Jump to content

Check (pattern)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 2601:43:100:b5e0:2410:c298:1ba3:76cc (talk) at 11:55, 4 November 2022 (→Fashion). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Check (pattern)
Checkerboard pattern
Types

Check (also checker, Brit: chequer) is a pattern of modified stripes consisting of crossed horizontal and vertical lines which form squares. The pattern typically contains two colours where a single checker (that is a single square within the check pattern) is surrounded on all four sides by a checker of a different colour.

The pattern is commonly placed onto garments and is, in certain social contexts, applied to clothing which is worn to signify cultural or political affiliations. Such is the case with check in ska[1] and on the keffiyeh.[2] The pattern's all-pervasiveness and simple layout has lent to its practical usage in scientific experimentation and observation, optometry, technology (hardware and software), and as a symbol for responders to associate meaning with.

Etymology

The word is derived from the ancient Persian word shah[3] which means "king" in the Sasanian game of Shatranj; an old form of chess which is played on a squared board of alternating coloured checkers. It is more specifically derived from the expression shah mat, "the king is dead", which in modern chess parlance is referred to "check-mate". The word entered the French language as echec in the eleventh century,[4] thence into English.

History

The incorporation of the checkerboard pattern in man-made objects has no definitive origin as the pattern has existed in assorted forms with multiple variations across continents and time periods. There are few known instances of its import into the regions and cultures in which it is featured. Its design and incorporation by humans into pattern-making and weaving precedes its common etymological characterisation and derivation from the word shah in chess; the language conventions from which the contemporary English word 'check' is extracted are younger than some appearances of the pattern or its variations. Human uses for check predate its notable usage on the checkerboard in the board game chess, which was developed in its chaturanga iteration in the late 6th or early 7th century AD.[5] This is illustrated by the comparative age of weaving which creates a checkered pattern as a byproduct of its process, as weaving is estimated to have originated in the neolithic period or approximately 10000 BC.[6][7] Weavers have long produced checked patterns, but fashion trends and its level of ubiquitousness vary over time.[8] Check's variant tartan appears on the 3000-year-old mummy the Cherchen Man.[9][10] The checkerboard pattern has also been identified in Bronze Age pottery[11] and ancient Roman architecture.[12]

Check may not have a single foundation specific to a practice, region or type of material because it appears within nature and thus can be imitated and adapted. The checkered garter snake, chequered skipper and cleridae, commonly known as checkered beetles exemplify natural occurrences of the pattern which have emerged without human interference or stimuli.

Checkered exterior of Hiorn Tower

Check appears in architecture as checkerwork (also chequer-work or diapering): a laying of bricks or tiles of two different materials or colours in an arrangement that, when finished, resembles the checkered pattern. This design was popularly used across England and in nearby regions in parish churches and small houses following the 16th-century Reformation.[13] Notable instances of its usage in England includes its appearance on the exterior of Hiorne Tower and above the windows in Westminster Hall.[14]

Scotland

Main article: Tartan

The pattern, in its tartan variation, is prominent in Scottish garment designs and gained notoriety from the 16th century onwards among Scottish Highlanders.[15] The design was introduced by the Celts[10] before it became a staple of highland dress. Following the battle of Culloden, wearing check or tartan was banned through the Dress Act 1746 in an attempt to control Scottish clans who supported the Jacobite rising of 1745.[16] In the 1930s the checkerboard pattern was incorporated into the design of Scotland's police uniform which was later nicknamed Sillitoe tartan[17] and adopted as a police symbol globally.[18]

South India

Checkered stripes were prominent in textile designs around the Coromandel Coast in the 16th-17th Century.[19] According to 17th Century trade records, the use of the check pattern in ornamentation became widespread across South India.[19] Numerous paintings in the Veerabhadra temple display figures who dress in checkered cotton[20] and show the prominence of the check pattern in traditional dress.

