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==Examples of complementary therapy==
==Examples of complementary therapy==
As stated in the scientific literature, the measures listed below are defined as 'complementary' because they are applied in conjunction with mainstream anti-cancer measures such as chemotherapy, in contrast to the ineffective therapies viewed as 'alternative' since they are offered as substitutes for mainstream measures.<ref name=Cassileth1996/>
As stated in the scientific literature, the measures listed below are defined as 'complementary' because they are applied in conjunction with mainstream anti-cancer measures such as chemotherapy, in contrast to the ineffective therapies viewed as 'alternative' since they are offered as substitutes for mainstream measures.<ref name=Cassileth1996/>
*[[Acupuncture]]:
* [[Acupuncture]] may help with nausea but does not treat the disease.<ref name =Ernst2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ernst E, Pittler MH, Wider B, Boddy K |title=Acupuncture: its evidence-base is changing |journal=The American Journal of Chinese Medicine |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=21–25 |year=2007 |pmid=17265547 |doi=10.1142/S0192415X07004588}}</ref>
** An ancient form of healing with origins in Chinese traditional medicine. It involves placing needles in specific parts of the body to elicit certain effects.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Deng|first=Gary|date=2019|title=Integrative Medicine Therapies for Pain Management in Cancer Patients:|url=http://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00130404-201909000-00008|journal=The Cancer Journal|language=en|volume=25|issue=5|pages=343–348|doi=10.1097/PPO.0000000000000399|issn=1528-9117}}</ref>
** The [[National Comprehensive Cancer Network]] endorses the option of acupuncture use in combination with pharmacologic treatments for cancer pain, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lu|first=Weidong|last2=Rosenthal|first2=David S|date=2013-3|title=Acupuncture for Cancer Pain and Related Symptoms|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008096/|journal=Current pain and headache reports|volume=17|issue=3|pages=321|doi=10.1007/s11916-013-0321-3|issn=1531-3433|pmc=4008096|pmid=23338773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccn.org/store/login/login.aspx?ReturnURL=https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/pain.pdf|website=www.nccn.org|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> particularly for those who may be too old or weak to tolerate standard pain control treatments.
** Low-to-moderate levels of evidence<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ernst|first=E.|last2=Pittler|first2=M. H.|last3=Wider|first3=B.|last4=Boddy|first4=K.|date=2007-01|title=Acupuncture: Its Evidence-Base is Changing|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S0192415X07004588|journal=The American Journal of Chinese Medicine|volume=35|issue=01|pages=21–25|doi=10.1142/s0192415x07004588|issn=0192-415X}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cancerjournal.net/article.asp?issn=0973-1482;year=2018;volume=14;issue=10;spage=600;epage=608;aulast=Wang#ref24|title=Acupuncture for the relief of hot flashes in breast cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies|last=Wang|website=www.cancerjournal.net|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> indicate that acupuncture may help with nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, stress, anxiety and hot flashes related to cancer treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kedar|first=Amos|last2=Hakimian|first2=Aliza|last3=Gamus|first3=Dorit|date=2012-11|title=Acupuncture for cancer patients|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/1743291X12Y.0000000034|journal=Progress in Palliative Care|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=284–294|doi=10.1179/1743291X12Y.0000000034|issn=0969-9260}}</ref><ref name=":12" />
** A large proportion of the research in acupuncture has been conducted only in breast cancer patients. This means that many of the results may not apply to patients with other types of cancer. In general, study results have been inconsistent and more research is needed to determine the true benefit of acupuncture in these settings.<ref name=":02" />
** Acupuncture is a diverse field with many subtypes; each practitioner may use different treatment theories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daatc.com/acupuncture/types-of-acupuncture/|title=Types Of Acupuncture {{!}} DAATC|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> Practitioners performing acupuncture should be familiar with the patient's disease and potential complications of the procedures. It is recommended that practitioners are licensed professionals<ref name=":12" /> and adopt standard acupuncture protocols shown to be beneficial in randomized clinical trials.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lu|first=Weidong|last2=Rosenthal|first2=David S|date=2013-3|title=Acupuncture for Cancer Pain and Related Symptoms|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008096/|journal=Current pain and headache reports|volume=17|issue=3|pages=321|doi=10.1007/s11916-013-0321-3|issn=1531-3433|pmc=4008096|pmid=23338773}}</ref>
*[[Aromatherapy]]
