Jump to content

History of African Americans in Los Angeles

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 45.8.146.215 (talk) at 21:05, 27 November 2022 (→‎Notable people). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

See also: Demographics of Los Angeles, Ethnic groups in Los Angeles, and History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles

Part of a series on
Ethnicity in Los Angeles

The History of African Americans in Los Angeles includes significant contributions in the arts and culture, science, education, architecture and politics.[citation needed]

African Americans are concentrated in South Los Angeles. There is also a black community in suburban cities such as Compton and Inglewood. Many African Americans have become homeless in the city. The black population in Los Angeles has declined due to gentrification and more Latinos such as Mexicans and Central Americans moving to their neighborhoods.[1]

African Americans make up 8% of the city’s population and 34% of its homeless.[2]

Spain and Mexico

Pío Pico

In 1781, the early non-Indian settlers in Los Angeles included upwards of two dozen Afro-Spanish individuals from the Spanish colonies in California (part of New Spain).[citation needed]

Pío Pico, California's last governor under Mexican rule, was of mixed Spanish, Native American, and African ancestry.[3] Pico spent his last days in Los Angeles, dying in 1894 at the home of his daughter Joaquina Pico Moreno in Los Angeles. He was buried in the old Calvary Cemetery in downtown Los Angeles. His brothers and their descendants were also early influencers in the same era.

Post-Mexico era

Blacks and mulattoes did not face legal discrimination until after California was handed over to the United States in 1848. Many white Southerners who came to California during the Gold Rush brought with them racist attitudes and ideals. In 1850, there were twelve black people registered as residents of Los Angeles. Because many blacks were enslaved until abolition in 1865, few blacks migrated to Los Angeles before then. Due to the construction of the Santa Fe Railroad and a settlement increase in 1880, increasing numbers of blacks came to Los Angeles. By 1900, 2,131 African-Americans, the second largest black population in California, lived in Los Angeles.[4]

In 1872, the First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles (First A.M.E. or FAME) was established under the sponsorship of Biddy Mason, an African American nurse and a California real estate entrepreneur and philanthropist, and her son-in-law Charles Owens. The church now has a membership of more than 19,000 individuals.[citation needed]

20th Century

Between the 1890s and 1910, African Americans migrated to Los Angeles from Southern places like Texas, Shreveport, Atlanta and New Orleans to escape the racial violence, racism, white supremacy and bigotry of the Southern United States.[5]

The presence of the Southern Pacific and Transcontinental railroads meant that Los Angeles had a relatively high African-American population for a city in the Western United States; in 1910 it had 7,599 African-Americans.[6] The first branch of the NAACP in California was established in Los Angeles in 1913.

Housing segregation was a common practice in the early 20th century. Many private property deeds explicitly banned owners from selling to anyone but caucasians.[7]

The African-American population did not significantly increase during the first Great Migration.[8] From approximately 1920 to 1955, Central Avenue was the heart of the African-American community in Los Angeles, with active rhythm and blues and jazz music scenes.[9][10]

Central Avenue had two all-black segregated fire stations. Fire Station No. 30 and Fire Station No. 14 were segregated in 1924. They remained segregated until 1956 when the Los Angeles Fire Department was integrated. The listing on the National Register says, "All-black fire stations were simultaneous representations of racial segregation and sources of community pride."[11] In 1928, World War I veteran William J. Powell founded the Bessie Coleman Aero Club. In 1931, Powell organized the first all-black air show in the United States for the Club in Los Angeles, an event that drew 15,000 visitors. Powell also established a school to train mechanics and pilots.[citation needed]

World War II brought the Second Great Migration, tens of thousands of African American migrants, mostly from Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas, who left segregated Southern states in search of better opportunities in California. The African-American population significantly increased in the Second Great Migration of the 1940s as area factories received labor for the effort in World War II. In 1940 the black population was 63,700.[8]

William Parker became police chief in 1952. He largely refused to hire Black police officers. During most of his tenure, those already on the force were prohibited from having white partners.[12]

The 1965 Watts Riots were triggered by the arrest of a 21-year-old black man named Marquette Frye at 116th Street and Avalon Boulevard for driving drunk. A torrent of built-up rage erupted in the streets of Watts and South Los Angeles. An investigating commission found that the African American citizens had been denied respect and endured substandard housing, education and medical care. The King-Drew Hospital in Willowbrook opened in 1972 as a response to the area having inadequate and insufficient hospital facilities.[13]