Mural in Veerabhadra temple

Fashion

Check pattern as appearing on a dress

Check and its variant patterns have been commonly employed as fabric and textile designs used in the making of garments. After WW2, the popularity of check in high fashion increased as it was featured in the linings of Burberry coats and worn by celebrities including Humphrey Bogart.[21] From 1910 to the late 1970s it was implemented into a variety of dresses manufactured by Nelly Don, which Mikyoung Whang[22] suggests, reflected the shifting role of women in the public eye as it offered an alternative to the Mother Hubbard house-dress. The check pattern is often associated with formalwear as it, or its variants, are commonly implemented in dresses, skirts, suits, and coats.[citation needed]

Variations

Buffalo check or buffalo plaid has black hashes on a red background. In the United States, it got its name around 1850 when a designer at the Woolrich mill at Chatham's Run in Pennsylvania (who owned a herd of buffalo) copied a pattern known as "Rob Roy" in Scotland, named after the folk hero Rob Roy MacGregor. "No. 5310-402 in the Woolrich middleweight fabric collection" became associated with lumberjacks, as those nearby in the Pennsylvania woods were the main customers for the woollen shirts that used it. It became popular in mainstream fashion in the United States in the 1990s and 2010s.[23][24]

Windowpane plaid is a pattern of large rectangles or squares in a colour contrasting with the main colour.[citation needed]

Ska

8 members of a ska band, named 'Ska Patrol' stand around a table. They all are wearing black suits with white shirts and black ties. The member on the far right of the image is wearing a checkered white and black scarf.
Music Group Ska Patrol. Member wearing Ska's signature checkered scarf

The black-and-white checkerboard pattern is heavily featured within the music genre and subculture ska[1] and the mod subculture. The popularisation of this pattern in ska dress is attributed to the racial roots of the genre due to its symbolic representation of the two-tone era; a ska subgenre that emerged in the late 70s and popularised in the United Kingdom in the late 80s.[25] This is because the black and white squares in a check pattern were seen as fusing black and white culture; a notion that constituted the basis for much of the two-tone era of ska music.[26] Some of the most popular garments worn to represent ska are checkerboard Vans shoes, check fedoras, check overalls[1] and check ties.

Symbolism

Check's notability as a distinctive and salient pattern has made it a commonly used signifier even compared with more pervasive descriptions like colour.[27] The pattern check's ubiquity causes concepts or signifiants and signs associated with the pattern to be contingent on contextual inferences. In trademark law (specifically trademark law concerning but not limited to the American legal system) this ubiquity is recognised, as the commercial uses of check are limited because check connotes identifiable meanings that "exist beyond that of particular products".[28]

Keffiyeh

Main articles: Keffiyeh and Palestinian keffiyeh
Bedouin wearing red-and-white Keffiyeh that resembles a checkered pattern

Check is popularly implemented into the keffiyeh, a headdress worn throughout the Middle East. Checkered keffiyeh are most commonly worn in the colours red-and-white and black-and-white but are also available in other variants.[29][30] Both favoured colours of the checkered variants of keffiyeh are popular in Yemen[31] as a result of the design's import into the region following the 1948 Palestinian exodus.

Each variation of a keffiyeh holds different symbolic meanings based on its pattern and colour although there is no underlying, universal symbolism to the Keffiyeh. Rather, its interpreted meaning is geographically, culturally and situationally dependent.

One iteration of the Keffiyeh is referred to as the Palestinian keffiyeh[2] which commonly appears in a black-and-white check iteration; they also appear in different colours including red-and-white and non-checkered patterns. It was traditionally associated with rural farmers who worked under Ottoman rule but became a signifier of Palestinian nationalism following the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt in Palestine.[32][33] It has maintained prominence throughout the rest of the 20th and into the 21st century and is colloquially cited as Palestine's "unofficial flag" and a Palestinian political symbol.[34][2][33]

The red-and-white check keffiyeh is a symbol of Palestinian Marxists[35][36] but is also a common pattern with different symbolic connotations outside of this specific group. Its popularity in Jordan is caused by its connection to the nations heritage and connection with Jordanian Bedouin history and fashion.[37]

Freemasonry

Former Freemason lodge containing checkered flooring

Sites of Masonic lodges commonly utilise checkered carpeting, tiling, parquetry or other types of flooring as the ground upon which Masonic rituals and lectures occur.[38][39][40] This flooring is often referred to as a mosaic pavement, but glass and ceramic tiles are not necessary components of the design. The design of this flooring consists of a black-and-white checkerboard pattern surrounded by a border or skirt of tessellating triangles, which too alternate between the colours black and white. Whilst the checkered flooring is not a part of conventional Freemasonry's specialised symbols or iconography, it is commonly utilised as a non-Masonic symbol within ceremonies, rituals and rites because of its connection to medieval stonemason craftsmanship.[41]

