Lavras: Difference between revisions
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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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|name = Lavras |
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|official_name = Municipality of Lavras |
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|settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Brazil|Municipality]] |
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|image_skyline = Vista Parcial Região central.JPG |
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|image_skyline = Lavras (Luar na Praça) - panoramio.jpg |
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|imagesize = 250px |
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|imagesize = |
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|image_caption = Partial view of the central region |
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|image_caption = Moonlight at Dr. Augusto Silva Square |
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|image_flag = Bandeira-lavras.jpg |
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|image_flag = Bandeira de Lavras.svg |
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|image_shield = Brasao_do_Município_de_Lavras_MG.png |
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|image_shield = Brasao_do_Município_de_Lavras_MG.png |
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|etymology = Mining and tillage |
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|etymology = Mining and tillage |
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|nickname= ''Cidade dos Ipês e das Escolas'' ("City of the [[Ipê]]s and Schools") |
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|nickname = ''Cidade dos Ipês e das Escolas'' ("City of the [[Ipê]]s and Schools") |
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|anthem = [https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Hino_do_munic%C3%ADpio_de_Lavras Hino do município de Lavras] |
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|anthem = [https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Hino_do_munic%C3%ADpio_de_Lavras Hino do município de Lavras] |
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|image_map = MinasGerais Municip Lavras.svg |
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|image_map = MinasGerais Municip Lavras.svg |
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|mapsize = 250px |
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|mapsize = 250px |
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|map_caption = Location of Lavras |
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|map_caption = Location of Lavras |
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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|subdivision_type = Country |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]] |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]] |
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|subdivision_type2 = [[States of Brazil|State]] |
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|subdivision_type3 = [[Mesoregions of Brazil|Mesoregion]] |
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|subdivision_name = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]] |
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|subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}} |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast]] |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast]] |
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|subdivision_name2 = [[File:Bandeira de Minas Gerais.svg|border|22px]] [[Minas Gerais]] |
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|subdivision_name2 = {{flag|Minas Gerais}} |
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|subdivision_name3 = [[Campo das Vertentes]] |
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|subdivision_name3 = [[Campo das Vertentes]] |
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|leader_title = [[Mayor of Lavras|Mayor]] |
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|leader_title = [[Mayor]] |
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|leader_name = [[José Cherem]] |
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|leader_name = Jussara Menicucci de Oliveira |
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|leader_party = [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|PSD]] |
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|leader_party = [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]] |
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|established_title = Founded |
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|established_title = Founded |
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|established_date = 1729 |
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|established_date = 1729 |
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|established_title2 = Town rights |
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|established_title2 = Town rights |
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|established_date2 = 1831 |
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|established_date2 = 1831 |
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|area_note = |
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|area_note = |
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|area_total_km2 = 564.495 |
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|area_total_km2 = 564.495 |
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|population_as_of = 2016 |
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|population_as_of = 2022 est. |
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|population_footnotes = <ref name="IBGE2016">{{cite web|last1=IBGE|title=Estimativas da população residente 2016|url=http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.php?lang=&codmun=313820|website=IBGE|accessdate=1 September 2016|ref=IBGE2016|language=Portuguese}}</ref> |
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|population_footnotes = <ref name="IBGE">{{cite web |title=Consulte a população da sua cidade|url=https://www.estadao.com.br/brasil/censo-ibge-2022-resultado-populacao-cidades-nprm/ |year=2022 |quote=2022 Estimates of Population |access-date=June 28, 2023}}</ref> |
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|population_total = |
|population_total = 104,761 |
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|population_density_km2 = |
|population_density_km2 = auto |
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|population_metro |
|population_metro = |
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|population_demonym |
|population_demonym = ''lavrense'' |
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|timezone = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]] |
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|utc_offset = −3 |
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|timezone_DST = |
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|utc_offset_DST = |
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|coordinates = {{coord|21|14|42|S|45|00|00|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}} |
|coordinates = {{coord|21|14|42|S|45|00|00|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}} |
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| area_code |
| area_code = (+55) 35 |
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| postal_code_type |
| postal_code_type = Postal Code |
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| postal_code |
| postal_code = 37200-000 |
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|elevation_m = 919 |
|elevation_m = 919 |
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|blank_name |
|blank_name = |
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|blank_info = |
|blank_info = |
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|website |
|website = {{url|lavras.mg.gov.br}} |
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|}} |
|}} |
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'''Lavras''' is a [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipality]] in |
'''Lavras''' is a [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipality]] in southern [[Minas Gerais]] state, Brazil. Located at an altitude of 919 m, it has a population of 104,761 inhabitants (2022).<ref name="IBGE">{{cite web |title=Consulte a população da sua cidade|url=https://www.estadao.com.br/brasil/censo-ibge-2022-resultado-populacao-cidades-nprm/ |year=2022 |quote=2022 Estimates of Population |access-date=June 28, 2023}}</ref> The area of the municipality is 564.495 km<sup>2</sup>. The average annual temperature is 19.6°C and the average annual rainfall is 1,511 millimetres. |
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Located at the Green Valley and Waterfalls tourist circuit, it is also near Waters circuit |
Located at the Green Valley and Waterfalls tourist circuit, it is also near Waters circuit – a series of spas in the state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] and [[Minas Gerais]] — and the [[Inconfidência Mineira|Inconfidentes]] Trail circuit – a historical region of Minas. Lavras is connected by [[Brazilian Highway System|highway]] to the state capital, [[Belo Horizonte]] (237 km), to [[São Paulo (city)|São Paulo]] (379 km) and [[Rio de Janeiro]] (423 km).<ref>{{cite web|title=Calculadora|url=http://www.distanciaentreascidades.com.br/|website=Distância entre Cidades|access-date=January 17, 2016}}</ref> |
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== Geography == |
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According to [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] (2017), the municipality is in the [[Immediate Geographic Region of Lavras]], in the [[Intermediate Geographic Region of Varginha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisões Regionais do Brasil {{!}} IBGE |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/cartas-e-mapas/redes-geograficas/15778-divisoes-regionais-do-brasil.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=www.ibge.gov.br}}</ref> |
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=== Ecclesiastical circumscription === |
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The municipality is part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of São João del Rei|Roman Catholic Diocese of São João del-Rei]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silveira |first=Lucas |title=Diocese ganha novo mapa territorial após criação de novas foranias |url=https://diocesedesaojoaodelrei.com.br/diocese-ganha-novo-mapa-territorial-apos-criacao-de-novas-foranias/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Diocese de São João del Rei}}</ref> |
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===Climate=== |
