944 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Paula Hawkins | 209,856 | 48.14% | |
Republican | Louis Frey, Jr. | 119,834 | 27.49% | |
Republican | Ander Crenshaw | 54,767 | 12.56% | |
Republican | Ellis Rubin | 19,990 | 4.59% | |
Republican | John T. Ware | 18,118 | 1.64% | |
Republican | Lewis Dinkins | 15,174 | 3.48% | |
Total votes | 435,962 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Paula Hawkins | 293,600 | 61.61% | |
Republican | Louis Frey, Jr. | 182,911 | 38.39% | |
Total votes | 476,511 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
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Republican | Paula Hawkins | 1,822,460 | 51.66% | +10.74% | |
Democratic | Bill Gunter | 1,705,409 | 48.34% | +4.96% | |
Write-ins | 159 | 0.00% | |||
Majority | 117,051 | 3.32% | +0.85% | ||
Turnout | 3,528,028 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic | Swing |
Georgia
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Incumbent Democrat and former Governor of Georgia Herman Talmadge decided to run for re-election to a fifth term, but lost a close race to Mack Mattingly, Chairman of the Georgia Republican Party. 1980 resulted in a landslide election for Republicans that would come to be known as the Reagan Revolution.[3]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
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Republican | Mack Mattingly | 803,686 | 50.87% | +22.63% | |
Democratic | Herman Talmadge (inc.) | 776,143 | 49.13% | −22.63% | |
Majority | 27,543 | 1.74% | −41.78% | ||
Turnout | 1,579,829 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic | Swing | 22.63% |
Hawaii
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017) |
Idaho
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Incumbent Democrat Frank Church ran for re-election to a fifth term, but was defeated by Republican Steve Symms, U.S. Congressman.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
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Republican | Steve Symms | 218,701 | 49.74% | +7.61% | |
Democratic | Frank Church (Incumbent) | 214,439 | 48.78% | −7.30% | |
Libertarian | Larry Fullmer | 6,507 | 1.48% | ||
Majority | 4,262 | 0.97% | −12.96% | ||
Turnout | 439,647 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic | Swing |
Illinois
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Incumbent Democrat Adlai Stevenson III decided to retire. Democrat Alan J. Dixon won the open seat, beating Dave O'Neal, Lieutenant Governor of Illinois
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
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Democratic | Alan Dixon | 2,565,302 | 56.0% | ||
Republican | Dave O'Neal | 1,946,296 | 42.5% | ||
Libertarian | Bruce Green | 29,328 | 0.6% | ||
Independent | Sidney Lens | 19,213 | 0.4% | ||
Communist | Charles F. Wilson | 5,671 | 0.2% | ||
Workers World | Michael Soriano | 5,626 | 0.1% | ||
Socialist Workers | Burton L. Artz | 2,715 | 0.1% |
Indiana
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Incumbent Democrat Birch Bayh ran for a fourth term, but was defeated by Republican Dan Quayle.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Dan Quayle | 397,273 | 77.06% | |
Republican | Roger Marsh | 118,273 | 22.94% |
Birch Bayh, the incumbent Senator, faced no opposition from Indiana Democratic Party and avoided a primary election. Bayh was originally elected in 1962 and re-elected in 1968 and 1974. He was Chairman of Senate Intelligence Committee and architect of 25th and 26th Amendments. This election was one of the key races in the country, and signaled a trend that would come to be known as Reagan's coattails, describing the influence Ronald Reagan had in congressional elections. Incumbent three-term Senator Birch Bayh was defeated by over 160,000 votes to Representative Dan Quayle, who would later go on to be Vice President of the United States.
