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* [http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/hazard/ Severe Thunderstorm and Tornado Climatology (NSSL)]
* [http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/hazard/ Severe Thunderstorm and Tornado Climatology (NSSL)]
* [http://www.tornadoproject.com/fscale/fscale.htm#top Fujita Scale]
* [http://www.tornadoproject.com/fscale/fscale.htm#top Fujita Scale]
* [http://www.tornado-map.info/ Tornado Map] (German Project / Map Worldwide)


===Canadian sources===
===Canadian sources===

Revision as of 09:01, 15 July 2013

The May 31, 2013 El Reno, Oklahoma tornado as it reached its maximum width and intensity

Among the most violent meteorological events on record are tornadoes. Each year, more 2,000 tornadoes occur worldwide, with the vast majority occurring in the United States and Europe.[1][2] In order to assess the intensity of these events, meteorologist Ted Fujita devised a method to estimate maximum winds within the storm based on damage caused; this became known as the Fujita Scale. At the top end of the scale, which ranks from 0 to 5, are F5 tornadoes. These storms were estimated to have had winds in excess of 261 mph (420 km/h).[3][nb 1] Following two particularly devastating tornadoes in 1997 and 1999, engineers questioned the reliability of the scale. Ultimately, a new scale was devised that took into account 28 different damage indicators; this became known as the Enhanced Fujita Scale.[4] With building designs taken more into account, winds in an EF5 tornado were estimated to be in excess of 200 mph (320 km/h).[5]

Since 1950, there have been 60 officially rated F5 and EF5 tornadoes in the United States and 1 F5 in Canada. Additionally, the works of tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis revealed the existence of several dozen more between 1880 and 1995. Grazulis also put into question the ratings of several currently rated F5 tornadoes. Outside the United States and Canada, seven tornadoes have been rated F5: two in each France, Germany, and Italy and one in Russia. Several other tornadoes are also documented as possibly attaining this status.

Since structures are completely destroyed in both cases, the identification and assignment of scale between an EF4 tornado and an EF5 is often very difficult.[6]

List of events

F5 damage in Bridge Creek, Oklahoma from May 3, 1999

The tornadoes on this list have been officially rated F5 by an official government source. Unless otherwise noted, the tornadoes on this list have been rated F5 by the National Weather Service (NWS), as shown in the archives of the Storm Prediction Center and National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).[7][8]

Prior to 1950, assessments of F5 tornadoes are mostly based on the works of Thomas Grazulis. Between 1880 and 1950, the NCDC accepted 38 of his classifications as F5s. In addition to the accepted ones, he rated a further 25 during the same period.[8][9] From 1950–1970 tornadoes were assessed retrospectively, primarily using information recorded in government databases, and newspaper photographs and descriptions. Beginning in 1971, tornadoes were rated by the NWS using on-site damage surveys.[10]

For United States tornadoes as of February 1, 2007, the Fujita scale has been recalibrated to more accurately match tornado speeds with their damage and to augment and refine damage descriptors. The new system is called the Enhanced Fujita scale. No earlier tornadoes will be reclassified, and no new tornadoes in the United States will be rated F5. France and Canada later adopted the EF-scale in years following.

In all, 51 tornadoes have been officially rated F5 since 1950: 50 in the United States and 1 in Canada. The works of Grazulis also revealed 16 more F5s between 1950 and 1995, with four later being accepted by the NCDC.[8] Since the implementation of the EF-scale, there have been 10 officially rated EF5 tornadoes in the United States.

  – Official F5/EF5; undisputed
  – Rated F5/EF5, or mentioned as a possible F5/EF5 by tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis
  – Listed as an F5/EF5 on the 2000 NCDC tornado climatology memo
  – Official F5/EF5, but rating is disputed; event may not have been F5/EF5
  – Officially ranked below F5/EF5, but rating is disputed; event may have been F5/EF5