In 1972, Wattstax, also known as the "Black-Woodstock," took place in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Over 100,000 black residents of Los Angeles attended this concert for African American pride. Later, in 1973, a documentary was released about the concert.[citation needed]

Tom Bradley speaking at AIDS Walk LA at the Paramount Studios lot in 1988

In 1973, Tom Bradley was elected as Mayor of Los Angeles, a role he'd hold for 20 years. L.A.'s first African American mayor, Bradley served over five terms, prior to the establishment of successive term limits, making him the longest-serving mayor of Los Angeles.[14]

In 1991, Rodney King was beaten by police officers. His videotaped beating was controversial, and heightened racial tensions in Los Angeles.[citation needed]

Just 13 days after the videotaped beating of King, a 15-year-old African-American girl named Latasha Harlins was shot and killed by a 51-year-old Korean store owner named Soon Ja Du. A jury found Du guilty of voluntary manslaughter, an offense that carries a maximum prison sentence of 16-years. However, trial judge, Joyce Karlin, sentenced Du five years of probation, four hundred hours of community service, and a $500 fine.[15]

When four Los Angeles Police Department officers were acquitted of charges associated with the beating of Rodney King, the decision led to the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[citation needed]

The trial of the O. J. Simpson murder case took place in 1994.[citation needed]

21st century

In 2004, Singer-songwriter Ray Charles's music studio on Washington Blvd. was declared a historic landmark. He had moved to Los Angeles in 1950.[citation needed]

Geography and population

1950s and 1960s

Philip Garcia, a population specialist and the assistant director of institutional research for California State University, stated that a group of communities in South Los Angeles became African-American by the 1950s and 1960s. These communities were Avalon, Baldwin Hills,[16] Central, Exposition Park, Santa Barbara, South Vermont, Watts, and West Adams.[citation needed] Since then the Santa Barbara street was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard.[17] 98,685 blacks moved to Los Angeles in the period 1965 through 1970. During the same period 40,776 blacks moved out.[18]

1970s and 1980s

In 1970, there were 763,000 African-Americans in Los Angeles.[8] They were the second largest minority group after the then estimated 815,000 Mexican-Americans. Los Angeles had the west coast's largest black population. Between 1975 and 1980, 96,833 blacks moved to Los Angeles while 73,316 blacks left Los Angeles. Over 5,000 of the blacks moved to the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario area. About 2,000 to 5,000 blacks moved to the Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove area. James H. Johnson, a University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) associate professor of geography, stated that due to affordable housing, blacks tend to choose "what is called the balance of the counties" or cities neutral to the existing major cities.[18] In the Inland Empire, blacks tended to move to Rialto instead of Riverside and San Bernardino.[18]

Of the blacks who left the City of Los Angeles between 1975 and 1980 who moved away from the Los Angeles area, over 5,000 moved to the Oakland, California area, about 2,000–5,000 went to San Diego, about 1,000–2,000 went to Sacramento, and about 1,000 to 2,000 went to San Jose, California. About 500 to 1,000 blacks moved to Fresno, Oxnard, Santa Barbara, Simi Valley, and Ventura. Johnson stated that the areas from Fresno to Ventura are "areas that traditionally blacks haven't settled in".[18] Many blacks leaving Los Angeles who also California moved to cities in the U.S. South, including Atlanta, Charlotte, Dallas, Houston, Little Rock, New Orleans, and San Antonio. Other cities receiving LA blacks include Chicago, New York City, and Las Vegas.[18]

1990s

In the late 1990s, many African Americans moved away from the traditional African-Americans neighborhoods, which overall reduced the black population of the City of Los Angeles and Los Angeles County. Many African Americans moved to eastern Los Angeles suburbs in Riverside County and San Bernardino County in the Inland Empire, such as Moreno Valley.[19] From 1980 to 1990 the Inland Empire had the United States's fastest-growing black population. Between the 1980 U.S. Census and the 1990 U.S. Census, the black population increased by 119%. As of 1990 the Inland Empire had 169,128 black people.[20]

Many new African-American businesses appear in the Inland Empire, and many of these businesses have not been previously established elsewhere. The Inland Empire African American Chamber of Commerce began with six members in 1990 and the membership increased to 90 by 1996. According to Denise Hamilton of the Los Angeles Times, as of 1996 "there has been no large-scale migration from the traditional black business districts such as Crenshaw, black business people say."[20] During the 1990s, the black population of the Moreno Valley increased by 27,500,[19] and by 1996 13% of Moreno Valley was African American.[20]