#E81B23Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Dan Quayle | 1,182,414 | 53.79% | |
Democratic | Birch Bayh (Incumbent) | 1,015,922 | 46.21% | |
Majority | 166,492 | 7.58% | ||
Turnout | 2,198,366 | |||
Republican gain from Democrat |
Iowa
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Incumbent Democrat United States Senator John Culver sought re-election to a second term in the Senate, but he was unsuccessful in his bid to do so, falling to Chuck Grassley, the United States Congressman from Iowa's 3rd congressional district, the Republican nominee.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Culver (inc.) | 95,656 | 99.95% | |
Democratic | Write-ins | 52 | 0.05% | |
Total votes | 95,708 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Chuck Grassley | 170,120 | 65.54% | |
Republican | Tom Stoner | 89,409 | 34.45% | |
Republican | Write-ins | 34 | 0.01% | |
Total votes | 259,563 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Chuck Grassley | 683,014 | 53.49% | +4.21% | |
Democratic | John Culver (Incumbent) | 581,545 | 45.54% | −4.48% | |
Independent | Garry De Young | 5,858 | 0.46% | ||
Libertarian | Robert V. Hengerer | 4,233 | 0.33% | ||
Independent | John Ingram Henderson | 2,336 | 0.18% | ||
Majority | 101,469 | 7.95% | +7.20% | ||
Turnout | 1,772,983 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic | Swing |
Kansas
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Kentucky
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017) |
Louisiana
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017) |
Maryland
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017) |
Missouri
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017) |
Nevada
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![]() U.S. Senate election results map. Red denotes those won by Laxalt.
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Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Paul Laxalt won re-election to a second term over Mary Gojack, former State Senator (1974–1978) and former State Assemblywoman (1972–1974).[22]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Paul Laxalt (Incumbent) | 144,224 | 58.52% | +11.55% | |
Democratic | Mary Gojack | 92,129 | 37.38% | −9.22% | |
Libertarian | Allen Hacker | 6,920 | 2.81% | ||
None of These Candidates | 3,163 | 1.28% | |||
Majority | 52,095 | 21.14% | +20.77% | ||
Turnout | 246,436 | ||||
Republican hold | Swing |
New Hampshire
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Incumbent Democrat John Durkin was defeated by former Attorney General of New Hampshire Warren Rudman in a relatively close election, where nationwide Republicans would have a landslide election known as the Reagan Revolution.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Warren Rudman | 195,559 | 52.15% | |
Democratic | John A. Durkin (Incumbent) | 179,455 | 47.85% | |
Majority | 16,104 | 4.3% | ||
Turnout | 375,014 | |||
Republican gain from Democratic |
New York
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Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Jacob K. Javits was defeated in the primary, and Republican Al D'Amato, Presiding Supervisor of the Town of Hempstead, won the three way election with Elizabeth Holtzman, U.S. Representative.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Elizabeth Holtzman | 378,567 | 40.74% | |
Democratic | Bess Myerson | 292,767 | 31.51% | |
Democratic | John Lindsay | 146,815 | 15.80% | |
Democratic | John Santucci | 36,770 | 11.96% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Alfonse M D'Amato | 323,468 | 55.68% | |
Republican | Jacob K. Javits | 257,433 | 44.32% | |
Total votes | 580,901 | 100.00% |
Javits's refusal to adjust politically to the rightward movement of his party as well as his 1979 diagnosis with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease) led to a primary challenge. Javits was defeated in the primary by Hempstead Presiding Supervisor Al D'Amato on September 9.