Before 1900

Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes prior to 1900
Day Year Location Fatalities Notes
June 29 1764 Woldegk, Germany 1 This tornado was among the strongest ever recorded with damage assessed at the top-end of the TORRO scale (T11). Rating was assigned based on several surveys by German scientist Gottlob Burchard Genzmer.[11][12]
April 23 1800 Hainichen, Germany 0 Homes were completely destroyed and large swaths of forest were leveled, with trees debarked.[11]
August 19 1845 Montville, Seine-Maritime, France 70 Extremely violent tornado, rated T10/11.[13]
April 24 1880 West Prairie, Illinois 6 Homes were leveled, farms vanished[8][9]
June 12 1881 Hopkins, Missouri 2 1881 Hopkins tornado – Two farms were completely swept away[8][9]
June 17 1882 Grinnell, Iowa 65 Sixteen farms were blown away, town of Grinnell was devastated[8][9]
August 21 1883 Rochester, Olmsted County, Minnesota 37 1883 Rochester tornado – Ten farms outside the town were leveled, some with homes swept away. A metal railroad bridge was completely destroyed.[9][14]
April 1 1884 Oakville, Indiana 8 Parts of the town "vanished", with house debris scattered for miles.[8][9]
June 15 1892 Faribault–Freeborn–Steele County, Minnesota 12 1892 Southern Minnesota tornado – Entire farms were obliterated, and house timbers were embedded into the ground three miles away from the foundations.[9]
May 22 1893 Willow Springs, Wisconsin 3 Two farm complexes were completely swept away[8][9]
July 6 1893 Pomeroy, Iowa 71 Well-built homes swept away in four counties[9] with F5 damage in town of Pomeroy. Grass was scoured from the ground and a metal bridge was torn from its supports. A well pump and 40 feet of pipe were pulled out of the ground.[6][8][15]
September 21 1894 Kossuth County, Iowa 43 Five farms and a home were swept away leaving little trace[8][9]
May 1 1895 Harvey County, Kansas 8 Farms "entirely vanished", with debris carried for miles.[8][9]
May 3 1895 Sioux County, Iowa 9 Farms were swept away, with debris carried for miles[9]
May 15 1896 Sherman, Texas 73 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – Farms and 20 homes were completely swept away, An iron-beam bridge was twisted into pieces,[9] bodies thrown hundreds of yards from homesites with "extraordinary" damage.[6][8]
May 17 1896 Nemaha–Brown County, Kansas–Nebraska 25 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – Opera house in Seneca was swept away, along with some farms;[9] tornado was over 2 miles (3.2 km) wide near Reserve, Kansas[6]
May 25 1896 Ortonville–Oakwood, Michigan 47 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – Houses and farms were leveled and swept away, with debris carried up to 12 miles away. Extreme debarking and shredding of vegetation occurred.[8][9]
May 18 1898 Marathon County, Wisconsin 12 Twelve farms were flattened.[9]
June 11 1899 Salix, Iowa 5 Impacted several farms, including one where a "fine new residence" was swept completely away.[8][9]
June 12 1899 St. Croix County–New Richmond, Wisconsin 117 New Richmond tornado – Swept away numerous homes and buildings, and destroyed the town. A 3,000 pound safe was thrown a full block.[9]