Checkered flooring has become a de facto sign of Freemasons and signifies some member's connection to biblical parables and morals.[42] It also links to the lectures and teachings pertaining to the construction of Solomon's Temple.[43] The idea of the pattern check, as a symbol within Freemasonry, is thought to have originated from biblical representations of King Solomon's Temple.[38] It is believed that the ground level of the temple had a checkered ornamental flooring.[by whom?] Thus its placement within the lodge allude to the figure Hiram Abiff, the chief architect of the temple and the protagonist presented as part of the teachings involved in the third degree masonic stage.[44]

The use of this pattern in and outside of ritual is symbolic, utilising contrasting black and white squares to display dualistic cosmology concerning the presence of good and evil in human existence.[38] As Mackey's encyclopaedia of Freemasonry states:

The mosaic pavement is an old symbol of the order. It is met with the earliest rituals of the last century. It is classed among the ornaments of the lodge along with the indented tessel and the blazing star. Its party-colored stones of black and white have been readily and appropriately interpreted as symbols of the evil and good of human life.[38][45]

The checkered floor's existence as a physical representation of Freemason's moral law,[46] specifically concerning its connection to the principle of good and evil, is derived from the primacy of check in Solomon's temple.[47] This is due to the teachings of allegorical masonic morality plays which are framed around the construction of King Solomon's temple[48] and incorporated into the teachings of Freemason moral law.[47][49]

Check is further utilised as a symbol in freemasonry on some tracing boards, which are typically used as tools or artworks used to assist the teaching of lectures that explain various concepts of the organisation to new or inexperienced members.[50]

Heraldry

red and white chequy in coat of arms of Croatia
Main articles: Heraldry and chequy

Check patterns and variants that are used in heraldry are known to as chequy.[51] This pattern is sometimes used as an identifying mark on a coat of arms.

Flag of the English county of Surrey

A well known display of chequy is on the coat of arms of Croatia and the coat of arms of the President of Croatia, which are both checkered with white and red squares.

Auto racing

The check pattern is commonly used as a symbol because of its ability to contain contrasting colours and prominence. In auto racing, a checkered flag is used to indicate that the race has finished because it is identifiable.[52] The origin of this flag and the reason for its usage in racing are undetermined.[53][54] It is theorised by Fred R. Egloff that the name originates from the 'checkers' who watched the finishing line and checked when cars had finished the race.[55] They began using chequered flags to identify themselves.

Emergency services

Main articles: Battenburg markings and Sillitoe tartan
Ambulance with checkerboard-like Battenburg markings

A variation of the checkerboard pattern, named Sillitoe tartan, is commonly used as a symbol to identify police and other emergency services.[17][18] It is used in numerous countries across the world and is incorporated into the design of police uniforms and stations.[56]

Originally developed in the United Kingdom, Battenburg markings, are used on the side of emergency vehicles for high visibility.[17][57][56] These markings resemble a high contrast checkerboard pattern and look similar to Sillitoe tartan. They are usually retroreflective;[57] a design choice subsequently implemented into emergency service uniforms for high visibility.[58]

Other uses

The versatility and simplicity of the checkerboard pattern mean that the pattern has a wide range of utilities. Because of check's easy application to various instruments, fabrics, and other matter, its practical usages as a tool to assist various tasks has been widespread.[citation needed]

Science

The check pattern has been utilised as a tool within multiple fields of scientific study to analyse the responses of fauna. This is due to the pattern's unanimity, simplicity, and variability in size as multiple iterations of the pattern can measure differing levels of complexity in responses. Animals have responded to checkerboard patterns with different biological mechanisms, allowing scientists to analyse the behaviour, intelligence, and physical limitations of different species. The pattern was used to elicit different camouflage reactions in cuttlefish to analyse how they perceive size, light, and colour.[59] The pattern has also been used by Sutherland and Williams[60] as a tool to display the cognitive capabilities of rats.

Optometry

In the field of optometry, the check pattern has been utilised in a variety of visual acuity tests to measure the responsiveness of the pupil and a patient's ability to discern between different objects.[61]

Technology

The check pattern has been used to increase the productivity and ease of use of various technologies. In digital images, the checkerboard pattern is used to signal the transparency of a background in a PNG file. Check is also noted as a reliable pattern to use for camera calibration according to Chunsheng Yu and Qingjin Peng[62] because of its ability to be easily recognised visually by people and computers.