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Lavras experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa'') with rainy summers and warm, dry winters. |
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{{Weather box |
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| width = auto |
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| collapsed = yes |
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| metric first = yes |
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| single line = yes |
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| location = Lavras (1991–2020) |
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| Jan high C = 29.0 |
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| Feb high C = 29.5 |
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| Mar high C = 28.8 |
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| Apr high C = 27.8 |
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| May high C = 25.3 |
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| Jun high C = 24.6 |
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| Jul high C = 25.0 |
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| Aug high C = 26.8 |
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| Sep high C = 28.1 |
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| Oct high C = 28.8 |
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| Nov high C = 28.0 |
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| Dec high C = 28.6 |
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| year high C = 27.5 |
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| Jan mean C = 22.8 |
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| Feb mean C = 23.0 |
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| Mar mean C = 22.4 |
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| Apr mean C = 21.1 |
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| May mean C = 18.3 |
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| Jun mean C = 17.2 |
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| Jul mean C = 17.2 |
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| Aug mean C = 18.7 |
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| Sep mean C = 20.5 |
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| Oct mean C = 21.9 |
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| Nov mean C = 21.8 |
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| Dec mean C = 22.5 |
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| year mean C = 20.6 |
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| Jan low C = 18.6 |
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| Feb low C = 18.4 |
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| Mar low C = 18.0 |
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| Apr low C = 16.5 |
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| May low C = 13.6 |
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| Jun low C = 12.1 |
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| Jul low C = 11.5 |
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| Aug low C = 12.4 |
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| Sep low C = 14.6 |
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| Oct low C = 16.7 |
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| Nov low C = 17.4 |
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| Dec low C = 18.3 |
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| year low C = 15.7 |
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| precipitation colour = green |
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| Jan precipitation mm = 292.4 |
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| Feb precipitation mm = 178.2 |
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| Mar precipitation mm = 162.2 |
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| Apr precipitation mm = 54.6 |
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| May precipitation mm = 43.3 |
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| Jun precipitation mm = 19.8 |
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| Jul precipitation mm = 9.5 |
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| Aug precipitation mm = 15.1 |
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| Sep precipitation mm = 55.1 |
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| Oct precipitation mm = 101.0 |
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| Nov precipitation mm = 192.4 |
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| Dec precipitation mm = 259.8 |
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| year precipitation mm = 1383.4 |
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| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |
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| Jan precipitation days = 16.6 |
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| Feb precipitation days = 11.6 |
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| Mar precipitation days = 11.9 |
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| Apr precipitation days = 5.6 |
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| May precipitation days = 3.2 |
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| Jun precipitation days = 2.3 |
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| Jul precipitation days = 1.5 |
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| Aug precipitation days = 1.8 |
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| Sep precipitation days = 5.4 |
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| Oct precipitation days = 8.7 |
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| Nov precipitation days = 13.4 |
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| Dec precipitation days = 17.2 |
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| year precipitation days = 99.2 |
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| Jan humidity = 76.4 |
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| Feb humidity = 74.5 |
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| Mar humidity = 76.2 |
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| Apr humidity = 73.4 |
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| May humidity = 73.9 |
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| Jun humidity = 72.5 |
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| Jul humidity = 66.9 |
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| Aug humidity = 60.5 |
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| Sep humidity = 61.3 |
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| Oct humidity = 66.2 |
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| Nov humidity = 73.7 |
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| Dec humidity = 76.7 |
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| year humidity = 71.0 |
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| Jan dew point C = 19.1 |
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| Feb dew point C = 19.0 |
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| Mar dew point C = 18.7 |
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| Apr dew point C = 17.2 |
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| May dew point C = 14.7 |
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| Jun dew point C = 13.4 |
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| Jul dew point C = 12.3 |
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| Aug dew point C = 12.2 |
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| Sep dew point C = 13.8 |
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| Oct dew point C = 16.1 |
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| Nov dew point C = 17.5 |
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| Dec dew point C = 18.9 |
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| year dew point C = 16.1 |
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| Jan sun = 181.6 |
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| Feb sun = 192.3 |
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| Mar sun = 197.6 |
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| Apr sun = 222.5 |
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| May sun = 211.9 |
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| Jun sun = 214.6 |
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| Jul sun = 237.3 |
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| Aug sun = 252.6 |
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| Sep sun = 219.1 |
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| Oct sun = 206.9 |
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| Nov sun = 177.9 |
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| Dec sun = 174.2 |
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| year sun = 2488.5 |
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| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web |
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|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Brazil/CSV/LAVRAS_83687.csv |
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|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Lavras |
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|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
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|access-date = January 31, 2024}}</ref> |
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}} |
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== History == |
== History == |
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| title= Population growth |
| title= Population growth |
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| percentages = pagr |
| percentages = pagr |
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| 1760 | 1000 |
| 1760 | 1000 |
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| 1813 | 10612 |
| 1813 | 10612 |
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| 1834 | 11,322 |
| 1834 | 11,322 |
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| 1854 | 14,203<ref>In 1841, the districts of [[Três Pontas]], [[Varginha]] and [[Campos Gerais]] were separated from Lavras, to create the municipality of Três Pontas. In 1842, the district of [[São Thomé das Letras]] was transferred to the municipality of [[Baependi]].</ref> |
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| 1854 | 14,203 |
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| 1864 | 18,709 |
| 1864 | 18,709 |
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| 1872 | 31,813<ref>In 1866, the district of [[Boa Esperança, Minas Gerais|Boa Esperança]] was emancipated.</ref> |
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| 1872 | 31,813 |
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| 1890 | 24,756 |
| 1890 | 24,756 |
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| 1900 | 38,685 |