D'Amato, also running on the Conservative line, proceeded to defeat Democratic U.S. Representative Elizabeth Holtzman and Javits, who ran on the Liberal Party ticket. In the traditionally liberal state of New York, Javits split the Democratic vote with Holtzman to give D'Amato a close victory.[25]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Alfonse D'Amato | 2,272,082 | ||
Conservative | Alfonse D'Amato | 275,100 | ||
Right to Life | Alfonse D'Amato | 152,470 | ||
'Total' | Alfonse D'Amato | 2,699,652 | 44.88% | |
Democratic | Elizabeth Holtzman | 2,618,661 | 43.54% | |
Liberal | Jacob K. Javits (Incumbent) | 664,544 | 11.05% | |
Libertarian | Richard Savadel | 21,465 | 0.36% | |
Communist | William R. Scott | 4,161 | 0.07% | |
Workers World | Thomas Soto | 3,643 | 0.06% | |
Socialist Workers | Victor A. Nieto | 2,715 | 0.05% | |
Write-in votes | 73 | <0.01% | ||
Majority | 80,991 | 1.34% | ||
Turnout | 6,014,914 | |||
Republican hold |
North Carolina
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Incumbent Democrat Robert Morgan lost re-election a second term to Republican John East, Professor at East Carolina University.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | John East | 898,064 | 49.96% | +12.18% | |
Democratic | Robert Morgan (incumbent) | 887,653 | 49.38% | −12.39% | |
Libertarian | F.W. (Rick) Pasotto | 7,602 | 0.04% | ||
Socialist Workers | Rebecca Finch | 4,346 | 0.02% | ||
Turnout | 1,797,655 |
North Dakota
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Incumbent Republican Milton Young was retiring. Republican Mark Andrews defeated North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party candidate Kent Johanneson to fill the vacated seat.[3]
Andrews, who had served as a Representative since 1965, easily received the Republican nomination, and the endorsed Democratic-NPL candidate was Kent Johanneson. Andrews and Johanneson won the primary elections for their respective parties.
Two independent candidates, Harley McLain and Don J. Klingensmith also filed before the deadline under the Chemical Farming Banned and Statesman parties respectively. McLain would later run for the same seat in 1998 against then incumbent Byron Dorgan.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Mark Andrews | 210,347 | 70.29% | |
Democratic | Kent Johanneson | 86,658 | 28.96% | |
Independent | Harley McLain | 1,625 | 0.54% | |
Independent | Don J. Klingensmith | 642 | 0.22% | |
Majority | ||||
Turnout | 299,272 |
Ohio
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Incumbent Democrat John Glenn won re-election to a second term in a landslide with 69% of the vote over Jim Betts, State Representative, coinciding with Ronald Reagan's substantial win in the state during the presidential election.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Glenn (Incumbent) | 2,770,786 | 68.8% | |
Republican | Jim Betts | 1,137,695 | 28.3% | |
Independent | John E. Powers | 76,412 | 1.9% | |
Independent | Rick Nagin | 42,410 | 1.1% |
Oklahoma
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Incumbent Republican Henry Bellmon decided to retire, instead of seeking a third term. Republican nominee Don Nickles won the open seat over Andy Coats, Oklahoma County, Oklahoma district attorney.[28]
After two years in the State Senate and displeased by the policies of the Carter Administration, Nickles ran for the United States Senate in 1980 to succeed Republican Henry Bellmon who was retiring. As an unknown in a field crowded with business and political bigwigs, Nickles was not initially given much of a chance. Bellmon even tried to convince him to wait and run for the U.S. House. Utilizing personal contact and passing out unique "wooden nickel" campaign button novelties, Nickles unique grassroot community ties to local Amway distributors throughout Oklahoma gave him an interpersonal network which proved helpful.[citation needed] Nickles beat two well funded oil millionaires (Jack Zink and Ed Noble) in the primary and won the primary run-off against Zink, a race car driver. He later won the general election against Democrat Oklahoma City Mayor Andy Coats and independent Charles Nesbitt, the Oklahoma Corporation Commissioner and former Oklahoma Attorney General. At the age of 32, Nickles was the youngest Republican ever elected to the United States Senate.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Don Nickles | 587,252 | 53.5% | |
