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Warragamba Dam

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Not to be confused with Lake Burragorang.

Warragamba Dam
Warragamba Dam wall
Warragamba Dam is located in New South Wales
Warragamba Dam
Location of the Warragamba Dam
in New South Wales
CountryAustralia
LocationWallacia, New South Wales
PurposePotable water supply
StatusOperational
Construction began1948
Opening date14th October 1960
Owner(s)Sydney Catchment Authority
Dam and spillways
Type of damGravity dam
ImpoundsWarragamba River
Height142 m (466 ft)
Length351 m (1,152 ft)
Width (base)104 m (341 ft)
Dam volume3,000,000 tonnes
SpillwaysTwo
Spillway typeControlled chute spillways with five crest gates and a central drum; automatic operation
Reservoir
CreatesLake Burragorang
Total capacity2,031 GL (4.47×1011 imp gal; 5.37×1011 US gal)
Catchment area9,051 km2 (3,495 sq mi)
Surface area75 km2 (29 sq mi)
Maximum length52 km (32 mi)
Maximum water depth105 m (344 ft)
Normal elevation180 m (590 ft)
Power Station
Operator(s)Eraring Energy
Commission date1959
TypeConventional
Turbines1
Installed capacity50 MW (67,000 hp)
Annual generation0 GW·h
Website
Warragamba Dam at Sydney Catchment Authority

Warragamba Dam, a concrete gravity dam, creates Lake Burragorang, the primary reservoir for water supply for the Australian city of Sydney, New South Wales.

The dam impounds the Coxs, Kowmung, Nattai, Wingecarribee, Wollondilly, and Warragamba rivers, within the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment;[1] and the dam wall is located approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi) to the southwest of Sydney central business district, near the town of Wallacia. Constructed between 1948 and 1960, the dam created capacity for a reservoir of 2,031 gigalitres (4.47×1011 imp gal; 5.37×1011 US gal) and is fed by a catchment area of 9,051 square kilometres (3,495 sq mi). The surface area of the lake covers 75 square kilometres (29 sq mi) of the now flooded Burragorang Valley. Enhancements to the dam were completed in 2009, including the addition of an auxiliary spillway to manage extreme flood events.[2]

A small hydroelectric power station is incorporated into the design of the dam and may operate at times of peak discharge; but has rarely generated power in recent years.[3]

In early March 2012, the dam spilled for the first time in fourteen years, as a result of heavy rainfall in the catchment during February 2012. This spill followed a period of prolonged drought which saw the dam fall to historic lows of below 33 percent in 2007.[4]

Overview

The Warragamba River flows through a gorge that varies in width from 300 metres (980 ft) to 600 metres (2,000 ft), and is 100 metres (330 ft) in depth. This gorge opens at its upper end into a large valley, the Burragorang Valley. This river configuration allows for a relatively short but high dam wall, in the gorge, to impound a vast quantity of water.[5]

In 1845, Paweł Strzelecki drew attention to the Warragamba River as a water supply catchment; in 1867, supporters proposed a dam. Between 1867 and 1946, supporters proposed various schemes before the site and design of the current dam received approval. In 1940, a weir and pumping station, known as the Warragamba Emergency Scheme, reached completion, just downstream of the main dam site.[5]

In 1943 the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board invited the geologist William Browne to investigate a proposed site. Browne found a more suitable site and continued as geological adviser until completion.[6] The site was reviewed and approved by Dr John Savage, considered the pre-eminent expert in this field, and formally accepted by the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board on 2 October 1946.[5] The Board appointed Thomas Upton as the engineer.

Dam construction began in 1948 and was completed in 1960. The resulting dam of the Warragamba River formed Lake Burragorang, which is one of the largest reservoirs for urban water supply in the world.[citation needed]

The dam wall comprises 1,612,000 cubic yards (1,232,000 m3) of concrete. It was laid as interlocking blocks roughly 17 metres (56 ft) on each side, which were later grouted together to form a continuous, monolithic wall. It is so large that engineers had to use two techniques to prevent the temperature from becoming too hot as the concrete set. One was to add ice to the wet concrete, the first application of this technique in Australia. The other was to embed cooling pipes into the concrete and circulate chilled water through the pipes. As a result, the dam wall was cooled in a few months instead of the estimated 100 years it would have taken to cool naturally.[5]

Spillway

Warragamba Dam

The main spillway has five crest gates: A central drum gate with a 27 metres (89 ft) clear span with a pair of radial gates on each side. Each radial gate has a 12 metres (39 ft) clear span. The drum gate is hinged along the upstream edge to the upstream crest and lowers into the dam wall to allow water to flow over it. When fully open, it forms a continuation of the crest profile.[5] All gates open automatically as the dam passes full water level, or can be manually opened.[5][7] The auxiliary spillway is normally closed by a series of fuse plugs that are designed to be washed away in the event of an extreme flood event.[2]

As originally designed, the dam could safely withstand a peak inflow of 500,000 cubic feet per second (14,000 m3/s), leading to a peak discharge of 354,000 cubic feet per second (10,000 m3/s) down the spillway.[5] Following a 1987 and 1989 re-evaluation of the potential rainfall and flood risks, the New South Wales Government authorised for the dam wall to be raised by 5 metres (16 ft) and constructed an auxiliary spillway on the east bank of the dam.[7]