1900–1949

Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes between 1900 and 1949
Day Year Location Fatalities Notes
May 10 1905 Snyder, Oklahoma 97 Snyder, Oklahoma tornado – Town was devastated, with many structures swept away.[8][9]
June 5 1905 Colling, Michigan 5 Three farms "wiped out of existence", with nothing but " bits of kindling" left on the foundations.[9]
June 5 1906 Houston County, Minnesota 4 A farm was completely leveled.[8][9]
April 23 1908 Cuming–Thurston County, Nebraska 3 1908 Dixie tornado outbreak – Well-built three story home was swept away.[8][9]
May 12 1908 Fremont–Page County, Iowa 0 Five farms had all buildings swept away. Lumber was scattered for miles.[8][9]
June 5 1908 Fillmore County, Nebraska 11 Farms vanished, with little left to indicate farmsteads ever existed at some locations.[8][9]
April 20 1912 Kingfisher County, Oklahoma 2 Entire farms were swept away.[8][9]
April 27 1912 Kiowa–Canadian County, Oklahoma 15 Homes were swept away.[8][9]
June 15 1912 Creighton, Missouri 5 Two large homes were completely swept away[9]
June 11 1915 Kiowa County, Kansas 0 One entire farm was swept completely away.[8][9]
May 25 1917 Andale–Sedgwick, Kansas 23 May–June 1917 tornado outbreak sequence – Many structures were swept away,[9] tornado was over 1 mile (1.6 km) wide.[6][8]
May 26 1917 Monroe County, Indiana 0 Three farms leveled, and 15 homes were destroyed, some with near-F5 damage.[9]
June 5 1917 Topeka, Kansas 9 Homes and farms were swept completely away outside of town. Heavy farm machinery was carried for miles.[8][9]
May 21 1918 Crawford–Greene County, Iowa 6 At least two farms were swept away, and house foundations were left bare. Debris was scattered for miles.[8][9]
June 22 1919 Fergus Falls, Minnesota 59 1919 Fergus Falls tornado – Three-block-wide swath was leveled, with some homes swept away. A house was thrown into a lake.[8][9]
March 28 1920 West Liberty, Indiana–Van Wert, Ohio 17 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Farms leveled and swept away in Indiana and Ohio with possible F5 damage.[6]
April 20 1920 Winston County, Alabama 88[6] April 1920 tornado outbreak – Many homes swept away[9] and entire forests leveled along 130-mile (210 km) path length. Large boulders were picked up and thrown, one of which was found 11 miles away from where it originated. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards.[6] Was a long-track tornado like April 27, 2011, EF5 and also affected the same areas near Hackleburg, Alabama[6]
July 22 1920 Frobisher–Alameda, Saskatchewan 4 "Splendid homes" swept away[9][16]
April 15 1921 Harrison County, Texas–Pike–Hempstead County, Arkansas 62 Tornado tracked for 105 mi (169 km) and reached a peak width of 1.1 mi (1.8 km). Many homes were leveled, and farms and plantations were completely devastated.[8][9]
March 11 1923 Pinson, Tennessee 20 An entire section of the town was swept away[8][9]
May 14 1923 Big Spring, Texas 23 A large home and farms were swept away[9]
September 21 1924 Clark County–Taylor County, Wisconsin 18 Twenty farms destroyed, some obliterated. Entire wall of a home was carried for 14 miles.[9]
March 18 1925 Missouri–Illinois–Indiana 695 Tri-State Tornado – Deadliest and longest tracked single tornado in U.S. history. Thousands of destroyed structures. Hundreds of homes were swept away along the path, especially in Murphysboro, Illinois, and West Frankfort, Illinois. Deep ground scouring was noted in several areas as well.[17] F5 rating is widely accepted.[8][9]