Democratic | Andy Coats | 478,283 | 43.6% | |
Independent | Charles R. Nesbitt | 21,179 | 1.9% | |
Libertarian | Robert T. Murphy | 9,757 | 0.9% | |
Independent | Paul E. Trent | 1,823 | 0.2% |
Oregon
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Republican incumbent Bob Packwood was re-elected to a third term, defeating Democratic state senator Ted Kulongoski and Libertarian Tonie Nathan.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MSH80_eruption_mount_st_helens_05-18-80.jpg/115px-MSH80_eruption_mount_st_helens_05-18-80.jpg)
The primary elections were held on May 20, 1980 in conjunction with the Democratic and Republican presidential primaries. Interest in the primaries was somewhat subdued because they occurred just two days after the eruption of Mount St. Helens, about 60 miles (97 km) north of Oregon's most populous city, Portland.[30][31] The eruption (which was a VEI = 5 event) was the first significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption of California's Lassen Peak.[32]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Bob Packwood | 191,127 | 62.43% | |
Republican | Brenda Jose | 45,973 | 15.02% | |
Republican | Kenneth Brown | 23,599 | 7.71% | |
Republican | Rosalie Huss | 22,929 | 7.49% | |
Republican | William D. Severn | 22,281 | 6.08% | |
Republican | miscellaneous | 227 | 0.07% | |
Total votes | 306,136 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Ted Kulongoski | 161,153 | 47.66% | |
Democratic | Charles O. Porter | 69,646 | 20.60% | |
Democratic | Jack Sumner | 46,107 | 13.64% | |
Democratic | John Sweeney | 39,961 | 11.82% | |
Democratic | Gene Arvidson | 20,548 | 6.08% | |
Democratic | miscellaneous | 692 | 0.21% | |
Total votes | 338,110 | 100.00% |
In addition to the candidates chosen in the primaries, Tonie Nathan was chosen as the Libertarian Party candidate at that party's convention in June.[35] Previously, Nathan had been the Libertarian vice presidential candidate in the 1972 Presidential election and was the first woman to ever receive an electoral vote in a U.S. Presidential election from a faithless elector who voted for her.[36]
As a well-funded incumbent, Packwood was expected to have a fairly easy road to re-election and led by double digit margins in most early polls.[37][38] Packwood chose defense spending as his key issue in the campaign while Kulongoski focused on the economy and unemployment. Nathan hammered at core Libertarian principles of limited government, with a goal of 5% of votes which would keep the party as a valid minor party.[39] The three candidates agreed to three debates, to be held across the state in the summer of 1980.[40] As the challenger, Kulongoski aggressively attempted to engage Packwood in the debates, but the debate format did not allow the candidates to ask follow-up questions or rebut each other's statements and Packwood was largely able to avoid confrontation and stay above the fray.[39] As the campaign wore on, Kulongoski grew more confident and tried to appeal to Oregonians' independent values by saying that Packwood's enormous cash advantage was due to "eastern" money.[30]
Kulongoski closed to within a few points in some late polls, but with no mistakes made by Packwood and with the coattail effect of Ronald Reagan's Presidential victory, the incumbent achieved an electoral majority and a fairly comfortable 8-point margin over Kulongoski. Nathan finished with less than 4% of the vote, short of her goal of 5%.[41] With Republicans taking control of the U.S. Senate, Packwood was in line to become chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee. Fellow Oregon Republican Senator Mark Hatfield was also elevated to chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, giving Oregon power in the Senate it had never seen before.[42]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Bob Packwood | 594,290 | 52.13% | |
Democratic | Ted Kulongoski | 501,963 | 44.03% | |
Libertarian | Tonie Nathan | 43,686 | 3.83% | |
Total votes | 1,139,939 | 100.00% | ||
Republican hold |
Pennsylvania
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Incumbent Republican Richard Schweiker decided to retire, instead of seeking a third term. Republican nominee Arlen Specter won the open seat, defeating Democratic nominee Peter F. Flaherty, former Mayor of Pittsburgh.