| 1900 | 38,685 |
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| 1920 | 42,859<ref>In 1911, the districts of [[Nepomuceno]] and [[Perdões, Minas Gerais|Perdões]] were emancipated.</ref> |
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| 1920 | 42,859 |
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| 1940 | 42,187<ref>In 1938, the district of [[Carrancas]] was transferred to the municipality of Francisco Sales, nowadays, [[São Vicente de Minas]].</ref> |
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| 1940 | 42,187 |
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| 1950 | 27,364<ref>In 1943, the districts of [[Itumirim]], [[Ingaí]], [[Itutinga]] and [[Luminárias]] were separated from Lavras, to create the municipality of Itumirim. In 1948, the district of [[Ribeirão Vermelho]] was emancipated.</ref> |
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| 1950 | 27,364 |
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| 1960 | 37,262 |
| 1960 | 37,262 |
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| 1970 | 44,449<ref>In 1962, the district of [[Ijaci]] was emancipated.</ref> |
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| 1970 | 44,449 |
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| 1980 | 52,710 |
| 1980 | 52,710 |
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| 1991 | 65,893 |
| 1991 | 65,893 |
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| 2000 | 78,772 |
| 2000 | 78,772 |
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| 2010 | 92,171 |
| 2010 | 92,171 |
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| 2022 | 104,761 |
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}} |
}} |
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=== Early settlement === |
=== Early settlement === |
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The settlements on the ''Campos de Sant'Ana das Lavras do Funil'' dated from the first half of the 18th century, founded in 1729.<ref name="Costa">{{cite journal|last1=Costa|first1=Firmino|title=História de Lavras|journal=Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro|date=1911|volume=16|issue= |
The settlements on the ''Campos de Sant'Ana das Lavras do Funil'' dated from the first half of the 18th century, founded in 1729.<ref name="Costa">{{cite journal|last1=Costa|first1=Firmino|title=História de Lavras|journal=Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro|date=1911|volume=16|issue= |pages=130–131|url=http://www.siaapm.cultura.mg.gov.br/modules/rapm/brtacervo.php?cid=489&op=1|access-date=January 17, 2016|publisher=Imprensa Oficial de Minas Gerais|location=Belo Horizonte|language=pt}}</ref> The first inhabitants were the [[Paulistas|Paulista]] family of Francisco Bueno da Fonseca ({{circa|1670}}–1752), leader of a revolt against a [[Colonial Brazil|Portuguese]] judge in São Paulo in 1712.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Németh-Torres|first1=Geovani|title=De Parnaíba às Lavras do Funil: Subsídios para a História das Origens de Lavras|date=2012|publisher=Geovani Németh-Torres|location=Lavras|language=pt|format=e-book|isbn=978-85-911368-2-7|url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwX5b9qAn_fGYnZUMC16bmhDWmM/edit|access-date=January 17, 2016}}</ref> Bueno da Fonseca, his sons and other explorers, settled in the rivers [[:pt:Rio Capivari (Minas Gerais)|Capivari]] and [[Rio Grande (Paraná River)|Grande]] region by 1720<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saint-Adolphe|first1=J. C. Milliet de|title=Diccionario Geographico, Historico e Descriptivo, do Imperio do Brazil|date=1845|publisher=J. P. Aillaud|location=Paris|volume=1|pages=556–557|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Su0pAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA556|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt}}</ref> or 1721,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=São Paulo|first1=Arquivo do Estado de|title=Descendência de Amador Bueno de Ribeira|journal=Publicação Oficial de Documentos Interessantes para a História e Costumes de São Paulo|date=1896|volume=4|pages=27–33|url=http://bibdig.biblioteca.unesp.br/handle/10/6947|access-date=January 17, 2016|publisher=Companhia Industrial de São Paulo|location=São Paulo|language=pt}}</ref> where they were engaged in the search for gold and in the opening of new roads to the [[Goiás]] mines. In 1737 the explorers receive from the Governor Martinho de Mendonça an allotment letter confirming their region occupation, which grew through agriculture and livestock. |
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On June 18, 1759, [[:pt:Bartolomeu Bueno do Prado|Bartolomeu Bueno do Prado]], [[Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva|Anhangüera]]'s grandson and Francisco Bueno da Fonseca's son-in-law, left the village heading 400 men, summoned from the entire Minas Gerais captaincy, to disrupt the [[quilombo]] confederation of Campo Grande. The influence of [[Captaincy|captain]] Bueno da Fonseca's family contributed to the village's rapid growing. In 1760 they managed to change the [[Freguesia (Portugal)|parish]] seat from [[Carrancas]], as Lavras do Funil already had 1,000 inhabitants, twice more than the former.<ref name="Nemeth2010">{{cite book|last1=Németh-Torres|first1=Geovani|title=Os 250 Anos da Paróquia de Sant'Ana: Uma História da Igreja Católica em Lavras|date=2010|publisher=Geovani Németh-Torres|location=Lavras|isbn=978-85-911368-0-3|url=http://historiadelavras.blogspot.com.br| |
On June 18, 1759, [[:pt:Bartolomeu Bueno do Prado|Bartolomeu Bueno do Prado]], [[Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva|Anhangüera]]'s grandson and Francisco Bueno da Fonseca's son-in-law, left the village heading 400 men, summoned from the entire Minas Gerais captaincy, to disrupt the [[quilombo]] confederation of Campo Grande. The influence of [[Captaincy|captain]] Bueno da Fonseca's family contributed to the village's rapid growing. In 1760 they managed to change the [[Freguesia (Portugal)|parish]] seat from [[Carrancas]], as Lavras do Funil already had 1,000 inhabitants, twice more than the former.<ref name="Nemeth2010">{{cite book|last1=Németh-Torres|first1=Geovani|title=Os 250 Anos da Paróquia de Sant'Ana: Uma História da Igreja Católica em Lavras|date=2010|publisher=Geovani Németh-Torres|location=Lavras|isbn=978-85-911368-0-3|url=http://historiadelavras.blogspot.com.br|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt}}</ref> In 1813 the village was elevated to [[freguesia]], detaching itself from Carrancas. That time, Lavras had 6 chapels and a population of 10,612 souls. |
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=== 19th century === |
=== 19th century === |
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On the [[Empire of Brazil|Imperial period]], Lavras obtained its political and administrative emancipation, becoming a [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipality]] in 1831 and city in 1868, when there was a change in municipal toponymic from "''Lavras do Funil''" to "''Lavras''".<ref>Provincial Law No. 1510, July 20, 1868.</ref> In 1832 the inspector Manuel Custódio Neto reported to the [[municipal chamber]] that the town consisted of 245 buildings and there was no pavement on its streets. The only public buildings where the [[:pt:Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário (Lavras)|parish church]], and the [[Our Lady of the Rosary|Rosário]] and [[Virgin of Mercy|Mercês]] chapels. Lavras had three private primary schools, with a total of 62 students.<ref name="Costa" /> According to the 1834 census, Lavras had 11,322 inhabitants.<ref name="Vilela">{{cite book|last1=Vilela|first1=Marcio Salviano|title=A Formação Histórica dos Campos de Sant'Ana das Lavras do Funil|date=2007|publisher=Indi|location=Lavras|language= |
On the [[Empire of Brazil|Imperial period]], Lavras obtained its political and administrative emancipation, becoming a [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipality]] in 1831 and city in 1868, when there was a change in municipal toponymic from "''Lavras do Funil''" to "''Lavras''".<ref>Provincial Law No. 1510, July 20, 1868.</ref> In 1832 the inspector Manuel Custódio Neto reported to the [[municipal chamber]] that the town consisted of 245 buildings and there was no pavement on its streets. The only public buildings where the [[:pt:Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário (Lavras)|parish church]], and the [[Our Lady of the Rosary|Rosário]] and [[Virgin of Mercy|Mercês]] chapels. Lavras had three private primary schools, with a total of 62 students.<ref name="Costa" /> According to the 1834 census, Lavras had 11,322 inhabitants.<ref name="Vilela">{{cite book|last1=Vilela|first1=Marcio Salviano|title=A Formação Histórica dos Campos de Sant'Ana das Lavras do Funil|date=2007|publisher=Indi|location=Lavras|language=pt}}</ref> |
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One of the most significant events of this period was the [[Liberal Revolution of 1842]]. For just over a month, between June 14 and July 22, [[:pt:Partido Liberal (Império do Brasil)|liberals]] and [[Conservative Party (Brazil)|conservatives]] kept their barracks in Sant'Ana main square, current Praça Dr. Augusto Silva. The defeated liberals fled or were arrested, subsequently amnestied by the [[Empire of Brazil|imperial government]].<ref name="Vilela" /> |
One of the most significant events of this period was the [[Liberal Revolution of 1842]]. For just over a month, between June 14 and July 22, [[:pt:Partido Liberal (Império do Brasil)|liberals]] and [[Conservative Party (Brazil)|conservatives]] kept their barracks in Sant'Ana main square, current Praça Dr. Augusto Silva. The defeated liberals fled or were arrested, subsequently amnestied by the [[Empire of Brazil|imperial government]].<ref name="Vilela" /> |
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=== Golden Age === |
=== Golden Age === |
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The late nineteenth century and early twentieth century was a time of rapid development in Lavras. On December 18, 1880 it was inaugurated the 208 km river navigation between the [[Ribeirão Vermelho]] port (Lavras) and [[Capetinga]] port (municipality of [[Piumhi]]), made by [[steamboat]] "Dr. Jorge |
The late nineteenth century and early twentieth century was a time of rapid development in Lavras. On December 18, 1880, it was inaugurated the 208 km river navigation between the [[Ribeirão Vermelho]] port (Lavras) and [[Capetinga]] port (municipality of [[Piumhi]]), made by [[steamboat]] "Dr. Jorge". On April 14, 1888, the [[Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas]] inaugurated the first station in Ribeirão Vermelho, and, on April 1, 1895, Lavras' city station is inaugurated. Later, in 1911, a tramway was opened, and so Lavras was one of the few cities in Brazilian interior to have this transportation system.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Morrison|first1=Allen|title=The Tramways of Lavras, Minas Gerais state, Brazil|url=http://www.tramz.com/br/lv/lv.html|website=Urban Transport in Latin America|access-date=January 17, 2016|date=April 8, 2012}}</ref> |