June 3 1925 Pottawattamie–Harrison County, Iowa 0 Buildings "vanished". Nearly the same path as the next tornado, see below.
June 3 1925 Pottawattamie–Harrison County, Iowa 1 Parts of two farms and some homes swept away, but they may have been hit by both tornadoes.[9]
April 12 1927 Rocksprings, Texas 74 Swept away or leveled more than 90% of the town.[9]
May 7 1927 Barber–McPherson County, Kansas 10 Many farms were destroyed, some swept completely away.[8][9]
April 10 1929 Sneed, Arkansas 23 Destroyed the community and reduced homes to "splinters".[9]
July 24 1930 Treviso–Udine, Italy 22 Extremely powerful tornado, rated T10/11.[13]
July 20 1931 Lublin, Poland 6 Officially rated F4; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at 246 to 324 mph (396 to 521 km/h), potentially ranking it as an F5.[11]
May 22 1933 Tryon, Nebraska 8 Two farms were swept away.[8][9]
July 1 1935 Benson, Saskatchewan 1 Several structures leveled[9][16]
April 5 1936 Tupelo, Mississippi 216 Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak – Leveled and swept away many large and well-constructed houses. Debris was granulated and grass was scoured from fields. Concrete war monument was toppled and broken, with nearby brick gate posts snapped off at the base. Pine needles were driven into tree trunks. Rating is widely accepted.[9][18]
April 26 1938 Oshkosh, Nebraska 3 A school disintegrated, and two farms were swept away.[8][9]
June 10 1938 Clyde, Texas 14 Nine homes in a subdivision were swept away[9]
April 14 1939 Woodward County, Oklahoma–Barber County, Kansas 7 Homes were swept away, and train cars thrown long distances.[6][8][9]
June 18 1939 Hennepin–Anoka County, Minnesota 9 Mississippi River was temporarily sucked dry.[8][19]
March 16 1942 Peoria County–Marshall County, Illinois 8 March 1942 tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in the town of Lacon, Illinois, and a farmhouse sustained F5 damage.[6][8][9]
April 28 1942 Crowell, Texas 11 Many homes "vanished".[9]
April 29 1942 Oberlin, Kansas 15 Three farms were obliterated, with all buildings and several inches of topsoil swept away. Debris from homes was granulated into splinters "no larger than match sticks." [8][9][20]
June 17 1944 Summit, South Dakota 8 Farms were swept away with no visible debris left.[9]
June 22 1944 Grant County, Wisconsin–Stephenson County, Illinois 9 Long track tornado destroyed many homes in both states.[8][9]
April 12 1945 Antlers, Oklahoma 69 600 buildings were destroyed, and some areas were swept clean of all debris. Rating is widely accepted.[8][9][21]
June 17 1946 Windsor, Ontario 17 1946 Windsor-Tecumseh, Ontario tornado – Officially rated F4; however, one home had a portion of its concrete foundation swept away, indicating borderline F5 damage.[22]
August 20 1946 Klodzko Slaskie, Poland 0 Officially rated F4; however, report indicates potential F5 damage.[11]
April 9 1947 Glazier/Higgins, Texas–Woodward, Oklahoma 167 1947 Glazier-Higgins-Woodward tornadoes – Several towns were partially or totally destroyed. Most structures in Glazier were swept away. Rating is widely accepted.[6][8][9]
May 31 1947 Leedey, Oklahoma 6 Many structures were swept away leaving no debris or grass in some areas.[9] Damage was reportedly more intense than that of the Woodward tornado (previous event). Several inches of topsoil was removed as well. Rating is widely accepted.[6]
May 21 1949 Palestine, Illinois 4 A restaurant was leveled, and cars were were thrown up to 300 yards away from where they originated.[8][9]