Arlen Specter, formerly a member of the Democratic party, had served as legal counsel to the Warren Commission, which investigated the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy, after which he became District Attorney of Philadelphia. After he was defeated in a 1967 run for Mayor of Philadelphia, Specter was defeated in his bid for a third term as district attorney. He had run in the Republican primary in the 1976 Senate election, but was defeated by John Heinz and also ran in the 1978 gubernatorial election, but was defeated by Dick Thornburgh in the primary. Shortly after Specter opened a law practice in Atlantic City, New Jersey, incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Richard Schweiker unexpectedly announced his decision not to seek re-election to his seat. Specter, believing his reputation as a political moderate would help him in the general election, decided to run. In the Republican primary, Specter faced state senator Edward Howard, as well as Delaware County councilman Bud Haabestad, who was endorsed by Schweiker, then-governor Thornburgh and John Heinz. Specter ultimately defeated Haabestad, his most prominent challenger, by approximately 37,000 votes.[44]
In the Democratic primary, former Pittsburgh mayor Peter Flaherty contended with State Representative Joseph Rhodes, Jr., former U.S. Representative Edward Mezvinsky, State Senator H. Craig Lewis and Dean of Temple University Law School Peter J. Liacouras. Flaherty's name recognition enabled him to defeat his primary opponents, winning every county and thus winning the Democratic nomination.[44]
Flaherty employed a general election strategy he had used in two previous statewide office campaigns: win by a wide margin in the southwestern part of the state and narrowly win Philadelphia. He also hoped to carry several swing towns on account of his support from several labor unions. Specter hoped to carry his home town of Philadelphia, despite the Democrats' 7-2 voter registration advantage there. To this end, Specter sought endorsements among city Democratic leadership, including future mayor John F. Street. Specter hoped that, with wins in suburban areas and the heavily Republican central portion of the state in addition to winning Philadelphia, he would be able to win the election. Specter distanced himself from Governor Dick Thornburgh, who had become unpopular in some demographics due to his proposals to decrease welfare program spending.[44]
In the end, Specter defeated Flaherty by approximately 108,000 votes, carrying Philadelphia and its suburbs as well as the central and northeastern portions of the state. Flaherty performed strongest in the western portion of the state, including Cambria, Clarion, Erie and Mercer counties.[44]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Arlen Specter | 2,230,404 | 50.48% | |
Democratic | Peter F. Flaherty | 2,122,391 | 48.04% | |
Socialist Workers | Linda Mohrbacher | 27,229 | 0.62% | |
Libertarian | David K. Walter | 18,595 | 0.42% | |
Consumer | Lee Frissell | 16,089 | 0.36% | |
Communist | Frank Kinces | 3,334 | 0.08% | |
Majority | 108,013 | 2.44% | ||
Turnout | 4,418,042 | |||
Republican hold |
South Carolina
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Incumbent Democrat Senator Fritz Hollings easily defeated Republican challenger Marshall Mays to win his third full term.
Democratic Primary | ||
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Candidate | Votes | % |
Fritz Hollings | 266,796 | 81.2% |
Nettie Durant Dickerson | 34,720 | 10.6% |
William P. Kreml | 27,049 | 8.2% |
Republican Primary | ||
---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | % |
Marshall Mays | 14,075 | 42.6% |
Charlie Rhodes | 11,395 | 34.5% |
Robert Carley | 7,575 | 22.9% |
Republican Primary Runoff | |||
---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
Marshall Mays | 6,853 | 64.8% | +22.2% |
Charlie Rhodes | 3,717 | 35.2% | +0.7% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Fritz Hollings | 612,556 | 70.4% | +1.0% | |
Republican | Marshall Mays | 257,946 | 29.6% | +0.9% | |
No party | Write-Ins | 94 | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
Majority | 354,610 | 40.8% | +0.1% | ||
Turnout | 870,596 | 70.5% | +19.2% | ||
Democratic hold |
South Dakota
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Incumbent Democrat George McGovern ran for re-election to a fourth term, but was defeated by Republican James Abdnor, U.S. Representative.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | George McGovern (Incumbent) | 44,822 | 62.44% | |
Democratic | Larry Schumaker | 26,958 | 37.56% | |
Total votes | 71,780 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | James Abdnor | 68,196 | 72.93% | |
Republican | Dale Bell | 25,314 | 27.07% | |
Total votes | 93,510 | 100.00% |
McGovern was one of several liberal Democratic U.S. senators targeted for defeat in 1980 by the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC), which put out a year's worth of negative portrayals of McGovern.[46] They and other pro-life groups especially focused on McGovern's support for pro-choice abortion laws.[47] McGovern faced a Democratic primary challenge for the first time, from a pro-life candidate.[48]
Abdnor, a four-term incumbent congressman who held identical positions to McGovern on farm issues, was solidly conservative on national issues, and was well liked within the state.[47][49] Abdnor's campaign focused on both McGovern's liberal voting record and what it said was McGovern's lack of involvement in South Dakotan affairs.[47] McGovern made an issue of NCPAC's outside involvement, and that group eventually withdrew from the campaign after Abdnor denounced a letter they had sent out.[47] Far behind in the polls earlier, McGovern outspent Abdnor 2-to-1, hammered away at Abdnor's refusal to debate him (drawing attention to a slight speech defect Abdnor had), and, showing the comeback pattern of some of his past races in the state, closed the gap for a while.[47][50][51]
However, in the general election McGovern was solidly defeated, getting only 39 percent of the vote to Abdnor's 58 percent.[50] McGovern became one of many Democratic casualties of that year's Republican sweep,[51] which became known as the "Reagan Revolution".