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After the [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Proclamation of the Republic]], Lavras established itself as a major regional center of Minas Gerais, being the birthplace of [[:pt:Francisco Antônio de Sales|Francisco Salles]], an important politician of the [[República Velha|Old Republic]]. At this time, several colleges were created, such as the Evangelical Institute (founded in 1892 by Samuel Rhea Gammon), the College of Our Lady of Lourdes (founded in 1900 by nuns of the Congregation of the Auxiliary Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy), the Lavras School Group (founded in 1907 by Professor Firmino Costa) and the [[Federal University of Lavras|Agricultural School of Lavras]] (founded in 1908). The quality its education made Lavras to become known as "the city of [[ipê]]s and schools", a slogan created by journalist Jorge Duarte.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Duarte|first1=Jorge|title=Lavras, Terra dos Ipês e das Escolas.|publisher=A Gazeta|date= |
After the [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Proclamation of the Republic]], Lavras established itself as a major regional center of Minas Gerais, being the birthplace of [[:pt:Francisco Antônio de Sales|Francisco Salles]], an important politician of the [[República Velha|Old Republic]]. At this time, several colleges were created, such as the Evangelical Institute (founded in 1892 by Samuel Rhea Gammon), the College of Our Lady of Lourdes (founded in 1900 by nuns of the Congregation of the Auxiliary Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy), the Lavras School Group (founded in 1907 by Professor Firmino Costa) and the [[Federal University of Lavras|Agricultural School of Lavras]] (founded in 1908). The quality its education made Lavras to become known as "the city of [[ipê]]s and schools", a slogan created by journalist Jorge Duarte.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Duarte|first1=Jorge|title=Lavras, Terra dos Ipês e das Escolas.|publisher=A Gazeta|date=August 24, 1941|location=Lavras|language=pt}}</ref> |
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=== Social and political changes === |
=== Social and political changes === |
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Local demographics has been modified with the arrival of many immigrants, representing 1.9% of the population according to Census 1920: the municipality had a total of 806 foreigners, of which 380 were [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]], 189 were [[Portuguese Brazilians|Portuguese]], 166 [[Lebanese Brazilians|Lebanese]], 28 [[Brazilians of Spanish descent|Spaniards]], 20 [[Americans in Brazil|Americans]], 12 [[Austrian Brazilian|Austrians]], five [[French Brazilians|French]], two |
Local demographics has been modified with the arrival of many immigrants, representing 1.9% of the population according to Census 1920: the municipality had a total of 806 foreigners, of which 380 were [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]], 189 were [[Portuguese Brazilians|Portuguese]], 166 [[Lebanese Brazilians|Lebanese]], 28 [[Brazilians of Spanish descent|Spaniards]], 20 [[Americans in Brazil|Americans]], 12 [[Austrian Brazilian|Austrians]], five [[French Brazilians|French]], two Russians, one [[Uruguayan Brazilian|Uruguayan]] and three of undetermined nationality.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brasil|title=Recenseamento do Brazil: realizado em 1 de setembro de 1920, população.|date=1926|publisher=Typographia da Estatística|location=Rio de Janeiro|volume=4-1|page=685|url=http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv6461.pdf|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt}}</ref> |
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The 1920s represented a slowdown in Lavras progress, partly caused by the intense political dispute promoted by two distinct groups: the [[Mineiro Republican Party]], under the new direction of Italian doctor Paulo Menicucci, was favorable to the candidacy of [[Arthur Bernardes]] to the [[President of Brazil|Presidency]] and Raul Soares to the [[List of Governors of Minas Gerais|Presidency of Minas Gerais]]; and dissidents, led by Colonel Pedro Sales, supported the respective opposition candidacies of [[Nilo Peçanha]] and Francisco Sales. This dispute became known as between "Doves and Hawks": Doves because of effeminate [[Psychasthenia|psychasthenics]] tics attributed to Bernardes, and Hawks for associating the cleverness, the cunning spirit, and, of course, as one of the little dove predators.<ref name="Vilela" /> Such local clash lasted until the following decade, when it was eclipsed by the new national political order |
The 1920s represented a slowdown in Lavras progress, partly caused by the intense political dispute promoted by two distinct groups: the [[Mineiro Republican Party]], under the new direction of Italian doctor Paulo Menicucci, was favorable to the candidacy of [[Arthur Bernardes]] to the [[President of Brazil|Presidency]] and Raul Soares to the [[List of Governors of Minas Gerais|Presidency of Minas Gerais]]; and dissidents, led by Colonel Pedro Sales, supported the respective opposition candidacies of [[Nilo Peçanha]] and Francisco Sales. This dispute became known as between "Doves and Hawks": Doves because of effeminate [[Psychasthenia|psychasthenics]] tics attributed to Bernardes, and Hawks for associating the cleverness, the cunning spirit, and, of course, as one of the little dove predators.<ref name="Vilela" /> Such local clash lasted until the following decade, when it was eclipsed by the new national political order – the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]]. |
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It was in the mid-twentieth century that Lavras constituted its current geographic boundaries. In its administrative division for the year 1933, the municipality was formed by eight districts: Lavras, [[Carrancas]], [[Ijaci]] (formerly Conceição do Rio Grande), [[Ingaí]], [[Itumirim]] (formerly Rosário), [[Itutinga]] (formerly Santo Antônio da Ponte Nova), [[Luminárias]] (Nossa Senhora do Carmo das Luminárias) and Ribeirão Vermelho. The municipality has experienced political and administrative separation in 1938, 1943, 1948 and 1962, when their old districts became newly created neighboring municipalities and is currently composed of single district, the urban agglomeration's city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=IBGE|title=Enciclopédia dos Municípios Brasileiros|date=1959|publisher=IBGE|location=Rio de Janeiro|volume=25|pages=443–450|url=http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv27295_25.pdf| |
It was in the mid-twentieth century that Lavras constituted its current geographic boundaries. In its administrative division for the year 1933, the municipality was formed by eight districts: Lavras, [[Carrancas]], [[Ijaci]] (formerly Conceição do Rio Grande), [[Ingaí]], [[Itumirim]] (formerly Rosário), [[Itutinga]] (formerly Santo Antônio da Ponte Nova), [[Luminárias]] (Nossa Senhora do Carmo das Luminárias) and [[Ribeirão Vermelho]]. The municipality has experienced political and administrative separation in 1938, 1943, 1948 and 1962, when their old districts became newly created neighboring municipalities and is currently composed of single district, the urban agglomeration's city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=IBGE|title=Enciclopédia dos Municípios Brasileiros|date=1959|publisher=IBGE|location=Rio de Janeiro|volume=25|pages=443–450|url=http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv27295_25.pdf|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt|chapter=Lavras}}</ref> |
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=== Progress and stagnation === |
=== Progress and stagnation === |
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[[File:Contorno Natural.jpg|thumb|Bocaina mountains]] On the populist period during the [[Second Brazilian Republic|Fourth Republic]], Lavras development was signaled by new links with major centers: firstly, it was the inauguration of air transport line, that existed between 1947 and 1960;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Németh-Torres|first1=Geovani|title=A Atenas Mineira: Capítulos Histórico-Culturais de Lavras.|date=2011|publisher=Geovani Németh-Torres|location=Lavras|isbn=978-85-911368-1-0|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1y6HmPNu_U5Br0fmL7FlFND_aVUZPsPxIxx4n4S9Zkos2ezNaQX_c9nzUvlgf/view| |
[[File:Contorno Natural.jpg|thumb|Bocaina mountains]] On the populist period during the [[Second Brazilian Republic|Fourth Republic]], Lavras development was signaled by new links with major centers: firstly, it was the inauguration of air transport line, that existed between 1947 and 1960;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Németh-Torres|first1=Geovani|title=A Atenas Mineira: Capítulos Histórico-Culturais de Lavras.|date=2011|publisher=Geovani Németh-Torres|location=Lavras|isbn=978-85-911368-1-0|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1y6HmPNu_U5Br0fmL7FlFND_aVUZPsPxIxx4n4S9Zkos2ezNaQX_c9nzUvlgf/view|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Aeroclube de Lavras|title=História|url=http://www.voelavras.com.br/historia|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt}}</ref> secondly was the Lavras-[[Rodovia Fernão Dias|Fernão Dias]] patch opening to road traffic in 1962. Another aspect of progress was the inauguration of the Itutinga [[hydroelectric]] power plant in 1955, which increased electricity production and stimulated industrial growth in the city, through the expansion of existing plants and setting up new ventures. |
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Lavras, in the 1950s, passed by one of its moments of greatest cultural, artistic and sporting wealth thanks to civic associations such as the |
Lavras, in the 1950s, passed by one of its moments of greatest cultural, artistic and sporting wealth thanks to civic associations such as the Lavras Friends Society (Sal) and Lavrense Society of Artistic Culture (Solca). Chroniclers of the time remember several initiatives such as balls, competitions, exhibitions, educational events, theatrical performances, music recitals and poetry, friendly football tournaments and also the formation of a public library and a city museum.<ref name="Vilela" /> |