** Clinical trials involving aromatherapy for symptomatic treatment in cancer patients shown mixed results.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/aromatherapy-pdq|title=Aromatherapy With Essential Oils (PDQ®)–Patient Version|date=2007-03-09|website=National Cancer Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> Anxiety, depression and nausea are some of the most common symptoms treated with aromatherapy. Common essential oils used for these symptoms include peppermint, orange and lavender.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reis|first=Debra|last2=Jones|first2=Tisha|date=2017-02-01|title=Aromatherapy: Using Essential Oils as a Supportive Therapy|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/17.cjon.16-19|journal=Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing|volume=21|issue=1|pages=16–19|doi=10.1188/17.cjon.16-19|issn=1092-1095}}</ref>
*** Other symptoms, including dry mouth, procedure-related pain, and sleep problems, have been shown to have some benefit from aromatherapy, although the studies are very small.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blackburn|first=Lisa|last2=Achor|first2=Sara|last3=Allen|first3=Betty|last4=Bauchmire|first4=Nicole|last5=Dunnington|first5=Danielle|last6=Klisovic|first6=Rebecca|last7=Naber|first7=Steven|last8=Roblee|first8=Kirsten|last9=Samczak|first9=Angela|last10=Tomlinson-Pinkham|first10=Kelly|last11=Chipps|first11=Esther|date=2017-07-01|title=The Effect of Aromatherapy on Insomnia and Other Common Symptoms Among Patients With Acute Leukemia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/17.onf.e185-e193|journal=Oncology Nursing Forum|volume=44|issue=4|pages=E185–E193|doi=10.1188/17.onf.e185-e193|issn=0190-535X}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Soden|first=Katie|last2=Vincent|first2=Karen|last3=Craske|first3=Stephen|last4=Lucas|first4=Caroline|last5=Ashley|first5=Sue|date=2004-03|title=A randomized controlled trial of aromatherapy massage in a hospice setting|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0269216304pm874oa|journal=Palliative Medicine|volume=18|issue=2|pages=87–92|doi=10.1191/0269216304pm874oa|issn=0269-2163}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ozkaraman|first=Ayse|last2=Dügüm|first2=Özlem|last3=Özen Yılmaz|first3=Hülya|last4=Usta Yesilbalkan|first4=Öznur|date=2018-04-01|title=Aromatherapy: The Effect of Lavender on Anxiety and Sleep Quality in Patients Treated With Chemotherapy|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/18.cjon.203-210|journal=Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing|volume=22|issue=2|pages=203–210|doi=10.1188/18.cjon.203-210|issn=1092-1095}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nakayama|first=Michihiro|last2=Okizaki|first2=Atsutaka|last3=Takahashi|first3=Koji|date=2016|title=A Randomized Controlled Trial for the Effectiveness of Aromatherapy in Decreasing Salivary Gland Damage following Radioactive Iodine Therapy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9509810|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2016|pages=1–6|doi=10.1155/2016/9509810|issn=2314-6133}}</ref>
** No clinical trial showing anti-cancer properties of aromatherapy has ever been published in a reputable scientific journal.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Blowman|first=K.|last2=Magalhães|first2=M.|last3=Lemos|first3=M. F. L.|last4=Cabral|first4=C.|last5=Pires|first5=I. M.|date=2018-03-25|title=Anticancer Properties of Essential Oils and Other Natural Products|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5889900/|journal=Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM|volume=2018|doi=10.1155/2018/3149362|issn=1741-427X|pmc=5889900|pmid=29765461}}</ref>
** Aromatherapies do not need to be approved by the FDA to be sold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/aromatherapy-pdq|title=Aromatherapy With Essential Oils (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version|date=2005-10-24|website=National Cancer Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
** The use of aromatherapy should be monitored by a medical professional, as inappropriate administration may decrease medication absorption, worsen skin reactions or enhance the effect of medications.<ref name=":6" />
*[[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]]