Re-engineering works

In 2006, the Warragamba Deep Water Storage Recovery Project, part of the Metropolitan Water Plan, penetrated the base of the dam wall to allow the previously inaccessible lowest water in the reservoir to be available. This new outlet was below the minimum level required for gravity flow, which delivered water from the existing outlets. The project constructed a new pumping station downstream of the dam. The new pumping station is within the Emergency Scheme pumping station chamber. This project provided access to eight per cent more water or approximately six months of extra supply. On 15 April 2006, the project reached a major milestone when it increased the available storage from 1,857 gigalitres (6.56×1010 cu ft) to 2,027 gigalitres (7.16×1010 cu ft).[citation needed]

Other recent major work includes a complete upgrade of the three passenger lifts within the dam wall, an upgrade of the traveling crest crane and a complete upgrade of the four water supply outlets in the valve house, which includes the replacement of the major valves. A full electrical upgrade is currently[when?] in advanced planning stage, as is a mechanical upgrade that will address the drum gate and four radial gates.

Catchment

The catchment area is 9,050 square kilometres (3,490 sq mi). The areas closest to the lake, making up around 30% of the total catchment, are restricted access special areas. Most of the rest of the catchment consists of cleared farming land and contains large and small towns, which discharge treated sewage into the catchment.

Although the engineers did not design Warragamba Dam as a flood control measure, it can mitigate flooding by holding floodwaters back while the reservoir fills.[citation needed]

Dam level crises and water restrictions

There have been times when drought has seriously depleted the dam. In March 1983, Lake Burragorang's level reached a low of 45.4% of capacity, only to reach maximum level in the mid 1990s; as a consequence the gates were opened. Between 1998 and 2007 the catchment area experienced extremely low rainfall, and on 8 February 2007 it recorded an all time low of 32.5% of capacity.[8]

The New South Wales State Government tried to reduce this risk by implementing water restrictions[9] and commissioned the construction of a desalination plant, at Kurnell. Heavy rains between June 2007 and February 2008 restored the dam level to around 67%. Despite this, Level 3 water restrictions remained in place until 21 June 2009. On 29 February 2012, it was reported that the dam was likely to overflow for the first time in fourteen years, due to continuing heavy rain in the region.[10] The dam began spilling at 18:53 (AEDT) on 2 March 2012 and again on 20 April 2012.[4][11][12]

Power generation

There is also a hydroelectric power station at the dam that can generate 50 megawatts (67,000 hp).[13]

Statistical overview

Key dam structure
Height 142 metres (466 ft)
Length 351 metres (1,152 ft)
Thickness at top 8.5 metres (28 ft)
Thickness at base 104 metres (341 ft)
Width of central spillway 94.5 metres (310 ft)
Width of auxiliary spillway (at mouth) 190 metres (620 ft)
Length of auxiliary spillway 700 metres (2,300 ft)
Hydro-electric plant capacity 50 megawatts (67,000 hp)
Key reservoir statistics
Available storage (when full) 2,027 gigalitres (7.16×1010 cu ft)
Total capacity (when full) 2,031 gigalitres (7.17×1010 cu ft)
Surface area 75 square kilometres (29 sq mi)
Length of lake 52 kilometres (32 mi)
Length of foreshores 354 kilometres (220 mi)
Deepest point 105 metres (344 ft)
Catchment area 9,051 square kilometres (3,495 sq mi)
Average annual rainfall 840 millimetres (33 in)

Access and recreation

Warragamba Dam was also a popular picnic spot for Sydneysiders but access to the public had been restricted since 1999 due to A$240 million of upgrades in that time. It reopened to the public on 8 November 2009.[14]

Access to dam wall and terrace gardens opened from 23 December 2012 to 28 January 2013 on weekends and public holidays.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Warragamba Dam". Sydney Catchment Authority. Government of New South Wales. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  2. ^ a b "Warragamba Dam Auxiliary Spillway". Sydney Catchment Authority. Government of New South Wales. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  3. ^ "Annual Report" (PDF). Eraring Energy. 2012. p. 18. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  4. ^ a b "SCAN" (PDF). The Sydney Catchment Authority’s quarterly newsletter. Sydney Catchment Authority. Autumn 2012. p. 3. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Aird, W. V. (1961). The water supply, sewerage, and drainage of Sydney. Sydney: Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board. pp. 106–117. An account of the development and history of the water supply, sewerage, and drainage systems of Sydney and the near south coast from their beginnings with the first settlement to 1960.
  6. ^ Vallance, T. G. "Browne, William Rowan (1884–1975)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Warragamba: A dam full of myths". Sydney Catchment Authority. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  8. ^ "Bulk Water Storage & Supply Report". Sydney Catchment Authority. Government of New South Wales. 8 February 2007.
  9. ^ "Mandatory Water Restrictions". Sydney Water Corporation. Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Warragamba Dam to spill Friday morning: BoM". ABC TV. Australia. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  11. ^ "Warragamba Dam finally spills". Sydney Morning Herald. AAP. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  12. ^ "Warragamba bursts, flood warning issued". Sydney Morning Herald. AAP. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  13. ^ "Hydro Power Stations: Warragamba". Generation Portfolio. Eraring Energy. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  14. ^ "Warragmba (sic) Dam will re-open to public". ABC News. Australia. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.

Media related to Warragamba Dam at Wikimedia Commons

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