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In the early 1960s, while the country experienced a period of [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|serious institutional crises]], Lavras suffered a series of attacks made by a [[pyromaniac]], in which several historical houses were consumed by the flames. In this context, in 1962 the local authorities decided the Municipal Theatre demolition, sealing the end of civic organizations and city's cultural decay. This decline was exacerbated in 1963 by the newspaper ''A Gazeta'' disappearance |
In the early 1960s, while the country experienced a period of [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|serious institutional crises]], Lavras suffered a series of attacks made by a [[pyromaniac]], in which several historical houses were consumed by the flames. In this context, in 1962 the local authorities decided the Municipal Theatre demolition, sealing the end of civic organizations and city's cultural decay. This decline was exacerbated in 1963 by the newspaper ''A Gazeta'' disappearance – the only printed weekly at the time – and almost closing of the Agricultural School of Lavras, which was federalized.<ref>Federal Law No. 4,307, December 23, 1963. [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/1950-1969/L4307.htm Federaliza a Escola Superior de Agricultura de Lavras (ESAL) e dá outras providências] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> Other signs of visible [[Anomie|social degradation]] were the collapse of the Rosary church walls in 1965, rebuilt only in 1970,<ref name="Nemeth2010" /> and the end of the tramway in 1967. |
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The 1960s and 1970s represented profound changes in Lavras social composition. On one hand, there was the growth of urban areas due to [[rural exodus]]; on the other, it was noted that the city's population growth was below the national average, caused by the phenomenon of [[internal migration]]: as Lavras being economically stagnant, many of its children have moved to other centers looking for better opportunities. Another sign of the municipality weakening was the lack of political representation, which would be broken fourteen years later with the election of Maurício Souza Pádua to the [[Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais]] in 1983. |
The 1960s and 1970s represented profound changes in Lavras social composition. On one hand, there was the growth of urban areas due to [[rural exodus]]; on the other, it was noted that the city's population growth was below the national average, caused by the phenomenon of [[internal migration]]: as Lavras being economically stagnant, many of its children have moved to other centers looking for better opportunities. Another sign of the municipality weakening was the lack of political representation, which would be broken fourteen years later with the election of Maurício Souza Pádua to the [[Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais]] in 1983. |
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=== New |
=== New millennium === |
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On the eve of the |
On the eve of the 21st century, Lavras resumed its development path, being currently one of the most prosperous cities in the region, claiming in 2010 the second highest [[List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index|HDI]] in southern Minas Gerais.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD)|title=Ranking do IDH-M dos municípios do Brasil|url=http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf|website=Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt|date=2010}}</ref> This progress is the result of a number of factors, mainly: the installation of the [[industrial district]], which has brought several factories, such as [[Magneti Marelli|COFAP]], inaugurated in February 1988, generating many jobs;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Alberto da Silva|title=Gerenciamento eletrônico de documentos: estudo de caso na Magneti Marelli Cofap – Lavras/MG|date=2002|publisher=UFLA|location=Lavras|page=32|url=http://repositorio.ufla.br/jspui/bitstream/1/9233/1/MONOGRAFIA_Gerenciamento_eletr%C3%B4nico_de_documentos_estudo_de_caso_na_Magneti_Marelli_COFAP_Lavras_MG.pdf|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt|format=Monograph}}</ref> the transformation of ESAL into the [[Federal University of Lavras]], in December 1994,<ref>Federal Law No. 8,956, December 15, 1994. [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/1989_1994/L8956.htm Dispõe sobre a transformação da Escola Superior de Lavras em Universidade Federal de Lavras e dá outras providências]. {{in lang|pt}}</ref> whose recent expansion brought thousands of students from other regions of Brazil;<ref>Between 1991 and 2010, enrollment in undergraduate higher education in Lavras jumped from 3,066 to 8,366. {{cite web|last1=INEP|title=Série Histórica por Município: Número de Cursos, Matrículas, Concluintes, Vagas Oferecidas, Candidatos Inscritos e Ingressos – 1991 a 2010|url=http://download.inep.gov.br/informacoes_estatisticas/2011/indicadores_educacionais/historico/municipio_org_dep_1991_2009_2.zip|website=Sinopses Estatísticas da Educação Superior – Graduação|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt|format=Excel|date=2010}}</ref><ref>In the first semester of 2015, only 20% of students who entered the UFLA were from Lavras. {{cite news|last1=Alvim|first1=Ana Eliza|title=PAS e SiSU: UFLA já recebeu, neste semestre, estudantes de 19 estados e do Distrito Federal|url=http://www.ufla.br/ascom/2015/03/12/pas-e-sisu-ufla-ja-recebeu-neste-semestre-estudantes-de-18-estados-e-do-distrito-federal|access-date=January 17, 2016|work=UFLA|agency=ASCOM|date=March 12, 2015|location=Lavras|language=pt}}</ref> and the construction of the Funil Hydroelectric Plant in 2002, which changed the countryside by the dam's formed lake. |
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Nevertheless, this development has also generated new problems in Lavras, such as |
Nevertheless, this development has also generated new problems in Lavras, such as drug trafficking and increased violence: from 2000–2002 to 2010–2012, the number of homicides caused by firearms increased from 4 to 18.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Monteiro|first1=Maria Gabriela|last2=Santa Rosa|first2=Idael Christiano A.|last3=Lopes|first3=Maria Cristina Godinho|last4=Faria|first4=Valdeir Martins de|title=Estudo da mortalidade por causas externas em Lavras, MG|journal=XIII Congresso dos Pós-Graduandos da UFLA|date=September 17, 2004|url=http://www.apg.ufla.br/resumos/resumo_2004/dex/12.pdf|access-date=January 17, 2016|publisher=UFLA|location=Lavras|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Brasil|website=Mapa da Violência|title=Tabelas com a totalidade dos municípios|url=http://www.mapadaviolencia.org.br/tabelas2015/mapaViolenca2015_alfaMun_total.xlsx|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt|date=2015}}</ref> Another problem seen today is a major dispute between rival political groups,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tribunal Regional Eleitoral de Minas Gerais|title=Corte confirma cassação do prefeito de Lavras|url=http://www.tre-mg.jus.br/imprensa/noticias-tre-mg/2014/Janeiro/corte-confirma-cassacao-do-prefeito-de-lavras|access-date=January 17, 2016|language=pt|date=January 30, 2014}}</ref> dividing the city with intensity not seen since the 1920s. |
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== Economy == |
== Economy == |
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As 2013, Lavras |
As 2013, Lavras gross domestic product is R$2,058,203,000, or R$20,965 per capita. Of the GDP, agriculture corresponds to 2.7%, industry to 20.4%, services to 65.3%, while taxes are 11.6%.<ref>IBGE (2013). [http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/temas.php?lang=&codmun=313820&idtema=152&search=minas-gerais|lavras|produto-interno-bruto-dos-municipios-2013 Minas Gerais » Lavras » produto interno bruto dos municípios]. {{in lang|pt}}</ref> |
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=== Agriculture and |
=== Agriculture and livestock === |
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Lavras agricultural sector stands out especially for the production of coffee and milk, despite the presence of other crops and beef cattle breeding. The production data in 2014 according to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]:<ref>IBGE (2014). [http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.php?lang=&codmun=313820&search=||infogr%E1ficos:-informa%E7%F5es-completas Minas Gerais » Lavras » informações completas].</ref> |
Lavras agricultural sector stands out especially for the production of coffee and milk, despite the presence of other crops and beef cattle breeding. The production data in 2014 according to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]:<ref>IBGE (2014). [http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.php?lang=&codmun=313820&search=||infogr%E1ficos:-informa%E7%F5es-completas Minas Gerais » Lavras » informações completas]. {{in lang|pt}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="float:left" |
||
|+ Permanent farming |
|+ Permanent farming |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="col" | |
! scope="col" | |
||
! scope="col" | Value ([[R$]] 10<sup>3</sup>) |
! scope="col" | Value ([[Brazilian real|R$]] 10<sup>3</sup>) |
||
! scope="col" | Area ([[Hectare|ha]]) |
! scope="col" | Area ([[Hectare|ha]]) |
||
! scope="col" | Production ([[Tonne|t]]) |
! scope="col" | Production ([[Tonne|t]]) |
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Line 136: | Line 265: | ||
| align="center"| 12 |
| align="center"| 12 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center"| |
| align="center"| Coffee |
||
| align="center"| 36,098 |
| align="center"| 36,098 |
||
| align="center"| 4,610 |
| align="center"| 4,610 |
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Line 154: | Line 283: | ||
| align="center"| 12 |
| align="center"| 12 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center"| |
| align="center"| Orange |
||
| align="center"| 347 |
| align="center"| 347 |
||
| align="center"| 43 |
| align="center"| 43 |
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Line 174: | Line 303: | ||
|} |
|} |
||
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="float:right" |
||
|+ Temporary farming |
|+ Temporary farming |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="col" | |
! scope="col" | |
||
! scope="col" | Value ([[R$]] 10<sup>3</sup>) |
! scope="col" | Value ([[Brazilian real|R$]] 10<sup>3</sup>) |
||
! scope="col" | Area ([[Hectare|ha]]) |
! scope="col" | Area ([[Hectare|ha]]) |
||
! scope="col" | Production ([[Tonne|t]]) |
! scope="col" | Production ([[Tonne|t]]) |
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Line 195: | Line 324: | ||
| align="center"| 18 |
| align="center"| 18 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center"| |
| align="center"| Corn |
||