** Cannabis, or marijuana, is a controlled substance in the United States. It has not been approved by the United States government for any for the treatment of any medical condition, though several states have legalized its use in a medical setting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq|title=Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version|date=2011-03-16|website=National Cancer Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> Certain chemicals in cannabis that are responsible for many of its effects are called cannabinoids.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/cannabis|title=Cannabis|website=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|language=en|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
** Many studies have shown that cannabis-based products can improve cancer pain and nausea from chemotherapy.<ref name=":3" /> [[Dronabinol]] and [[Nabilone]] are synthetic cannabinoid products, taken by mouth, that are FDA-approved for nausea related to chemotherapy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/complementary-and-alternative-medicine/marijuana-and-cancer.html|title=Marijuana and Cancer|website=www.cancer.org|language=en|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref> Data on stimulation of appetite in cancer patients with oral cannabis-based products is unclear and is not an approved indication for Dronabinol.<ref name=":2" /> [[Nabiximols]], a mouth spray developed from cannabis, is available in Canada and many parts of Europe to treat cancer-related pain.<ref name=":4" /> It is not currently available in the United States, although several studies are ongoing.
** Although some studies in cell and animal models have shown that cannabinoids can kill certain cancer cells, more research needs to be conducted to determine their true anti-cancer effect in humans.<ref name=":3" /> Multiple early studies using synthetic cannabinoid preparations have shown promising results in one type of brain cancer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dumitru|first=Claudia A.|last2=Sandalcioglu|first2=I. Erol|last3=Karsak|first3=Meliha|date=2018-05-16|title=Cannabinoids in Glioblastoma Therapy: New Applications for Old Drugs|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5964193/|journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience|volume=11|doi=10.3389/fnmol.2018.00159|issn=1662-5099|pmc=5964193|pmid=29867351}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morales|first=Paula|last2=Jagerovic|first2=Nadine|date=2019-05-31|title=Antitumor Cannabinoid Chemotypes: Structural Insights|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6555086/|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fphar.2019.00621|issn=1663-9812|pmc=6555086|pmid=31214034}}</ref> These new drugs are not yet available for patient use.
** Cannabis products carry a high risk of dependence and withdrawal symptoms.<ref name=":3" /> In addition, even FDA-approved products can have side effects such as increased heart rate, dizziness, or worsening of depression.<ref name=":4" /> These medications should be used with caution.
* [[Psychotherapy]] may reduce [[anxiety]] and improve [[quality of life]] as well as allow for improving patient moods.<ref name=Vickers />
* [[Psychotherapy]] may reduce [[anxiety]] and improve [[quality of life]] as well as allow for improving patient moods.<ref name=Vickers />
* [[Massage therapy]] may temporarily reduce pain.<ref name = Induru/>
* [[Massage therapy]] may temporarily reduce pain.<ref name = Induru/>
* There is no evidence that cannabis has a beneficial effect in preventing or treating cancer in humans.<ref name=cruk-cannabis>{{cite web|url=http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2012/07/25/cannabis-cannabinoids-and-cancer-the-evidence-so-far/|title=Cannabis, cannabinoids and cancer – the evidence so far|last=Arney|first=Kat|date=2012-07-25|publisher=Cancer Research UK|accessdate=2014-12-03}}</ref>
* [[Hypnosis]] and [[meditation]] may improve the quality of life of cancer patients.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vickers A, Zollman C, Payne DK |title=Hypnosis and relaxation therapies |journal=West. J. Med. |volume=175 |issue=4 |pages=269–72 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11577062 |pmc=1071579 |doi= 10.1136/ewjm.175.4.269|quote=Evidence from randomized controlled trials indicates that hypnosis, relaxation, and meditation techniques can reduce anxiety, particularly that related to stressful situations, such as receiving chemotherapy.}}</ref>
* [[Hypnosis]] and [[meditation]] may improve the quality of life of cancer patients.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vickers A, Zollman C, Payne DK |title=Hypnosis and relaxation therapies |journal=West. J. Med. |volume=175 |issue=4 |pages=269–72 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11577062 |pmc=1071579 |doi= 10.1136/ewjm.175.4.269|quote=Evidence from randomized controlled trials indicates that hypnosis, relaxation, and meditation techniques can reduce anxiety, particularly that related to stressful situations, such as receiving chemotherapy.}}</ref>
* [[Music therapy]] eases cancer-related symptoms by helping with mood disturbances.<ref name=Vickers />
* [[Music therapy]] eases cancer-related symptoms by helping with mood disturbances.<ref name=Vickers />