In addition, in the 1990s many African Americans moved to cities and areas in north Los Angeles County such as Palmdale and Lancaster and closer-in cities in Los Angeles County such as Hawthorne and Long Beach. In the 1990s, the black population of Long Beach increased by 66,800.[19]

21st Century

In the 2019 Census, 8% of the Los Angeles County population identified as Black or African-American.[21]

In 2001, within the Los Angeles metropolitan area, Compton, Ladera Heights, and View Park had the highest concentration of blacks. The cities of Malibu and Newport Beach have the lowest concentrations of blacks. As of 2001, in the majority of cities within Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura counties had black populations below 10%.[19] From 1990 to 2010 the population of Compton, previously African-American, changed to being about 66% Latino and Hispanic.[22]

In the 2000s, new black immigrants from Africa, the Caribbean and the Americas have arrived in Los Angeles. Nigerians, Ethiopians, Ghanaians, Belizeans, Jamaicans, Haitians and Trinidadians are clustered in African-American neighborhoods in Los Angeles.[23]

In 2021, African Americans in Los Angeles County were more at risk for COVID-19.[24][25]

34% of homeless people in Los Angeles are African Americans despite being only 8% of the population.[26]

Many African Americans in Los Angeles live in poverty.[27]

The black population has declined in Los Angeles due to the huge influx of Mexicans and Central Americans.[28]

In the 2020s, African Americans in Los Angeles had the highest COVID-19 hospitalization rate.[29]

Culture

The Compton Cowboys, a group of horseback riders, does so to avoid harassment from police and gangs and to promote a more positive Compton.[30]

There are black owned soul food restaurants in Los Angeles. African Americans influenced West Coast hip hop with African American rappers such as Ice Cube and Dr. Dre.[31]

There is an Ethiopian American and Eritrean community in Little Ethiopia, where there are many Ethiopian restaurants serving Ethiopian cuisine.[32]

There is black Muslims in the city.[33]

Notable people

Yvonne Brathwaite Burke
  • Jhené Aiko, singer of African American, Japanese, Dominican, Spanish, Native American and German-Jewish descent.[34]
  • Yvonne Brathwaite Burke, an attorney from Los Angeles, became the first African American woman in the California Legislature and in 1972 became the first African American woman elected to the U.S. Congress from the West Coast. She served in Congress from 1973 until the end of 1978.
  • Doja Cat, South African American musician born and raised in Los Angeles.[35]
  • Nat King Cole
  • In 1954, Dorothy Dandridge (who was originally from Ohio but settled in Los Angeles) became the first black actress to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the 1954 film Carmen Jones. Many years passed before the entertainment industry acknowledged Dandridge's legacy. Starting in the 1980s, stars such as Cicely Tyson, Jada Pinkett Smith, Halle Berry, Janet Jackson, Whitney Houston, Kimberly Elise, Loretta Devine, Tasha Smith, and Angela Bassett acknowledged Dandridge's contributions to the role of black Americans in film.
  • In 1966, Mervyn Dymally, a Los Angeles teacher and politician, became the first African American to serve in the California State Senate. He went on to be elected as Lieutenant Governor in 1974.
  • Larry Elder
  • In 1993, Etta James was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Known as "The Matriarch of R&B", James is regarded as having bridged the gap between rhythm and blues and rock and roll, and is the winner of six Grammys and 17 Blues Music Awards. She was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 2001, and the Grammy Hall of Fame in both 1999 and 2008. James was born the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, and received her first professional vocal training at age five from James Earle Hines, musical director of the Echoes of Eden choir, at the St. Paul Baptist Church in South Central.
  • In 1981, two years after being drafted into the Los Angeles Lakers, Magic Johnson signed a 25-year, $25-million contract with the Lakers, which was the highest-paying contract in sports history up to that point. Johnson's career was closely followed by the media and he became a favorite among Los Angeles sports fans. Among his many achievements are three NBA MVP Awards, nine NBA Finals appearances, twelve All-Star games, ten All-NBA First and Second Team nominations and he is the NBA's all-time leader in average assists per game, at 11.2. Since his retirement, Johnson has been an advocate for HIV/AIDS prevention and safe sex, as well as an entrepreneur, philanthropist, broadcaster and motivational speaker. Named by Ebony Magazine as one of America's most influential black businessmen in 2009, Johnson has numerous business interests, and was a part-owner of the Lakers for several years. Johnson also is part of a group of investors that purchased the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2012 and the Los Angeles Sparks in 2014.
  • In 1988, Florence Griffith Joyner (also known as Flo-Jo), born and raised in Los Angeles, and a UCLA graduate, won three gold medals at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul. She is considered the fastest woman of all time based on the fact that the world records she set in 1988 for both the 100m and 200m still stand and have yet to be seriously challenged.
  • Carl Lewis came to prominence at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, winning four gold medals, matching Jesse Owens’ legendary feat of winning four gold medals at the 1936 Olympics. Lewis was one of the biggest sporting celebrities in the world by the start of 1984, but owing to track and field's relatively low profile in America, Lewis was not nearly as well known there.
  • Tim Moore (comedian)
  • Nipsey Hussle, rapper of African American and Eritrean descent.[36]
  • Regina King
  • Charles Mingus, jazz musician, was born in Los Angeles in 1922, raised largely in the Watts area, and recorded in a band in Los Angeles in the 1940s.
  • Tavis Smiley
  • Maxine Waters
  • Georgia Ann Robinson was the first black woman to be hired by the LAPD in 1919. She began as a volunteer jail matron, and was later hired as an official policewoman. Robinson worked mainly on juvenile cases and cases involving black women.[37] Robinson often sent the people she came in contact with to social services rather than arresting them, which is considered one of LAPD's early attempts at police reform.[38] She created the Sojourner Truth Home to help black women new to the city, and she volunteered with shelters. Robinson was also a part of the NAACP and worked with H. Claude Hudson to desegregate beaches.[37]
  • Tiffany Haddish, actress and comedian of African American and Eritrean descent.[39]
Poster from Office of War Information about Paul Williams, 1943.