In the creation of solar panels, the check pattern has been used as a configuration to optimise the absorption efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells.[63]

Board games

Main articles: Checkerboard and Chessboard
The original check pattern was the ancient oriental chess-board

The check pattern has been commonly implemented in the board of tabletop games to create a grid for players to dictate the movement of pieces. The checkerboard is used in a variety of games including chess, draughts, makruk and shantranj. In chess, the checkered board upon which the game is played is referred to as the chessboard and it consists of an 8x8 square grid which holds 64 squares. Chess players use algebraic notation to describe the movements of each player and refer to each square and piece with a specific letter and number.[64] The vertical columns of the chessboard are called files and are labeled alphabetically from a to h, with a starting on the leftmost side of white's pieces, also referred to as the queenside. The horizontal rows of the chessboard are named ranks and are attributed a whole number ranging from 1 to 8 where 1 is placed on white's side of the chessboard.

Chequers

Main article: Exchequer

On a board used by the medieval Exchequer, the pattern is utilised to perform financial computations pertaining to taxes and goods. The title of Exchequer is derived from the checkered cloth or table upon which confrontational audits of Barons took place.[65]

In art

Main articles: M. C. Escher and Juan Gris

The alternating and contrasting blocks within the check pattern are heavily utilised by artist M.C. Escher. Notable appearance of this pattern by Escher include the Metamorphosis series of woodcut prints, The Sky and Water Lithograph print series and The Regular Division of the Plane series among several other works.[citation needed]

The artist Juan Gris also frequently incorporates the checkerboard pattern into his paintings. Artworks that feature the pattern include Still Life with Checked Tablecloth, Violin and Checkerboard and Harlequin with a Guitar.[citation needed]