1950–1999

Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes between 1950 and 1999[nb 2]
Day Year Location Fatalities Notes
May 18 1951 Olney, Texas 2 Many homes in town were destroyed, some of which were swept away with very little debris left.[9]
September 26 1951 Waupaca, Wisconsin 6 Three farms were swept away,[9] and pavement was scoured from roads.[6]
March 21 1952 Byhalia, Mississippi–Moscow, Tennessee 17 Officially rated F4 in tornado databases; however, the National Climatic Data Center lists this as an F5 event in a Tech Memo reporting all known F5 tornadoes.[8][23]
May 11 1953 Waco, Texas 114 1953 Waco tornado outbreak – Many large, multi-story buildings were completely leveled. First officially ranked F5 tornado in the US.[7]
May 11 1953 San Angelo, Texas 13 1953 Waco tornado outbreak – Section of town "virtually leveled" with near-F5 damage to homes.[6]
May 29 1953 Fort Rice, North Dakota 2 A large church was leveled, and pews were jammed four feet into the ground. Car parts were carried for half a mile. Rating disputed[6]
June 8 1953 Flint, Michigan 116 Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Large sections of neighborhoods were swept completely away. Ground scouring occurred.[8][24]
June 8 1953 Cygnet, Ohio 18 Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Possible but unverifiable F5 damage occurred near Cygnet where homes were swept completely away.[6]
June 9 1953 Worcester, Massachusetts 94 Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Many strong structures with numerous interior walls[6] leveled, entire blocks of homes were swept cleanly away.[9]
June 27 1953 Adair, Iowa 1 Four farms were destroyed, with virtually nothing left at one of them. Heavy farm machinery was thrown hundreds of of feet, and boards were driven into trees.
December 5 1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi 38 1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado outbreak – Disputed by Grazulis as destroyed structures were frail.[9]
May 1 1954 Crowell–Vernon, Texas–Snyder, Oklahoma 0 Vehicles were thrown more than 100 yards (300 ft)[9] with three farms entirely swept away.[6]
May 25 1955 Blackwell, Oklahoma 20 1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in town.[9]
May 25 1955 Udall, Kansas 80 1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes and businesses were swept away in town. Vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames, and ground scouring occurred. Steel beams were broken and blown away at a school building.[9][25]
April 3 1956 Hudsonville-Grand Rapids, Michigan 18 April 1956 Hudsonville-Standale tornado – Many homes were swept completely away, one of which had its tile floor scoured from the foundation. Grass was scoured and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards.[9][26]
May 20 1957 Ruskin Heights, Missouri 44 May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak – Entire rows of homes were swept away.[27]
May 21 1957 Rush City, Minnesota 0 May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak – One home was completely swept away with near-F5 damage.[6]
May 21 1957 Fremont, Missouri 7 May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak – Possible F5 damage could not be verified due to poor quality of home construction.[6]
June 16 1957 Robecco Pavese–Valle Scuropasso, Italy 0 Officially rated F5 with damage estimated at T10 on the TORRO Scale; however, rating is uncertain and it may have been a high-end F4.[11]
June 20 1957 Fargo, North Dakota 10 1957 Fargo tornado – Many homes were leveled, with some swept completely away.[6]
December 18 1957 Sunfield, Illinois 1 December 1957 tornado outbreak sequence – Entire community "vanished".[6]
June 4 1958 Menomonie-Colfax, Wisconsin 21 Colfax, Wisconsin tornado outbreak – Homes were swept away. A car was wrapped around the side of a bridge. Rating disputed.[6]
June 10 1958 El Dorado, Kansas 15 Near-F5-level damage to homes,[6] car was thrown 100 yards (300 ft) but damage photographs were inconclusive[9]
May 5 1960 Prague, Oklahoma 5 May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence – Homes were swept away and heavy oil tanks were thrown long distances. Hillsides were stripped of all vegetation and several inches of topsoil.[9]
May 19 1960 Wamego, Kansas 0 Rated F5 by Grazulis.[6] Two farms were swept away[9]
May 20 1960 Niechobrz, Poland 4 Officially rated high-end F4 with homes completely destroyed. Report on tornado noted potential F5 damage.[11]
May 30 1961 Custer–Valley County, Nebraska 0 All buildings and machinery were swept away from a farm. Widely accepted as an F5 tornado, including within the NCDC Tech Memo; however, it is listed as an F4 in the official databases.[6][8][9]
April 3 1964 Wichita Falls, Texas 7 Homes were swept away, and a boxcar was thrown 100 yards. A car was thrown a block and a half.[8][9][28]
May 5 1964 Bradshaw, Nebraska 4 Farms were swept away.[8][9]
April 11 1965 Midway, Indiana[6] 14 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Hit north of Goshen.[6] Homes were swept away and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. An airplane wing was found 35 miles (56 km) away in Michigan.[9]
April 11 1965 Rainbow Lake, Indiana 5 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Developed after the first Dunlap tornado (previous event). Near-F5-level damage to homes that were swept away.[6]