Revision as of 18:34, 4 November 2019

1930s public information poster warning of "cancer quacks"[1]
This article is part of a series on
Alternative medicine
General information
Fringe medicine and science
Conspiracy theories
Classifications
Traditional medicine
Alternative diagnoses

Alternative cancer treatments are alternative or complementary treatments for cancer that have not been approved by the government agencies responsible for the regulation of therapeutic goods. They include diet and exercise, chemicals, herbs, devices, and manual procedures. The treatments are not supported by evidence, either because no proper testing has been conducted, or because testing did not demonstrate statistically significant efficacy. Concerns have been raised about the safety of some of them. Some treatments that have been proposed in the past have been found in clinical trials to be useless or unsafe. Some of these obsolete or disproven treatments continue to be promoted, sold, and used. Promoting or marketing such treatments is illegal in most of the developed world including the United States and European Union.

A distinction is typically made between complementary treatments which do not disrupt conventional medical treatment, and alternative treatments which may replace conventional treatment. Alternative cancer treatments are typically contrasted with experimental cancer treatments – which are treatments for which experimental testing is underway – and with complementary treatments, which are non-invasive practices used alongside other treatment. All approved chemotherapeutic cancer treatments were considered experimental cancer treatments before their safety and efficacy testing was completed.

Since the 1940s, medical science has developed chemotherapy, radiation therapy, adjuvant therapy and the newer targeted therapies, as well as refined surgical techniques for removing cancer. Before the development of these modern, evidence-based treatments, 90% of cancer patients died within five years.[2] With modern mainstream treatments, only 34% of cancer patients die within five years.[3] However, while mainstream forms of cancer treatment generally prolong life or permanently cure cancer, most treatments also have side effects ranging from unpleasant to fatal, such as pain, blood clots, fatigue, and infection.[4] These side effects and the lack of a guarantee that treatment will be successful create appeal for alternative treatments for cancer, which purport to cause fewer side effects or to increase survival rates despite evidence to suggest a 2.5 fold increase in death with alternative medicines.[5]

Alternative cancer treatments have not undergone properly conducted, well-designed clinical trials. Among those that have been published, the methodology is often poor. A 2006 systematic review of 214 articles covering 198 clinical trials of alternative cancer treatments concluded that almost none conducted dose-ranging studies, which are necessary to ensure that the patients are being given a useful amount of the treatment.[6] These kinds of treatments appear and vanish frequently, and have throughout history.[7]

Terminology

Complementary and alternative cancer treatments are often grouped together, in part because of the adoption of the phrase "complementary and alternative medicine" by the United States Congress.[8]

Complementary treatments are used in conjunction with proven mainstream treatments. They tend to be pleasant for the patient, not involve substances with any pharmacological effects, inexpensive, and intended to treat side effects rather than to kill cancer cells.[9] Medical massage and self-hypnosis to treat pain are examples of complementary treatments.