Lesbian, gay and bisexual

See also: LGBT culture in Los Angeles

In 2007, 4% of African-American adults in Los Angeles County identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual.[40]

Most black LGBTQ+ persons live in black neighborhoods. Of black LGB persons, 38% lived in South Los Angeles, 33% lived in the South Bay, and less than 1% lived in the Los Angeles Westside. Mignon R. Moore, the author of "Black and Gay in L.A.: The Relationships Black Lesbians and Gay Men Have to Their Racial and Religious Communities," wrote that black LGB people had a tendency to not have openness about their sexuality and to not discuss their sexuality, and also that "they were not a visible group in neighborhoods like Carson and Ladera Heights".[40]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Patel, Jugal K.; Arango, Tim; Singhvi, Anjali; Huang, Jon (December 23, 2019). "Black, Homeless and Burdened by L.A.'s Legacy of Racism". The New York Times.
  2. ^ Column: Black people make up 8% of L.A. population and 34% of its homeless. That’s unacceptable
  3. ^ "African-Americans and the Early Pueblo of Los Angeles". City of Los Angeles. 2011. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  4. ^ Stanford, p. 7 Archived 2021-05-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ^ Simpson, Kelly (February 15, 2012). "The Great Migration: Creating a New Black Identity in Los Angeles". KCET. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  6. ^ "From the South to Compton". KCET. August 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  7. ^ Vallianatos, Mark (April 23, 2019). "L.A.'s land use rules were born out of racism and segregation. They're not worth fighting for". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Simpson, Kelly (February 15, 2012). "The Great Migration: Creating a New Black Identity in Los Angeles". KCET. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  9. ^ Mike Sonksen (June 20, 2018). "Inglewood Today: The History of South Central Los Angeles and Its Struggle with Gentrification". USC Lusk Center of Real Estate. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  10. ^ Kaplan, Erin Aubry (February 1, 2020). "Hal Miller kept a key piece of L.A.'s black history alive. Now he's gone". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  11. ^ Teresa Grimes and Jay Fantone, Christopher A. Joseph & Associates (June 1, 2008). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for Fire Station #30, Engine Company #30" (PDF). LA Conservancy. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011.
  12. ^ Fleischer, Matthew (August 11, 2020). "How police brutality helped white people segregate Los Angeles". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  13. ^ Landsberg, Mitchell (December 9, 2004). "Why supervisors let deadly problems slide". Los Angeles Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  14. ^ Danver, Steven L. (April 25, 2013). Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West. CQ Press. ISBN 978-1-5063-5491-0. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  15. ^ Bruney, Gabrielle (September 21, 2020). "Latasha Harlins' Death Fueled the 1991 LA Riots. A New Documentary Celebrates Her Life". Esquire. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  16. ^ Powers, Kemp (August 17, 2007). "The Neighborhood Project: Baldwin Hills". LAist. Archived from the original on September 5, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  17. ^ Martinez, Diana. "A Changing Population in South-Central L.A., Watts Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine." Los Angeles Times. January 17, 1991. Retrieved on April 3, 2014.
  18. ^ a b c d e McMillan, Penelope. "'Black Flight' From L.A. Reverses Trend, Study Discovers Archived 2014-12-22 at the Wayback Machine." Los Angeles Times. September 22, 1987. Retrieved on July 1, 2014.
  19. ^ a b c d Texeira, Erin. "Migrants From L.A. Flow to Affordable Suburbs Such as Inland Empire Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine." Los Angeles Times. March 30, 2001. Retrieved on April 3, 2014.