Types

Sources

  • Harrison, E. S.; Our Scottish District Checks; National Association of Woollen Manufacturers, Edinburgh; 1968 p6.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Checkered.
  1. ^ a b c Traber, Daniel (2013). "Pick It Up! Pick It Up!: The Transnational Localism of Ska". Popular Music and Society. 36 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/03007766.2011.600293. ISSN 0300-7766. S2CID 144935152.
  2. ^ a b c Renfro, Evan (5 June 2017). "Stitched together, torn apart: The keffiyeh as cultural guide". International Journal of Cultural Studies. 21 (6): 571–586. doi:10.1177/1367877917713266. ISSN 1367-8779. S2CID 149275034.
  3. ^ "check | Origin and meaning of check by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  4. ^ Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise, Lexis, Paris, 1993
  5. ^ Murray, Harold James Ruthven (1913). A History of Chess. London England: Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ St Claire, Kassia (2018). "1 Fibres in the Cave: The Origins of Weaving". The Golden Thread: How Fabric Changed History. United Kingdom: John Murray. ISBN 978-1473659032.
  7. ^ Fowler, Brenda (9 May 1995). "Find Suggests Weaving Preceded Settled Life". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  8. ^ Brackman, Barbara (5 November 2010). "Fabric of the Machine Age: 1890-1925 / Ginghams: Checked, Plaid, Striped and Plain". Making History - Quilts & Fabric From 1890-1970\. Lafayette, California: C&T Publishing Inc (published 2010). ISBN 9781607053026. Retrieved 3 May 2019. Weavers have always been able to produce pattern by crossing colored yarns into stripes and checks [...]. But early-twentieth-century fashion embraced simple woven patterns, so a quilt with an abundance of checks, plaids, and stripes may be from 1910 to 1925.
  9. ^ Barber, E. J. W. (2000). The mummies of Ürümchi. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-32019-7. OCLC 48426519.
  10. ^ a b Bernstein, Richard (13 January 1999). "Silent Giants as Guides on an Ancient Thoroughfare". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  11. ^ Ackerman, Robert E. (1982). "The Neolithic-Bronze Age Cultures of Asia and the Norton Phase of Alaskan Prehistory". Arctic Anthropology. 19 (2): 11–38. ISSN 0066-6939. JSTOR 40316024.
  12. ^ Butler, Howard Crosby (1901). "The Roman Aqueducts as Monuments of Architecture". American Journal of Archaeology. 5 (2): 175–199. doi:10.2307/496768. JSTOR 496768. S2CID 191398212 – via JSTOR.
  13. ^ Checkerwork. Encyclopedia Britannica (published 20 July 1998). 1998. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Early History". UK Parliament. 2021. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  15. ^ Brown, Ian, ed. (2012). From tartan to tartanry : Scottish culture, history and myth. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-6464-1. OCLC 875242958.
  16. ^ Kompanje, Ejo (2013). "'Real men wear kilts'.. The anecdotal evidence that wearing a Scottish kilt has influence on reproductive potential: how much is true?". Scottish Medical Journal. 58 (1): e1–e5. doi:10.1177/0036933012474600. ISSN 0036-9330. PMID 23596031. S2CID 10500427.
  17. ^ a b c Kohlsted, Kurt (24 December 2020). "Sillitoe's Tartan: The Scottish Origins of a Global Emergency Services Pattern". 99% Invisible. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020.
  18. ^ a b "The Sillitoe Tartan – Glasgow Police Museum". Glasgow Police Museum. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  19. ^ a b Majis, Brigitte (2019). "Stripes, Checks, and Flowers: Textile Patterns in the Murals of Lepakshi, South India'". Textile Museum Journal. 58: 26–41. doi:10.7560/TMJ4603 (inactive 31 July 2022).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2022 (link)
  20. ^ Varadarajan, Lotika (1984). "Designs in Cotton: Horizons of the Past and Present". India International Centre Quarterly. 11 (4): 69–78. ISSN 0376-9771. JSTOR 23001705.
  21. ^ Romano, Pamela (11 December 2020). "History and evolution of the check pattern". NSS G-Club Magazine.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ Whang, Mikyoung; Haar, Sherry (2014). "Nelly Don's 1916 pink gingham apron frock: an illustration of the middle-class American housewife's shifting role from producer to consumer". Fashion and Textiles. 1 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1186/s40691-014-0018-1. ISSN 2198-0802. S2CID 146222176.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ Robert Klara (12 November 2015). "Why the 165-Year-Old Buffalo Check Is 2015's Hot Holiday Pattern". Ad Week.
  24. ^ Laura Serino (25 November 2013). "A Brief History of Buffalo Plaid". Maine Today.
  25. ^ "Ska Revival Music Genre Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  26. ^ Perry, Leanna (4 January 2018). "Emerging Looks: The Checkerboard Pattern". Underground Underdogs. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021.
  27. ^ Caivano, José Luis (1998). <390::aid-col7>3.0.co;2-# "Color and semiotics: A two-way street". Color Research & Application. 23 (6): 390–401. doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6378(199812)23:6<390::aid-col7>3.0.co;2-#. ISSN 0361-2317.
  28. ^ Butters, Ronald R. (29 January 2013), "Semiotic Interpretation in Trademark Law: The Empirical Study of Commercial Meanings in American English of {▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄} "Checkered Pattern"", Law, Culture and Visual Studies, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 261–282, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9322-6_13, ISBN 978-90-481-9321-9, retrieved 31 May 2021
  29. ^ Ali Khan, Ghanzanfar (1 July 2015). "Not just a checkered scarf". Arab News. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  30. ^ "The Palestinian keffiyeh: From Sumerian priests to symbol of resistance". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  31. ^ Corstange, Daniel (28 January 2021). "Non-state order and strategic communication via symbolic dress in Yemen". Rationality and Society. 33 (1): 3–51. doi:10.1177/1043463120985322. ISSN 1043-4631. S2CID 231808695.