| align="center"| 9,720 |
| align="center"| 9,720 |
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| align="center"| 4,000 |
| align="center"| 4,000 |
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Line 205: | Line 334: | ||
| align="center"| 450 |
| align="center"| 450 |
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| align="center"| 1,125 |
| align="center"| 1,125 |
||
| align="center"| 2 |
| align="center"| 2.5 |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center"| [[Sugarcane]] |
| align="center"| [[Sugarcane]] |
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Line 221: | Line 350: | ||
|} |
|} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="float:right" |
||
|+ Animal products |
|+ Animal products |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="col" | |
! scope="col" | |
||
! scope="col" | Value ([[R$]] 10<sup>3</sup>) |
! scope="col" | Value ([[Brazilian real|R$]] 10<sup>3</sup>) |
||
! scope="col" | Production |
! scope="col" | Production |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 245: | Line 374: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|} |
|} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left" |
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|+ Livestock (Animals amount) |
|+ Livestock (Animals amount) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Bovinae]] !! |
! [[Bovinae]] !! Cows !! [[Galliformes]] !! Chicken !! [[Quail]] !! [[Equinae]] !! Goat !! Sheep !! [[Swine]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| 27,440 || 6,890 || 912,540 || 389,687 || 387,851 || 1,500 || 100 || 550 || 8,500 |
| 27,440 || 6,890 || 912,540 || 389,687 || 387,851 || 1,500 || 100 || 550 || 8,500 |
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|- |
|- |
||
|} |
|} |
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{{ |
{{Clear}} |
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== Education == |
== Education == |
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In 2012, Lavras had 31 [[preschool]], 37 |
[[File:Universidade Federal de Lavras (Pavilhão de Aulas III) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Universidade Federal de Lavras]] In 2012, Lavras had 31 [[preschool]], 37 primary schools, 16 secondary schools and 3 [[special education]] centers. There were 18,671 students and 1,127 teachers. Lavras has also 9 higher education universities and faculties.<ref>IBGE (2012). [http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/temas.php?lang=&codmun=313820&idtema=117&search=minas-gerais|lavras|ensino-matriculas-docentes-e-rede-escolar-2012 Minas Gerais » Lavras » ensino – matrículas, docentes e rede escolar].{{in lang|pt}}</ref> |
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{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 9pt" |
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|- |
|- |
||
!rowspan="2"| |
!rowspan="2"| |
||
!colspan="3"|[[Preschool]] |
!colspan="3"|[[Preschool]] |
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!colspan="3"| |
!colspan="3"|Primary schools |
||
!colspan="3"| |
!colspan="3"|Secondary schools |
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|- |
|- |
||
!width="30"| |
!width="30"|Schools |
||
!width="30"| |
!width="30"|Teachers |
||
!width="30"| |
!width="30"|Student |
||
!width="30"| |
!width="30"|Schools |
||
!width="30"| |
!width="30"|Teachers |
||
!width="30"| |
!width="30"|Student |
||
!width="30"| |
!width="30"|Schools |
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!width="30"| |
!width="30"|Teachers |
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!width="30"| |
!width="30"|Student |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 329: | Line 458: | ||
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|- |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center" colspan="30" style="font-size: 8pt"| |
|align="center" colspan="30" style="font-size: 8pt"| Ministério da Educação, Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais – INEP – Censo Educacional 2012. |
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|} |
|} |
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=== Federal University of Lavras === |
=== Federal University of Lavras === |
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Lavras has one of Brazil's top universities, the [[Federal University of Lavras]]. Founded in 1908 it is well known in Brazil and abroad for its courses in [[agronomy]] and [[veterinary]] |
Lavras has one of Brazil's top universities, the [[Federal University of Lavras]]. Founded in 1908 it is well known in Brazil and abroad for its courses in [[agronomy]] and [[veterinary]] science. There are 6,090 [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] students and 2,059 on [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate programs]].<ref>Universidade Federal de Lavras. [http://www.ufla.br/ Homepage].</ref> |
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== Transport == |
== Transport == |
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Line 339: | Line 468: | ||
== Sports == |
== Sports == |
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Lavras is home of [[Fabril Esporte Clube]], a [[football]] club that achieved minor success during the 1980s in [[Campeonato Mineiro|Minas Gerais state championship]]. Some famous athletes were born in Lavras, as the [[Brazil national football team]] defenders [[Alemão (footballer, born 1961)|Alemão]] and [[Caçapa]] and the [[Volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|Bronze medal Olympic winner]] volleyball player [[Ana Paula Connelly]]. |
Lavras is home of [[Fabril Esporte Clube]], a [[association football|football]] club that achieved minor success during the 1980s in [[Campeonato Mineiro|Minas Gerais state championship]]. Some famous athletes were born in Lavras, as the [[Brazil national football team]] defenders [[Alemão (footballer, born 1961)|Alemão]] and [[Caçapa]] and the [[Volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|Bronze medal Olympic winner]] volleyball player [[Ana Paula Connelly]]. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist |
{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Municipalities of Minas Gerais}} |
{{Municipalities of Minas Gerais}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Municipalities in Minas Gerais]] |
[[Category:Municipalities in Minas Gerais]] |
Revision as of 16:34, 31 January 2024
Lavras | |
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Municipality of Lavras | |
Etymology: Mining and tillage | |
Nickname(s): Cidade dos Ipês e das Escolas ("City of the Ipês and Schools") | |
Anthem: Hino do município de Lavras | |
Coordinates: 21°14′42″S 45°00′00″W / 21.24500°S 45.00000°W | |
Country | Brazil |
Region | Southeast |
State | Minas Gerais |
Mesoregion | Campo das Vertentes |
Founded | 1729 |
Town rights | 1831 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Jussara Menicucci de Oliveira (PSB) |
Area | |
• Total | 564.495 km2 (217.953 sq mi) |
Elevation | 919 m (3,015 ft) |
Population (2022 est.)[1] | |
• Total | 104,761 |
• Density | 190/km2 (480/sq mi) |
Demonym | lavrense |
Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |
Postal Code | 37200-000 |
Area code | (+55) 35 |
Website | lavras |
Lavras is a municipality in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Located at an altitude of 919 m, it has a population of 104,761 inhabitants (2022).[1] The area of the municipality is 564.495 km2. The average annual temperature is 19.6°C and the average annual rainfall is 1,511 millimetres.
Located at the Green Valley and Waterfalls tourist circuit, it is also near Waters circuit – a series of spas in the state of São Paulo and Minas Gerais — and the Inconfidentes Trail circuit – a historical region of Minas. Lavras is connected by highway to the state capital, Belo Horizonte (237 km), to São Paulo (379 km) and Rio de Janeiro (423 km).[2]
Geography
According to IBGE (2017), the municipality is in the Immediate Geographic Region of Lavras, in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Varginha.[3]
Ecclesiastical circumscription
The municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of São João del-Rei.[4]
Climate
Lavras experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with rainy summers and warm, dry winters.
Climate data for Lavras (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
29.5 (85.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
27.8 (82.0) |
25.3 (77.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.8 (80.2) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.5 (81.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.8 (73.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
20.6 (69.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.7 (60.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 292.4 (11.51) |
178.2 (7.02) |
162.2 (6.39) |
54.6 (2.15) |
43.3 (1.70) |
19.8 (0.78) |
9.5 (0.37) |
15.1 (0.59) |
55.1 (2.17) |
101.0 (3.98) |
192.4 (7.57) |
259.8 (10.23) |
1,383.4 (54.46) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 16.6 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 5.6 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 5.4 | 8.7 | 13.4 | 17.2 | 99.2 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 76.4 | 74.5 | 76.2 | 73.4 | 73.9 | 72.5 | 66.9 | 60.5 | 61.3 | 66.2 | 73.7 | 76.7 | 71.0 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.7 (65.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
14.7 (58.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
18.9 (66.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 181.6 | 192.3 | 197.6 | 222.5 | 211.9 | 214.6 | 237.3 | 252.6 | 219.1 | 206.9 | 177.9 | 174.2 | 2,488.5 |
Source: NOAA[5] |
History
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1760 | 1,000 | — |
1813 | 10,612 | +4.56% |
1834 | 11,322 | +0.31% |
1854 | 14,203[6] | +1.14% |
1864 | 18,709 | +2.79% |
1872 | 31,813[7] | +6.86% |
1890 | 24,756 | −1.38% |
1900 | 38,685 | +4.56% |
1920 | 42,859[8] | +0.51% |
1940 | 42,187[9] | −0.08% |
1950 | 27,364[10] | −4.24% |
1960 | 37,262 | +3.14% |
1970 | 44,449[11] | +1.78% |
1980 | 52,710 | +1.72% |
1991 | 65,893 | +2.05% |
2000 | 78,772 | +2.00% |
2010 | 92,171 | +1.58% |
2022 | 104,761 | +1.07% |
Early settlement
The settlements on the Campos de Sant'Ana das Lavras do Funil dated from the first half of the 18th century, founded in 1729.[12] The first inhabitants were the Paulista family of Francisco Bueno da Fonseca (c. 1670–1752), leader of a revolt against a Portuguese judge in São Paulo in 1712.[13] Bueno da Fonseca, his sons and other explorers, settled in the rivers Capivari and Grande region by 1720[14] or 1721,[15] where they were engaged in the search for gold and in the opening of new roads to the Goiás mines. In 1737 the explorers receive from the Governor Martinho de Mendonça an allotment letter confirming their region occupation, which grew through agriculture and livestock.