About half the practitioners who dispense complementary treatments are physicians, although they tend to be generalists rather than oncologists. As many as 60% of American physicians have referred their patients to a complementary practitioner for some purpose.[7] While conventional physicians should always be kept aware of any complementary treatments used by a patient, many physicians in the United Kingdom are at least tolerant of their use, and some might recommend them.[10]

Alternative treatments, by contrast, are used in place of mainstream treatments. The most popular alternative cancer therapies include restrictive diets, mind-body interventions, bioelectromagnetics, nutritional supplements, and herbs.[7] The popularity and prevalence of different treatments varies widely by region.[11] Cancer Research UK warns that alternative treatments may interact with conventional treatment, may increase the side effects of medication, and can give people false hope.[10]

Prevalence

Survey data about how many cancer patients use alternative or complementary therapies vary from nation to nation as well as from region to region. A 2000 study published by the European Journal of Cancer evaluated a sample of 1023 women from a British cancer registry suffering from breast cancer and found that 22.4% had consulted with a practitioner of complementary therapies in the previous twelve months. The study concluded that the patients had spent many thousands of pounds on such measures and that use "of practitioners of complementary therapies following diagnosis is a significant and possibly growing phenomenon".[12]

In Australia, one study reported that 46% of children suffering from cancer have been treated with at least one non-traditional therapy. Further 40% of those of any age receiving palliative care had tried at least one such therapy. Some of the most popular alternative cancer treatments were found to be dietary therapies, antioxidants, high dose vitamins, and herbal therapies.[13]

Use of unconventional cancer treatments in the United States has been influenced by the U.S. federal government's National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), initially known as the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM), which was established in 1992 as a National Institutes of Health (NIH) adjunct by the U.S. Congress. More specifically, the NIC's Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine sponsors over $105 million a year in grants for pseudoscientific cancer research. Over thirty American medical schools have offered general courses in alternative medicine, including the Georgetown, Columbia, and Harvard university systems, among others.[7]

People who choose alternative treatments

People who choose alternative treatments tend to believe that evidence-based medicine is extremely invasive or ineffective, while still believing that their own health could be improved.[14] They are loyal to their alternative healthcare providers and believe that "treatment should concentrate on the whole person".[14]

Some cancer patients who choose alternative treatments instead of conventional treatments believe themselves less likely to die than patients who choose only conventional treatments.[15] They feel a greater sense of control over their destinies, and report less anxiety and depression.[15] They are more likely to engage in benefit finding, which is the psychological process of adapting to a traumatic situation and deciding that the trauma was valuable, usually because of perceived personal and spiritual growth during the crisis.[16]

However, patients who use alternative treatments have a poorer survival time, even after controlling for type and stage of disease.[17] In 2017, researchers at Yale School of Medicine published a paper which suggested that people who choose alternative medicine over conventional cancer treatments were more than twice as likely to die within five years of diagnosis. And specifically, in those with breast cancer, people choosing alternative medicine were 5.68 times more likely to die within five years.[18]

The reason that patients using alternative treatments die sooner may be because patients who accurately perceive that they are likely to survive do not attempt unproven remedies, and patients who accurately perceive that they are unlikely to survive are attracted to unproven remedies.[17] Among patients who believe their condition to be untreatable by evidence-based medicine, "desperation drives them into the hands of anyone with a promise and a smile."[19] Con artists have long exploited patients' perceived lack of options to extract payments for ineffectual and even harmful treatments.[19]

In a survey of American cancer patients, baby boomers were more likely to support complementary and alternative treatments than people from an older generation.[20] White, female, college-educated patients who had been diagnosed more than a year ago were more likely than others to report a favorable impression of at least some complementary and alternative benefits.[20]

Questionable and ineffective treatments

Main article: List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments

Many therapies have been (and continue to be) promoted to treat or prevent cancer in humans but lack good scientific and medical evidence of effectiveness. In many cases, there is good scientific evidence that the alleged treatments do not work. Unlike accepted cancer treatments, unproven and disproven treatments are generally ignored or avoided by the medical community, and are pseudoscientific.[21]

Despite this, many of these therapies have continued to be promoted as effective, particularly by promoters of alternative medicine. Scientists consider this practice quackery,[22][23] and some of those engaged in it have been investigated and prosecuted by public health regulators such as the US Federal Trade Commission,[24] the Mexican Secretariat of Health[25] and the Canadian Competition Bureau.[26] In the United Kingdom, the Cancer Act makes the unauthorized promotion of cancer treatments a criminal offense.[27][28]

Areas of research

Not to be confused with Experimental cancer treatment.