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | James Abdnor | 190,594 | 58.20% | +11.24% | |
Democratic | George McGovern (Incumbent) | 129,018 | 39.40% | −13.65% | |
Independent | Wayne Peterson | 7,866 | 2.40% | ||
Majority | 61,576 | 18.80% | +12.72% | ||
Turnout | 327,478 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic | Swing |
Utah
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017) |
Vermont
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Incumbent Democrat Patrick Leahy ran successfully for reelection to a second term in the United States Senate, defeating Stewart M. Ledbetter
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Patrick Leahy (Incumbent) | 27,548 | 97.5% | |
Democratic | Other | 696 | 2.5% | |
Total votes | '28,244' | '100.0%' |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Stewart M. Ledbetter | 16,518 | 35.3% | |
Republican | James E. Mullin | 12,256 | 26.2% | |
Republican | Tom Evslin | 8,575 | 18.3% | |
Republican | T. Garry Buckley | 5,209 | 11.1% | |
Republican | Robert Schuettinger | 3,450 | 7.4% | |
Republican | Anthony N. Doria | 496 | 1.1% | |
Republican | Other | 316 | 0.7% | |
Total votes | '46,820' | '100.0%' |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Liberty Union | Earl S. Gardner | 135 | 80.4% | |
Liberty Union | Other | 33 | 19.6% | |
Total votes | '168' | '100.0%' |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Patrick Leahy (Incumbent) | 104,089 | 49.8% | |
Republican | Steward M. Ledbetter | 101,647 | 48.6% | |
Independent | Anthony N. Doria | 1,764 | 0.8% | |
Liberty Union | Earl S. Gardner | 1,578 | 0.8% | |
N/A | Other | 110 | 0.0% | |
Total votes | '209,188' | '100.0%' |
Washington
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Incumbent Democrat Warren Magnuson lost re-election to State Attorney General Slade Gorton.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Slade Gorton | 936,317 | 54.2% | |
Democratic | Warren Magnuson | 792,052 | 45.8% | |
Total votes | 1,728,369 | 100.0% | ||
Turnout |
Wisconsin
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Incumbent Democrat Gaylord Nelson ran for re-election to a fourth term, but was defeated by Bob Kasten, Former U.S. Representative from Wisconsin's 9th congressional district (1975-1979).[3]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Bob Kasten | 1,106,311 | 50.44% | |
Democratic | Gaylord Nelson | 1,065,487 | 48.34% | |
Constitution | James P. Wickstrom | 16,156 | 0.73% | |
Libertarian | Bervin J. Larson | 9,679 | 0.44% | |
Socialist Workers | Susan Hagen | 6,502 | 0.30% | |
Majority | 40,284 | 1.85% | ||
Turnout | 2,204,135 | |||
Republican gain from Democratic |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b The Independent caucused with the Democrats.
- ^ Harry F. Byrd Jr. (VA) was an Independent who caucused with the Democrats. In some circles he is called an "Independent Democrat," but his actual registration was listed as "Independent." See, e.g., United States Congress. "Harry Flood Byrd, Jr. (id: B001209)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Clerk of the United States House of Representatives (1981). "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4, 1980" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office.