April 11 1965 Dunlap, Indiana 36 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Well-built truck stop was leveled. Many permanent homes swept away. Second violent tornado to strike Dunlap[6] within 90 minutes.[8][9]
April 11 1965 Lebanon–Sheridan, Indiana 28 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Was over a mile wide and threw cars over 100 yards.[8]
April 11 1965 Toledo, Ohio 18 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes completely swept away with borderline-F5 damage in North Toledo, boats and buses thrown long distances.[6]
April 11 1965 Pittsfield–Strongsville, Ohio 18 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes cleanly swept away in Strongsville and Pittsfield, which was completely destroyed by the tornado. Rated F5 by Grazulis.[9]
May 8 1965 Primrose, Nebraska 4 Widely accepted as an F5.[8] 90% of the town was demolished,[9] and cars were carried for 400 yards. A truck body was carried and rolled for two miles.[6]
May 8 1965 Gregory, South Dakota 0 Entire farms were "wiped out". Rating disputed.[6]
March 3 1966 Jackson, Mississippi 57 1966 Candlestick Park tornado – Homes were swept away, and pavement was scoured from roads.[29]
June 8 1966 Topeka, Kansas 16 1966 Topeka tornado – Many homes were swept away, and vehicles were thrown long distances. A 300-pound section of stone wall was thrown two miles.[9][30]
June 11 1966 Pine River, Minnesota 0 June 1966 tornado outbreak sequence – Many farms were destroyed, including two where the farm homes were reduced to empty foundations.[9]
October 14 1966 Belmond, Iowa 6 A house was swept away on the outskirts of town. Disputed, as home was likely poorly anchored.[9]
June 24 1967 Palluel, France 6 [11]
April 23 1968 Wheelersburg-Gallipolis, Ohio 7 Wheelersburg, Ohio tornado outbreak   Homes were swept away. Rating disputed as structures swept away were not anchored properly.[9]
May 15 1968 Charles City, Iowa 13 May 1968 tornado outbreak   Many homes were swept away in town. Farms were swept away as well.[9]
May 15 1968 Oelwein-Maynard, Iowa 5 May 1968 tornado outbreak   Homes were swept completely away in both towns.[9]
June 13 1968 Tracy, Minnesota 9 1968 Tracy tornado   111 homes homes were destroyed in town, and farms were swept away. A heavy boxcar was thrown a full block.[9]
January 1 1970 Bulahdelah, New South Wales, Australia 0 Bulahdelah tornado – Left a damage path 21 kilometres (13 mi) long and 1–1.6 km (0.6–1 mi) wide through the Bulahdelah State Forest. According to reports, it threw a tractor weighing 2 tonnes (4,400 lb) 100 m (328 ft) through the air, depositing it upside down. It is estimated that the tornado destroyed over one million trees.[31]
May 11 1970 Lubbock, Texas 26 Lubbock tornado – A high-rise building suffered structural deformation and homes were swept away. A 26,000 pound fertilizer tank was thrown nearly a mile through the air, and large oil tanks were carried over 300 yards.[9][32]
February 21 1971 Delhi, Louisiana 47 February 1971 Mississippi Valley tornado outbreak – Only official F5 in Louisiana history. Rating disputed.[6]
April 27 1971 Gosser Ridge, Kentucky 2 Most buildings on a farm were swept away. Listed as a "questionable" F5 in the NCDC Tech Memo.[6][8]
May 6 1973 Valley Mills, Texas 0 Rating applied by wind engineers. A pickup truck was carried half a mile through the air. Another was carried for 200 yards.[9]
January 10 1973 San Justo, Argentina 54 San Justo tornado – Rated F5 by Grazulis.[33] Homes reportedly vanished with little or no trace, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of meters from where they originated. Grass was scoured from the ground, and a vehicle motor was embedded into a concrete wall. Rating is widely accepted.[34][35]
April 3 1974 Daisy Hill, Indiana 6 Super Outbreak – Homes were swept completely away. Entire farms were leveled.[9]
April 3 1974 Xenia, Ohio 32 Super Outbreak – Entire rows of brick homes were swept away.[9]
April 3 1974 Brandenburg, Kentucky 31 Super Outbreak – Well built homes were swept away, including one where a poured concrete walk-out basement wall completely collapsed. Grass was scoured from the ground and vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames.[9][36][37]
April 3 1974 Sayler Park (West Cincinnati), Ohio 3 Super Outbreak – Homes were swept away, and boats were thrown long distances.
April 3 1974 Mt. Hope,-Tanner, Alabama 28 Super Outbreak – Many homes were swept away. Ground and pavement scouring occurred, and high-tension power line trusses were ripped from their anchors and thrown.[6]
April 3 1974 Tanner-Harvest, Alabama 22 Super Outbreak – Rated F4 by Grazulis and Ted Fujita.[6]
April 3 1974 Guin, Alabama 28 Super Outbreak – Many homes were swept away, along with their foundations in some cases. A large industrial building was obliterated.[6][38]
March 26 1976 Spiro, Oklahoma 2 Homes were swept away, and 134,000 pound coal cars were tossed. Rating disputed[6][39]
April 19 1976 Brownwood, Texas 0 Homes were swept away. Rating disputed.[6]
June 13 1976 Jordan, Iowa 0 Homes were swept away.[6]
April 4 1977 Birmingham, Alabama 22 April 1977 Birmingham tornado – Many homes were swept away, some of which had their cinder block walk-out basement walls swept away as well. Two dump trucks were thrown through the air.[6][40]
April 2 1982 Broken Bow, Oklahoma 0 A house was swept away. Rating disputed, as the home was not anchored properly.[6]