Specific methods

Pain relief

Most studies of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of cancer pain are of low quality in terms of scientific evidence. Studies of massage therapy have produced mixed results, but overall show some temporary benefit for reducing pain, anxiety, and depression and a very low risk of harm, unless the patient is at risk for bleeding disorders.[34][35] There is weak evidence for a modest benefit from hypnosis, supportive psychotherapy and cognitive therapy. Results about Reiki and touch therapy were inconclusive. The most studied such treatment, acupuncture, has demonstrated no benefit as an adjunct analgesic in cancer pain. The evidence for music therapy is equivocal, and some herbal interventions such as PC-SPES, mistletoe, and saw palmetto are known to be toxic to some cancer patients. The most promising evidence, though still weak, is for mind–body interventions such as biofeedback and relaxation techniques.[36]

Examples of complementary therapy

As stated in the scientific literature, the measures listed below are defined as 'complementary' because they are applied in conjunction with mainstream anti-cancer measures such as chemotherapy, in contrast to the ineffective therapies viewed as 'alternative' since they are offered as substitutes for mainstream measures.[7]

  • Acupuncture:
    • An ancient form of healing with origins in Chinese traditional medicine. It involves placing needles in specific parts of the body to elicit certain effects.[37]
    • The National Comprehensive Cancer Network endorses the option of acupuncture use in combination with pharmacologic treatments for cancer pain, [38][39] particularly for those who may be too old or weak to tolerate standard pain control treatments.
    • Low-to-moderate levels of evidence[40][41] indicate that acupuncture may help with nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, stress, anxiety and hot flashes related to cancer treatment.[42][37]
    • A large proportion of the research in acupuncture has been conducted only in breast cancer patients. This means that many of the results may not apply to patients with other types of cancer. In general, study results have been inconsistent and more research is needed to determine the true benefit of acupuncture in these settings.[41]
    • Acupuncture is a diverse field with many subtypes; each practitioner may use different treatment theories.[43] Practitioners performing acupuncture should be familiar with the patient's disease and potential complications of the procedures. It is recommended that practitioners are licensed professionals[37] and adopt standard acupuncture protocols shown to be beneficial in randomized clinical trials.[44]
  • Aromatherapy
    • Clinical trials involving aromatherapy for symptomatic treatment in cancer patients shown mixed results.[45] Anxiety, depression and nausea are some of the most common symptoms treated with aromatherapy. Common essential oils used for these symptoms include peppermint, orange and lavender.[46]
      • Other symptoms, including dry mouth, procedure-related pain, and sleep problems, have been shown to have some benefit from aromatherapy, although the studies are very small.[47][45][48][49][50]
    • No clinical trial showing anti-cancer properties of aromatherapy has ever been published in a reputable scientific journal.[45][51]
    • Aromatherapies do not need to be approved by the FDA to be sold.[52]
    • The use of aromatherapy should be monitored by a medical professional, as inappropriate administration may decrease medication absorption, worsen skin reactions or enhance the effect of medications.[51]
  • Cannabis
    • Cannabis, or marijuana, is a controlled substance in the United States. It has not been approved by the United States government for any for the treatment of any medical condition, though several states have legalized its use in a medical setting.[53] Certain chemicals in cannabis that are responsible for many of its effects are called cannabinoids.[54]
    • Many studies have shown that cannabis-based products can improve cancer pain and nausea from chemotherapy.[54] Dronabinol and Nabilone are synthetic cannabinoid products, taken by mouth, that are FDA-approved for nausea related to chemotherapy.[55] Data on stimulation of appetite in cancer patients with oral cannabis-based products is unclear and is not an approved indication for Dronabinol.[53] Nabiximols, a mouth spray developed from cannabis, is available in Canada and many parts of Europe to treat cancer-related pain.[55] It is not currently available in the United States, although several studies are ongoing.
    • Although some studies in cell and animal models have shown that cannabinoids can kill certain cancer cells, more research needs to be conducted to determine their true anti-cancer effect in humans.[54] Multiple early studies using synthetic cannabinoid preparations have shown promising results in one type of brain cancer.[56][57] These new drugs are not yet available for patient use.
    • Cannabis products carry a high risk of dependence and withdrawal symptoms.[54] In addition, even FDA-approved products can have side effects such as increased heart rate, dizziness, or worsening of depression.[55] These medications should be used with caution.
  • Psychotherapy may reduce anxiety and improve quality of life as well as allow for improving patient moods.[17]
  • Massage therapy may temporarily reduce pain.[36]
  • Hypnosis and meditation may improve the quality of life of cancer patients.[58]
  • Music therapy eases cancer-related symptoms by helping with mood disturbances.[17]