- ^ Kane, Paul (November 19, 2008). "Ted Stevens Loses Battle For Alaska Senate Seat". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
- ^ Robert KC Johnson, "Not Many Senators Have Found Themselves in Joe Lieberman's Predicament", History News Network, August 7, 2006. Accessed July 7, 2007.
- ^ a b Alex Koppelman, "Don't worry, be Mike Gravel", Salon.com, May 7, 2007. Accessed July 4, 2007.
- ^ a b c Wallace Turner (August 28, 1980). "Gravel Loses a Bitter Fight In Senate Primary in Alaska" (fee required). The New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2007.
- ^ a b Wallace Turner, "Side Issues Figure in Tricky Alaska Primary", The New York Times, July 6, 1982. Accessed July 7, 2007.
- ^ a b http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/80PRIM/80prim.pdf
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate - D Primary Race - Sep 09, 1980". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AR US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CA US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CT US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ a b Abramowitz, Alan I.; Segal, Jeffrey Allan (1992). Senate Elections. University of Michigan Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-472-08192-6. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
- ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "United States Senator". Our Campaigns. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
- ^ "IL US Senate Race - November 04, 1980". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ "Official Results". OurCampaigns. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
- ^ a b http://sos.iowa.gov/elections/pdf/results/80s/1980primcanv.pdf
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Mary L. Gojack". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - PA Governor - D Primary Race - May 16, 1978". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Syracuse Mayoral Primary Results - 9wsyr.com". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Abramowitz, Alan; Segal, Jeffrey Allan (January 1, 1992). Senate Elections. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472081926.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NY US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - OH US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Andrew M. Coats". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - OK US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ a b Sand, Joseph R. (May 20, 1980). "Early turnout moderate as primary vote begins". The Bulletin (Bend). Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ Wicker, Tom (May 21, 1980). "Volcano upstages Oregon primary". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ Fisher, Richard V.; Heiken, Grant; Hulen, Jeffrey (4 October 1998). "Volcanoes: Crucibles of Change". Princeton University Press. Retrieved 20 December 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Oregon US Senate Republican Primary Race, May 20, 1980". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "Oregon US Senate Democratic Primary Race, May 20, 1980". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "Nathan, Wright named nominees by Libertarians". The Register-Guard. June 2, 1980. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Boaz, David (August 29, 2008). "First Woman". Cato @ Liberty (Cato Institute). Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ Sand, Joseph R. (September 25, 1980). "Campaign '80: Oregon is interested in home races". The Telegraph (Nashua). Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "Poll shows Packwood well ahead of his foe". The Bulletin (Bend). August 18, 1980. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ a b "Senate race stirs memories of 1968". The Register-Guard. November 2, 1980. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "Senate contestants schedule 3 debates". The Register-Guard. July 12, 1980. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Packwood wins Senate race". The Register-Guard. November 5, 1980. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ Forrester, Steve (November 9, 1980). "Never has state had so much power". The Register-Guard. Retrieved March 23, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Oregon US Senate Race, Nov 4, 1980". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania elections : statewide contests from 1950-2004. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. pp. 61–63. ISBN 0761832793.
- ^ a b "South Dakota Secretary of State, Shantel Krebs" (PDF). www.sdsos.gov. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ *Marano, Richard Michael, Vote Your Conscience: The Last Campaign of George McGovern, Praeger Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-275-97189-9. pp. 22–23.
- ^ a b c d e Petersen, Iver (November 5, 1980). "McGovern Fails in Attempt At Fourth Term as Senator" (fee required). The New York Times. p. A21.
- ^ Marano, Vote Your Conscience, p. 27.
- ^ Marano, Vote Your Conscience, p. 29.
- ^ a b Marano, Vote Your Conscience, p. 32.
- ^ a b "Nation: Reagan Gets a G.O.P Senate". Time. November 17, 1980.
- ^ a b c "Primary Election Results" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^ "General Election Results - U.S. Senator - 1914-2014" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^ 40229Olympia, Contact Us Washington Secretary of StateElections Division520 Union Ave SEPO Box; Policy, WA 98504-0229902-4180 Privacy. "Election Search Results - Elections & Voting - WA Secretary of State". Retrieved 20 December 2017.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)