  32. ^ Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2004). Culture and customs of Israel. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-05036-8. OCLC 58388859.
  33. ^ a b Kirk, Matthew D. (28 March 2021). "Islam, veiling & political agency: the visual performativity of Palestinian female suicide bombers in broadcast news media". Atlantic Journal of Communication. 30 (3): 278–296. doi:10.1080/15456870.2021.1903467. ISSN 1545-6870. S2CID 233621947.
  34. ^ Farazi Saber, Indlieb (28 May 2021). "The Palestinian keffiyeh: From Sumerian priests to symbol of resistance". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  35. ^ Binur, Yoram (1990). My enemy, my self. Penguin Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-14-012985-5. OCLC 20826082.
  36. ^ "Profile: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)". BBC News. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  37. ^ Eglash, Ruth (29 January 2010). "Heads up! It's the new 'Israeli keffiyeh'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  38. ^ a b c d Mackey, Albert (2013). Encyclopedia Of Freemasonry Extended Annotated Edition. Altenmünster: Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8496-3156-7. OCLC 867191435.
  39. ^ "The Masonic Mosaic Pavement". Bricks Masons. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  40. ^ "MOSAIC PAVEMENT - Tasselated Border of the Lodge". www.masonic-lodge-of-education.com. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  41. ^ Eyer, Shawn (2009). "The Mystery of the Mosaic Pavement". Philalethes: The Journal of Masonic Research and Letters. 62: 90–97.
  42. ^ Horne, Alex (1972). King Solomon's temple in the Masonic tradition. Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-767-8. OCLC 24246861.
  43. ^ Gardner, Laurence (2009). The shadow of Solomon : the lost secret of the Freemasons revealed. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-734356-0. OCLC 878981740.
  44. ^ Hall, Manly P. (2004). The lost keys of masonry : the legend of Hiram Abiff. NuVision Publications. ISBN 1-932681-01-9. OCLC 55538062.
  45. ^ "The Checkered Flooring". Freemason Information. 7 March 2009. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  46. ^ "The Basic Principles of Freemasons". dummies. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  47. ^ a b Cobain, Ian (4 February 2018). "Integrity or influence? Inside the world of modern Freemasons". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  48. ^ Clarke, Hyde (4 January 1873). "The temple of Solomon". Notes and Queries. s4-XI (262): 22–23. doi:10.1093/nq/s4-xi.262.22g. ISSN 1471-6941.
  49. ^ The Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland. "Masonic Library - King Solomon's Temple". masoniclibrary. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  50. ^ "Museum of Freemasonry - Tracing Boards". www.mof.org.au. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  51. ^ Parker, James (1894). "A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry". www.heraldsnet.org. Archived from the original on 25 October 2004. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  52. ^ Marshall, Tim (2017). A flag worth dying for : the power and politics of national symbols. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-5011-6834-5. OCLC 1006812583.
  53. ^ Bently, Ross (13 October 2020). "The Mysterious Origins Of The Checkered Flag - Winding Road". www.windingroad.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  54. ^ Weaver, Anna (23 May 2018). "How The Checkered Flag Came To Represent The Finish Line At Races". Simplemost. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  55. ^ Egloff, Fred R. (2006). Origin of the checker flag : a search for racing's holy grail. Watkin's Glen: International Motor Racing Research Center. ISBN 0-9785633-0-1. OCLC 71291549.
  56. ^ a b "Emergency vehicle markings and livery: Sillitoe Tartan". Driver Knowledge Test (DKT) Resources. 13 June 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  57. ^ a b "Emergency Vehicle Visibility and Conspicuity Study" (PDF). PsycEXTRA Dataset. FEMA. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  58. ^ Beck, Kirby (29 October 2005). "IPMBA". IPMBA. Archived from the original on 29 February 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  59. ^ Chiao, Chuan-Chin; Hanlon, Roger (15 June 2001). "Cuttlefish camouflage: visual perception of size, contrast and number of white squares on artificial checkerboard substrata initiates disruptive coloration". Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (12): 2119–2125. doi:10.1242/jeb.204.12.2119. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 11441053.
  60. ^ Sutherland, N. S.; Williams, Clare (1969). "Discrimination of Checkerboard Patterns by Rats". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 21 (4): 330–338. doi:10.1080/14640746908400199. ISSN 0033-555X. PMID 5777986. S2CID 41184659.
  61. ^ Slooter, J.; van Norren, D. (1980). "Visual acuity measured with pupil responses to checkerboard stimuli". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 19 (1): 105–108. ISSN 0146-0404. PMID 7350128.
  62. ^ Yu, Chunsheng; Peng, Qingjin (1 September 2006). "Robust recognition of checkerboard pattern for camera calibration". Optical Engineering. 45 (9): 093201. Bibcode:2006OptEn..45i3201Y. doi:10.1117/1.2352738. ISSN 0091-3286.
  63. ^ Donaldson, Laurie (2021). "Solar panel checkerboard design improves light absorption". Materials Today. 42: 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2020.11.008. S2CID 234197982.
  64. ^ Capablanca, José Raúl (1921). Chess fundamentals in Algebraic Notation. independently published. ISBN 978-1-85744-073-7. OCLC 1142965854.
  65. ^ The foundations of Western civilization, Thomas F. X. Noble, Teaching Company, Chantilly, VA: Teaching Co, 2002, ISBN 978-1-56585-575-5, OCLC 858093928, retrieved 31 May 2021{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

London Regalia https://londonregalia.com/2021/11/30/history-of-the-knights-templar/

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Check_(pattern)&oldid=1119973023"