On June 18, 1759, Bartolomeu Bueno do Prado, Anhangüera's grandson and Francisco Bueno da Fonseca's son-in-law, left the village heading 400 men, summoned from the entire Minas Gerais captaincy, to disrupt the quilombo confederation of Campo Grande. The influence of captain Bueno da Fonseca's family contributed to the village's rapid growing. In 1760 they managed to change the parish seat from Carrancas, as Lavras do Funil already had 1,000 inhabitants, twice more than the former.[16] In 1813 the village was elevated to freguesia, detaching itself from Carrancas. That time, Lavras had 6 chapels and a population of 10,612 souls.
19th century
On the Imperial period, Lavras obtained its political and administrative emancipation, becoming a municipality in 1831 and city in 1868, when there was a change in municipal toponymic from "Lavras do Funil" to "Lavras".[17] In 1832 the inspector Manuel Custódio Neto reported to the municipal chamber that the town consisted of 245 buildings and there was no pavement on its streets. The only public buildings where the parish church, and the Rosário and Mercês chapels. Lavras had three private primary schools, with a total of 62 students.[12] According to the 1834 census, Lavras had 11,322 inhabitants.[18]
One of the most significant events of this period was the Liberal Revolution of 1842. For just over a month, between June 14 and July 22, liberals and conservatives kept their barracks in Sant'Ana main square, current Praça Dr. Augusto Silva. The defeated liberals fled or were arrested, subsequently amnestied by the imperial government.[18]
Golden Age
The late nineteenth century and early twentieth century was a time of rapid development in Lavras. On December 18, 1880, it was inaugurated the 208 km river navigation between the Ribeirão Vermelho port (Lavras) and Capetinga port (municipality of Piumhi), made by steamboat "Dr. Jorge". On April 14, 1888, the Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas inaugurated the first station in Ribeirão Vermelho, and, on April 1, 1895, Lavras' city station is inaugurated. Later, in 1911, a tramway was opened, and so Lavras was one of the few cities in Brazilian interior to have this transportation system.[19]
After the Proclamation of the Republic, Lavras established itself as a major regional center of Minas Gerais, being the birthplace of Francisco Salles, an important politician of the Old Republic. At this time, several colleges were created, such as the Evangelical Institute (founded in 1892 by Samuel Rhea Gammon), the College of Our Lady of Lourdes (founded in 1900 by nuns of the Congregation of the Auxiliary Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy), the Lavras School Group (founded in 1907 by Professor Firmino Costa) and the Agricultural School of Lavras (founded in 1908). The quality its education made Lavras to become known as "the city of ipês and schools", a slogan created by journalist Jorge Duarte.[20]
Social and political changes
Local demographics has been modified with the arrival of many immigrants, representing 1.9% of the population according to Census 1920: the municipality had a total of 806 foreigners, of which 380 were Italian, 189 were Portuguese, 166 Lebanese, 28 Spaniards, 20 Americans, 12 Austrians, five French, two Russians, one Uruguayan and three of undetermined nationality.[21]
The 1920s represented a slowdown in Lavras progress, partly caused by the intense political dispute promoted by two distinct groups: the Mineiro Republican Party, under the new direction of Italian doctor Paulo Menicucci, was favorable to the candidacy of Arthur Bernardes to the Presidency and Raul Soares to the Presidency of Minas Gerais; and dissidents, led by Colonel Pedro Sales, supported the respective opposition candidacies of Nilo Peçanha and Francisco Sales. This dispute became known as between "Doves and Hawks": Doves because of effeminate psychasthenics tics attributed to Bernardes, and Hawks for associating the cleverness, the cunning spirit, and, of course, as one of the little dove predators.[18] Such local clash lasted until the following decade, when it was eclipsed by the new national political order – the Estado Novo.
It was in the mid-twentieth century that Lavras constituted its current geographic boundaries. In its administrative division for the year 1933, the municipality was formed by eight districts: Lavras, Carrancas, Ijaci (formerly Conceição do Rio Grande), Ingaí, Itumirim (formerly Rosário), Itutinga (formerly Santo Antônio da Ponte Nova), Luminárias (Nossa Senhora do Carmo das Luminárias) and Ribeirão Vermelho. The municipality has experienced political and administrative separation in 1938, 1943, 1948 and 1962, when their old districts became newly created neighboring municipalities and is currently composed of single district, the urban agglomeration's city.[22]
Progress and stagnation
On the populist period during the Fourth Republic, Lavras development was signaled by new links with major centers: firstly, it was the inauguration of air transport line, that existed between 1947 and 1960;[23][24] secondly was the Lavras-Fernão Dias patch opening to road traffic in 1962. Another aspect of progress was the inauguration of the Itutinga hydroelectric power plant in 1955, which increased electricity production and stimulated industrial growth in the city, through the expansion of existing plants and setting up new ventures.
Lavras, in the 1950s, passed by one of its moments of greatest cultural, artistic and sporting wealth thanks to civic associations such as the Lavras Friends Society (Sal) and Lavrense Society of Artistic Culture (Solca). Chroniclers of the time remember several initiatives such as balls, competitions, exhibitions, educational events, theatrical performances, music recitals and poetry, friendly football tournaments and also the formation of a public library and a city museum.[18]
In the early 1960s, while the country experienced a period of serious institutional crises, Lavras suffered a series of attacks made by a pyromaniac, in which several historical houses were consumed by the flames. In this context, in 1962 the local authorities decided the Municipal Theatre demolition, sealing the end of civic organizations and city's cultural decay. This decline was exacerbated in 1963 by the newspaper A Gazeta disappearance – the only printed weekly at the time – and almost closing of the Agricultural School of Lavras, which was federalized.[25] Other signs of visible social degradation were the collapse of the Rosary church walls in 1965, rebuilt only in 1970,[16] and the end of the tramway in 1967.
The 1960s and 1970s represented profound changes in Lavras social composition. On one hand, there was the growth of urban areas due to rural exodus; on the other, it was noted that the city's population growth was below the national average, caused by the phenomenon of internal migration: as Lavras being economically stagnant, many of its children have moved to other centers looking for better opportunities. Another sign of the municipality weakening was the lack of political representation, which would be broken fourteen years later with the election of Maurício Souza Pádua to the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais in 1983.
New millennium
On the eve of the 21st century, Lavras resumed its development path, being currently one of the most prosperous cities in the region, claiming in 2010 the second highest HDI in southern Minas Gerais.[26] This progress is the result of a number of factors, mainly: the installation of the industrial district, which has brought several factories, such as COFAP, inaugurated in February 1988, generating many jobs;[27] the transformation of ESAL into the Federal University of Lavras, in December 1994,[28] whose recent expansion brought thousands of students from other regions of Brazil;[29][30] and the construction of the Funil Hydroelectric Plant in 2002, which changed the countryside by the dam's formed lake.
Nevertheless, this development has also generated new problems in Lavras, such as drug trafficking and increased violence: from 2000–2002 to 2010–2012, the number of homicides caused by firearms increased from 4 to 18.[31][32] Another problem seen today is a major dispute between rival political groups,[33] dividing the city with intensity not seen since the 1920s.