Alternative theories of cancer

Some alternative cancer treatments are based on unproven or disproven theories of how cancer begins or is sustained in the body. Some common concepts are:

  • Mind-body connection: This idea says that cancer forms because of, or can be controlled through, the person's mental and emotional state. Treatments based on this idea are mind–body interventions. Proponents say that cancer forms because the person is unhappy or stressed, or that a positive attitude can cure cancer after it has formed. A typical claim is that stress, anger, fear, or sadness depresses the immune system, whereas that love, forgiveness, confidence, and happiness cause the immune system to improve, and that this improved immune system will destroy the cancer. This belief that generally boosting the immune system's activity will kill the cancer cells is not supported by any scientific research.[59] In fact, many cancers require the support of an active immune system (especially through inflammation) to establish the tumor microenvironment necessary for a tumor to grow.[60]
  • Toxin theory of cancer: In this idea, the body's metabolic processes are overwhelmed by normal, everyday byproducts. These byproducts, called "toxins", are said to build up in the cells and cause cancer and other diseases through a process sometimes called autointoxication or autotoxemia. Treatments following this approach are usually aimed at detoxification or body cleansing, such as enemas.
  • Low activity by the immune system: This claim asserts that if only the body's immune system were strong enough, it would kill the "invading" or "foreign" cancer. Unfortunately, most cancer cells retain normal cell characteristics, making them appear to the immune system to be a normal part of the body. Cancerous tumors also actively induce immune tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking them.[59]
  • Epigenetic disregulation. This claim uses research into the mechanism of epigenetics to understand how mutations in the epigenetic machinery of cells will altered histone acetylation patterns to create cancer epigenetics. DNA damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer.[61][62] If DNA repair is deficient, DNA damage tends to accumulate. Such excess DNA damage can increase mutational errors during DNA replication due to error-prone translesion synthesis. Excess DNA damage can also increase epigenetic alterations due to errors during DNA repair.[63][64] Such mutations and epigenetic alterations can give rise to cancer (see malignant neoplasms).

Regulatory action

Government agencies around the world routinely investigate purported alternative cancer treatments in an effort to protect their citizens from fraud and abuse.

In 2008, the United States Federal Trade Commission acted against companies that made unsupported claims that their products, some of which included highly toxic chemicals, could cure cancer.[65] Targets included Omega Supply, Native Essence Herb Company, Daniel Chapter One, Gemtronics, Inc., Herbs for Cancer, Nu-Gen Nutrition, Inc., Westberry Enterprises, Inc., Jim Clark's All Natural Cancer Therapy, Bioque Technologies, Inc., Cleansing Time Pro, and Premium-essiac-tea-4less.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Beware the cancer quack A reputable physician does not promise a cure, demand advance payment, advertise". Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
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External links

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