  20. ^ a b c Hamilton, Denise. "Land of Opportunity : Land of Opportunity Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine." Los Angeles Times. December 22, 1996. Retrieved on April 3, 2014.
  21. ^ "U.S.Census Bureau, 2019". Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  22. ^ Simmons, Ann M. and Abby Sewell. "Suit seeks to open Compton to Latino voters Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine." Los Angeles Times. December 20, 2010. Retrieved on April 3, 2014.
  23. ^ Zanfagna, Christina (August 29, 2017). Holy Hip Hop in the City of Angels. University of California Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780520296206. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  24. ^ Lin II, Rong-Gong. "Black residents at highest risk for COVID-19 in L.A. County". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  25. ^ Duara, Nigel (May 11, 2020). "Why is the coronavirus deadly for so many black residents of Los Angeles?". CalMatters. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  26. ^ Lopez, Steve (June 13, 2020). "Column: Black people make up 8% of L.A. population and 34% of its homeless. That's unacceptable". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  27. ^ Patel, Jugal K.; Arango, Tim; Singhvi, Anjali; Huang, Jon (December 23, 2019). "Black, Homeless and Burdened by L.A.'s Legacy of Racism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  28. ^ "In L.A.'s historic African American core, a growing Latino wave represents a possible 'turning point'". Los Angeles Times. February 28, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  29. ^ "Black L.A. Residents have highest COVID hospitalization rate: 'A deplorable reality'". Los Angeles Times. September 25, 2021.
  30. ^ Thompson-Hernández, Walter (March 31, 2018). "For the Compton Cowboys, Horseback Riding Is a Legacy, and Protection". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  31. ^ Meares, Hadley (May 17, 2019). "How Crenshaw became black LA's main street". Curbed LA. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  32. ^ "The Definitive Guide to Little Ethiopia | Discover Los Angeles". www.discoverlosangeles.com. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
  33. ^ "Black Muslims: Finding community and faith in South L.A." Los Angeles Times. September 17, 2021.
  34. ^ "Musicians on Musicians: CL & Jhené Aiko". Rolling Stone. October 20, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
  35. ^ Seemela, Masego (March 9, 2021). "5 things you didn't know about: Doja Cat". SowetanLIVE. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  36. ^ Giorgis, Hannah (April 4, 2019). "Nipsey Hussle's Eritrean American Dream". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
  37. ^ a b Bricklin, Julia (February 1, 2018). "Georgia Ann Hill RobinsonThe LAPD's First African American Policewoman". California History. 95 (1): 54–61. doi:10.1525/ch.2018.95.1.54. ISSN 0162-2897. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  38. ^ Olsen, Marilyn (2001). State Trooper: America's State Troopers and Highway Patrolmen. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-56311-613-1. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  39. ^ Proudly Eritrean, Tiffany Haddish Finally Gets Her Citizenship
  40. ^ a b Moore, p. 190 Archived 2017-03-15 at the Wayback Machine.

References

  • Moore, Mignon R. "Black and Gay in L.A.: The Relationships Black Lesbians and Gay Men Have to Their Racial and Religious Communities" (Chapter 7). In: Hunt, Darnell and Ana-Christina Ramon (editors). Black Los Angeles: American Dreams and Racial Realities. NYU Press, April 19, 2010. ISBN 0814773060, 9780814773062.
  • Stanford, Karin L. African Americans in Los Angeles. Arcadia Publishing, 2010. ISBN 0738580945, 9780738580944.

Other reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&oldid=1124205314"