Economy
As 2013, Lavras gross domestic product is R$2,058,203,000, or R$20,965 per capita. Of the GDP, agriculture corresponds to 2.7%, industry to 20.4%, services to 65.3%, while taxes are 11.6%.[34]
Agriculture and livestock
Lavras agricultural sector stands out especially for the production of coffee and milk, despite the presence of other crops and beef cattle breeding. The production data in 2014 according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics:[35]
Value (R$ 103) | Area (ha) | Production (t) | Yield (t/ha) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Banana | 120 | 10 | 120 | 12 |
Coffee | 36,098 | 4,610 | 4,979 | 1.08 |
Grape | 25 | 1 | 7 | 7 |
Guava | 160 | 7 | 84 | 12 |
Orange | 347 | 43 | 559 | 13 |
Passion fruit | 47 | 3 | 36 | 12 |
Peach | 25 | 1 | 13 | 13 |
Value (R$ 103) | Area (ha) | Production (t) | Yield (t/ha) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bean | 1,230 | 1,000 | 820 | 0.82 |
Cassava | 54 | 5 | 90 | 18 |
Corn | 9,720 | 4,000 | 21,600 | 5,400 |
Soybean | 1,181 | 450 | 1,125 | 2.5 |
Sugarcane | 275 | 43 | 3,440 | 80 |
Tomato | 190 | 4 | 200 | 50 |
Value (R$ 103) | Production | |
---|---|---|
Fish | 54 | 9,000 kg |
Honey | 196 | 28,000 kg |
Chicken egg | 29,958 | 7,490,000 doz |
Quail egg | 6,019 | 7,524,000 doz |
Bovinae | Cows | Galliformes | Chicken | Quail | Equinae | Goat | Sheep | Swine |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
27,440 | 6,890 | 912,540 | 389,687 | 387,851 | 1,500 | 100 | 550 | 8,500 |
Education
In 2012, Lavras had 31 preschool, 37 primary schools, 16 secondary schools and 3 special education centers. There were 18,671 students and 1,127 teachers. Lavras has also 9 higher education universities and faculties.[36]
Preschool | Primary schools | Secondary schools | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schools | Teachers | Student | Schools | Teachers | Student | Schools | Teachers | Student | |||||||||||||||||||||
Municipal School | 21 | 89 | 1721 | 18 | 305 | 6234 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
State School | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 193 | 3671 | 7 | 160 | 3008 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Private School | 10 | 44 | 456 | 11 | 207 | 2394 | 9 | 129 | 1187 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 31 | 133 | 2177 | 37 | 705 | 12299 | 16 | 289 | 4195 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ministério da Educação, Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais – INEP – Censo Educacional 2012. |
Federal University of Lavras
Lavras has one of Brazil's top universities, the Federal University of Lavras. Founded in 1908 it is well known in Brazil and abroad for its courses in agronomy and veterinary science. There are 6,090 undergraduate students and 2,059 on postgraduate programs.[37]
Transport
Lavras was a station on the Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas, a narrow gauge railway.
Sports
Lavras is home of Fabril Esporte Clube, a football club that achieved minor success during the 1980s in Minas Gerais state championship. Some famous athletes were born in Lavras, as the Brazil national football team defenders Alemão and Caçapa and the Bronze medal Olympic winner volleyball player Ana Paula Connelly.
References
- ^ a b "Consulte a população da sua cidade". 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
2022 Estimates of Population
- ^ "Calculadora". Distância entre Cidades. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "Divisões Regionais do Brasil | IBGE". www.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
- ^ Silveira, Lucas. "Diocese ganha novo mapa territorial após criação de novas foranias". Diocese de São João del Rei. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Lavras". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ In 1841, the districts of Três Pontas, Varginha and Campos Gerais were separated from Lavras, to create the municipality of Três Pontas. In 1842, the district of São Thomé das Letras was transferred to the municipality of Baependi.
- ^ In 1866, the district of Boa Esperança was emancipated.
- ^ In 1911, the districts of Nepomuceno and Perdões were emancipated.
- ^ In 1938, the district of Carrancas was transferred to the municipality of Francisco Sales, nowadays, São Vicente de Minas.
- ^ In 1943, the districts of Itumirim, Ingaí, Itutinga and Luminárias were separated from Lavras, to create the municipality of Itumirim. In 1948, the district of Ribeirão Vermelho was emancipated.
- ^ In 1962, the district of Ijaci was emancipated.
- ^ a b Costa, Firmino (1911). "História de Lavras". Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro (in Portuguese). 16. Belo Horizonte: Imprensa Oficial de Minas Gerais: 130–131. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Németh-Torres, Geovani (2012). De Parnaíba às Lavras do Funil: Subsídios para a História das Origens de Lavras (e-book) (in Portuguese). Lavras: Geovani Németh-Torres. ISBN 978-85-911368-2-7. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Saint-Adolphe, J. C. Milliet de (1845). Diccionario Geographico, Historico e Descriptivo, do Imperio do Brazil (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Paris: J. P. Aillaud. pp. 556–557. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ São Paulo, Arquivo do Estado de (1896). "Descendência de Amador Bueno de Ribeira". Publicação Oficial de Documentos Interessantes para a História e Costumes de São Paulo (in Portuguese). 4. São Paulo: Companhia Industrial de São Paulo: 27–33. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ a b Németh-Torres, Geovani (2010). Os 250 Anos da Paróquia de Sant'Ana: Uma História da Igreja Católica em Lavras (in Portuguese). Lavras: Geovani Németh-Torres. ISBN 978-85-911368-0-3. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Provincial Law No. 1510, July 20, 1868.
- ^ a b c d Vilela, Marcio Salviano (2007). A Formação Histórica dos Campos de Sant'Ana das Lavras do Funil (in Portuguese). Lavras: Indi.
- ^ Morrison, Allen (April 8, 2012). "The Tramways of Lavras, Minas Gerais state, Brazil". Urban Transport in Latin America. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Duarte, Jorge (August 24, 1941). "Lavras, Terra dos Ipês e das Escolas" (in Portuguese). Lavras: A Gazeta.
- ^ Brasil (1926). Recenseamento do Brazil: realizado em 1 de setembro de 1920, população (PDF) (in Portuguese). Vol. 4–1. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia da Estatística. p. 685. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ IBGE (1959). "Lavras". Enciclopédia dos Municípios Brasileiros (PDF) (in Portuguese). Vol. 25. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. pp. 443–450. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Németh-Torres, Geovani (2011). A Atenas Mineira: Capítulos Histórico-Culturais de Lavras (in Portuguese). Lavras: Geovani Németh-Torres. ISBN 978-85-911368-1-0. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Aeroclube de Lavras. "História" (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Federal Law No. 4,307, December 23, 1963. Federaliza a Escola Superior de Agricultura de Lavras (ESAL) e dá outras providências (in Portuguese)
- ^ Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) (2010). "Ranking do IDH-M dos municípios do Brasil" (PDF). Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Rodrigues, Alberto da Silva (2002). Gerenciamento eletrônico de documentos: estudo de caso na Magneti Marelli Cofap – Lavras/MG (Monograph) (in Portuguese). Lavras: UFLA. p. 32. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Federal Law No. 8,956, December 15, 1994. Dispõe sobre a transformação da Escola Superior de Lavras em Universidade Federal de Lavras e dá outras providências. (in Portuguese)
- ^ Between 1991 and 2010, enrollment in undergraduate higher education in Lavras jumped from 3,066 to 8,366. INEP (2010). "Série Histórica por Município: Número de Cursos, Matrículas, Concluintes, Vagas Oferecidas, Candidatos Inscritos e Ingressos – 1991 a 2010" (Excel). Sinopses Estatísticas da Educação Superior – Graduação (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ In the first semester of 2015, only 20% of students who entered the UFLA were from Lavras. Alvim, Ana Eliza (March 12, 2015). "PAS e SiSU: UFLA já recebeu, neste semestre, estudantes de 19 estados e do Distrito Federal". UFLA (in Portuguese). Lavras. ASCOM. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Monteiro, Maria Gabriela; Santa Rosa, Idael Christiano A.; Lopes, Maria Cristina Godinho; Faria, Valdeir Martins de (September 17, 2004). "Estudo da mortalidade por causas externas em Lavras, MG" (PDF). XIII Congresso dos Pós-Graduandos da UFLA (in Portuguese). Lavras: UFLA. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Brasil (2015). "Tabelas com a totalidade dos municípios". Mapa da Violência (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Tribunal Regional Eleitoral de Minas Gerais (January 30, 2014). "Corte confirma cassação do prefeito de Lavras" (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ IBGE (2013). Minas Gerais » Lavras » produto interno bruto dos municípios. (in Portuguese)
- ^ IBGE (2014). Minas Gerais » Lavras » informações completas. (in Portuguese)
- ^ IBGE (2012). Minas Gerais » Lavras » ensino – matrículas, docentes e rede escolar.(in Portuguese)
- ^ Universidade Federal de Lavras. Homepage.