June 7 1984 Barneveld, Wisconsin 9 Barneveld, Wisconsin tornado outbreak – A cul-de-sac of newly built homes was swept away, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards.[6]
June 9 1984 Ivanovo, Central Federal District, Soviet Union 92 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – Extremely intense multiple vortex tornado,[41] threw crane 220 yd (200 m), tore asphalt from roads,[42] destroyed and threw trees long distances,[43] and swept away steel-reinforced buildings with little debris left.[44] Tornado was exceptionally long-lived, remaining on the ground for roughly 100 mi (160 km) over the course of two hours. At least 92 fatalities were confirmed, though the actually toll was likely higher.[11]
June 9 1984 Kostroma, Central Federal District, Soviet Union 0 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – Officially rated F4, but survey mentions possible F5 damage. Trees were ripped from the ground and thrown long distances. A 350-ton industrial crane was blown over.[44]
May 31 1985 Niles, Ohio-Wheatland, Pennsylvania 18 1985 United States-Canadian tornado outbreak – Well-built homes were swept away, and heavy fuel storage tanks were ripped from their anchors and thrown hundreds of feet. Pavement was scoured from a parking lot, and a steel-frame trucking plant was obliterated.[9][45]
July 31 1987 Edmonton, Alberta 28 Edmonton Tornado – This tornado has been under scrutiny by Environment Canada in recent years, as to whether or not it could be considered for an F5 rating.[46] If done this would make it the earliest such tornado since records have been kept, next to the Elie, Manitoba tornado. The tornado's maximum recorded wind speed was 416 km/h (258 mph). The wind speed for an F5 tornado is 419 km/h (260 mph).
March 13 1990 Hesston, Kansas 1 March 1990 Central US tornado outbreak – Many homes and businesses were swept away in town.[9]
March 13 1990 Goessel, Kansas 1 March 1990 Central US tornado outbreak – Homes were swept away, and intense cycloidal ground scouring occurred.[9]
August 28 1990 Plainfield, Illinois 29 1990 Plainfield tornado – Mature corn crop was scoured from the ground, leaving nothing but bare soil behind. A 20-ton metal storage trailer was thrown more than half a mile.[9][47]
April 26 1991 Andover, Kansas 17 Andover, Kansas tornado outbreak – Many well-built homes were swept away, and grass was scoured from the ground. Vehicles were thrown nearly a mile, and mangled beyond recognition.[47]
April 26 1991 Red Rock, Oklahoma 0 1991 Andover, Kansas tornado outbreak – Mobile Doppler radar used by storm chasers indicated wind speeds in the range of the F4/F5 threshold. Pavement and ground scouring occurred.[9]
April 26 1991 Oologah, Oklahoma 0 1991 Andover, Kansas tornado outbreak – Reportedly threw school buses 0.75 mi (1.21 km) near Oologah, caused borderline-F5-level damage to homes in Oologah.[9]
June 16 1992 Chandler, Minnesota 1 Mid-June 1992 tornado outbreak – Multiple homes were swept away, and vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames.[9][48]
June 8 1995 Kellerville, Texas 0 Project VORTEX assessed tornado to be F5; one home was so obliterated that the National Weather Service survey likely missed it. Intense ground and pavement scouring was observed.[9]
July 18 1996 Oakfield, Wisconsin 0 Oakfield tornado – Well built homes were swept away, including one where rebar anchors were bent over at a 90% angle. Vehicles were thrown up to 400 yards through the air and mangled beyond recognition. Crops were scoured to 1-inch stubble.[9][49]
May 27 1997 Jarrell, Texas 27 Central Texas tornado outbreak – Produced some of the most extreme damage ever documented. An entire subdivision of well built homes was swept completely away with no debris remaining. Pavement was torn from roads, and a large swath of ground was scoured out to a depth of 18 inches. A steel frame recycling plant was obliterated, and vehicles were torn apart and scattered across fields.[50]
April 8 1998 Oak Grove–Pleasant Grove, Alabama 32 April 1998 Birmingham tornado – Homes were swept away.[9][51]
April 16 1998 Lawrence County, Tennessee 0 1998 Nashville tornado outbreak - Many large and well-built homes were swept away, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. Asphalt was scoured from roads, and a 200-foot wide swath of grass was scoured from the ground, with nothing but bare soil and clumps of dirt remaining.[9][52]
May 3 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore, Oklahoma 36 1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado – Mobile radar recorded winds up to 301 MPH, which is the highest wind speed ever measured on Earth. Many homes were swept completely away, and extreme ground and pavement scouring occurred. Vehicles were thrown up to a mile away from where they orginated. Last officially rated F5 tornado in the United States.[53]
May 3 1999 Cimarron City–Mulhall–Perry, Oklahoma 2 Cimarron City–Mulhall–Perry, Oklahoma tornado – Officially rated high-end F4. Tornado reached its greatest intensity while over mostly open terrain and the strongest winds may not have impacted structures. Town of Mulhall was impacted by only the outer edge of the circulation, and still sustained F4 damage. Storm chasers suggested that it may have been as strong or stronger than the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado.[54][55]

2000–2024

Officially and unofficially rated F5/EF5 tornadoes from 2000 to 2024[nb 2]
Day Year Location Fatalities Notes
May 4 2003 Franklin, Kansas 4 May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence – Considered to be an F5 by meteorologists Gino Izzi and Simon Brewer. Well built homes were swept away, vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards, and ground and pavement scouring was observed.[56]
May 4 2007 Greensburg, Kansas 11 May 2007 tornado outbreak – Destroyed 90% of the town, including seven well-built homes that were swept away. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of feet.[57]
June 22 2007 Elie, Manitoba 0 Elie, Manitoba tornado – Two homes were swept away, including one that was well-bolted to its foundation. A van was thrown several hundred yards. Only officially rated F5 in Canada.[58][59]
May 25 2008 Parkersburg, Iowa 9 Late-May 2008 tornado outbreak sequence – Well-built homes were swept away, with the debris granulated. A concrete walk-out basement wall was pushed over at one home. Vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames.[60][61]
April 27 2011 Smithville, Mississippi 23 April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak – Numerous well-built brick homes were swept away, including one that had its concrete slab foundation pulled out of the ground. An SUV was thrown half a mile into the top of a water tower, and the ground was deeply scoured west of town. A large brick funeral home was reduced to a bare slab.[62][63]
April 27 2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell, Alabama 72 2011 Hackleburg – Phil Campbell, Alabama tornado – Many homes were swept away, some of which were large and well-built. Ground and pavement scouring occurred, an underground storm shelter had its concrete roof torn off, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. A restaurant was obliterated, and the concrete slab foundation buckled.[64][65]
April 27 2011 Philadelphia-Preston, Mississippi 3 April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak – Dug a two-foot deep trench into a pasture and scoured pavement from roads. Brick homes were swept away, and vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards and wrapped around trees.[66]
April 27 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham, Alabama 64 2011 Tuscaloosa – Birmingham tornado – Disagreement in final ranking, one survey team awarded EF5 damage. Large section of an apartment building was swept completely away. A 34-ton railroad trestle support structure was thrown 100 feet up a hill, and 35.8-ton coal car was thrown 391 feet.[67]
April 27 2011 Rainsville–Sylvania, Alabama 25 April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away, including some that had their concrete porches torn away and shattered. An 800-pound safe was ripped from its anchors and thrown 200 yards, and a pickup truck was torn apart. Pavement was scoured from roads, and an underground storm shelter was partially sucked out of the ground.[68][69]
May 22 2011 Joplin, Missouri 158 2011 Joplin tornado – Many homes, business, and industrial buildings were swept away, and large vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. Ground and pavement scouring occurred, and 300 pound concrete parking stops anchored with rebar were ripped from parking lots and thrown hundreds of feet. Well-sealed, 100 pound manhole covers were sucked from roads as well. On June 10, 2013, an engineering study found no evidence of EF5 structural damage in Joplin due to the poor quality of construction. However, the EF5 rating stood as the National Weather Service in Springfield, Missouri stated that their survey teams found only a very small area of EF5 damage and that it could have easily been missed in the survey, though the official survey map shows a very large area of EF5 damage.[70][71][72]
May 24 2011 El Reno–Piedmont, Oklahoma 9 May 21–26, 2011 tornado outbreak sequence – Mobile radar recorded winds over 200 MPH. Many homes were swept away, and extensive ground scouring occurred. A 1.9 million pound oil derrick was blown over and rolled four times, and cars were thrown long distances and wrapped around trees. A concrete garage foundation was shattered, and a 20,000 pound oil tanker truck was thrown a mile.[73][74]
May 24 2011 Chickasha–Blanchard–Newcastle, Oklahoma 1 May 21–26, 2011 tornado outbreak sequence – Officially rated high-end EF4; however, most extreme damage was borderline EF5. Homes were swept away, pavement was scoured from a road, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards.[67][75]
May 24 2011 Washington–Goldsby, Oklahoma 0 May 21–26, 2011 tornado outbreak sequence – Officially a high-end EF4, but rating is disputed.[76] NCDC lists the tornado as having borderline EF5 windspeeds, with winds estimated at 200 MPH.[77] Large and well-built homes were swept completely away, severe ground scouring occurred, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards.
May 20 2013 Moore, Oklahoma 23 2013 Moore tornado – A well-built elementary school was completely destroyed, and homes were swept away.[78]
May 28 2013 Bennington–Minneapolis, Kansas 0 2013 Bennington–Minneapolis, Kansas tornado – Mobile Doppler radar indicated winds of 247 mph (398 km/h), well into the EF5 range; however, only EF3 damage was observed to structures that had withstood winds from the tornado for about 45 minutes, indicating that these winds likely did not reach the surface. Joshua Wurman, creator of the mobile Doppler radar, stated that had the tornado occurred in a populated area, there would have been EF5 damage.[79]
May 31 2013 El Reno, Oklahoma 8 2013 El Reno tornado – Largest tornado on record at 2.6 miles (4.2 km) wide. Rating based solely on mobile Doppler radar measurements, which recorded winds up to 295 MPH. The most significant structural damage was rated EF3, as the tornado did not strike any buildings when the EF5 winds were recorded. Rating is disputed because of this.[80]
Day Year Location Fatalities Notes

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The winds estimated by the Fujita Scale are estimated values and have not been verified scientifically.[3]
  2. ^ a b All official F5 tornadoes in the United States are based off the Storm Prediction Center's list of F5 and EF5 tornadoes.[7]

References

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Canadian sources

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