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==Imaginary bikinis==
==Imaginary bikinis==
[[File:10.15.11RedSonjaByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|A [[cosplay]]er at the 2011 [[New York Comic Con]] dressed as Red Sonja]]

In the 1983 film ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', [[Princess Leia Organa|Princess Leia]] (played by [[Carrie Fisher]]) wears the golden "Metal Bikini",<ref name=SWVI>''Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi'' (DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2004), disc 1</ref> an [[pop icon|iconic]] [[slavery|slave girl]] costume often imitated by female fans at ''Star Wars'' conventions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Princess Leia's Gold Bikini in ''Return of the Jedi''|first= Allie |last=Townsend|date=5 July 2011|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2081310_2080985_2081016,00.html|publisher=Time|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> The skimpy costume consisted of a [[copper]] [[brassiere]] fastened over the neck and behind the back with string, [[copper]] plates at the groin in front and back, a red [[silk]] [[loincloth]], and [[leather]] [[boot]]s. There were other various adornments, including a [[braid|hair fastener]], a snake arm-wrap and two bracelets. Last, there was the chain and [[Collar (BDSM)|collar]] that [[Bondage (BDSM)|bound]] her to Jabba.<ref name=SWVI/>

A variant of the bikini popular in [[fantasy literature]], originating from the cover-art of [[Earle K. Bergey]] (a direct inspiration for Princess Leia's outfit), is a bikini that is made up of metal to serve as putative [[armor]].<ref>Rikke Schubart, ''Super bitches and action babes: the female hero in popular cinema, 1970-2006'', page 225, McFarland & Co., 2007, ISBN 0-7864-2924-0</ref> It is sometimes referred to as a "[[Mail (armour)|chain mail]] bikini" or "brass bikini".<ref name=chainmail>Matt Kirsch, "Who is the Female Character", ''Weekly World News'', 29 Nov 2004</ref> The outfit worn by the character [[Red Sonja]] is a famous example of such.<ref name=chainmail/> The game ''[[Poxnora]]'' is another example, in which all the women wear bikini-like clothing. A facetious term for female characters whose attire emphasizes sex appeal far more than actual practicality in combat is ''babes-at-arms'' (parodying "men-at-arms" for fully armored soldiers).
A variant of the bikini popular in [[fantasy literature]], originating from the cover-art of [[Earle K. Bergey]] (a direct inspiration for Princess Leia's outfit), is a bikini that is made up of metal to serve as putative [[armor]].<ref>Rikke Schubart, ''Super bitches and action babes: the female hero in popular cinema, 1970-2006'', page 225, McFarland & Co., 2007, ISBN 0-7864-2924-0</ref> It is sometimes referred to as a "[[Mail (armour)|chain mail]] bikini" or "brass bikini".<ref name=chainmail>Matt Kirsch, "Who is the Female Character", ''Weekly World News'', 29 Nov 2004</ref> The outfit worn by the character [[Red Sonja]] is a famous example of such.<ref name=chainmail/> The game ''[[Poxnora]]'' is another example, in which all the women wear bikini-like clothing. A facetious term for female characters whose attire emphasizes sex appeal far more than actual practicality in combat is ''babes-at-arms'' (parodying "men-at-arms" for fully armored soldiers).

Most artists depict [[Red Sonja]], a [[Marvel Comics]] [[fictional character|character]] created by [[Roy Thomas]] and [[Barry Windsor-Smith]] who frequented [[Conan the Barbarian (comics)|Conan the Barbarian]' books and was was ranked first in ''[[Comics Buyer's Guide]]'s'' "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list,<ref>{{cite book| last = Frankenhoff| first = Brent| authorlink = Brent Frankenhoff| title = Comics Buyer's Guide Presents: 100 Sexiest Women in Comics| publisher = [[Krause Publications]] | year = 2011| pages = 4–5| url = | isbn = 1-4402-2988-0}}</ref> wearing a very brief [[bikini]]-like costume of [[scale mail]], usually with boots and [[Gauntlet (glove)|gauntlets]]. [[Ghita of Alizarr|Ghita]], another character created by [[Frank Thorne]] after he ceased work on [[Marvel Comics]]' [[Red Sonja]], was drawn both in and out of her armored bikini in the "adults only" [[graphic novel]] ''Ghita of Alizarr'' published [[Eros Comix]].

[[comic book]] [[writer]] and [[artist]] for [[Mike Grell]] [[DC Comics]] designed the [[fictional character|character]] [[Shadow Lass]] in the series [[Legion of Superheroes]] wearing a shiny black bikini as the costume. During his leadership, another Legion character [[Saturn Girl]] wore a pink bikini as her costume which she continued till 1982.


{{see also|Bikini in popular culture}}
{{see also|Bikini in popular culture}}

Revision as of 20:40, 4 September 2013

Main article: Bikini
Since the bikini was introduced in 1946, it has generated a number of variations, primarily smaller and more revealing than the original.

The bikini has spawned many stylistic variations. A regular bikini is a two-piece garment that covers the groin, buttocks, and the breasts. Some bikini designs cover larger portions of the wearer's body while other designs provide only extremely minimal coverage. Topless variants are still sometimes considered bikinis, although they are technically not a two-piece swimsuit.[1]

Styles

Bikini tops come in several different styles and cuts, including a halter-style neck that offers more coverage and support, a strapless bandeau, a rectangular strip of fabric covering the breasts that minimizes large breasts, a top with cups similar to a push-up bra, and the more traditional triangle cups that lift and shape the breasts. Bikini bottoms vary in style and cut and in the amount of coverage they offer, coverage ranging anywhere from complete underwear-style coverage, as in the case of more modest bottom pieces like briefs, shorts, or briefs with a small skirt-panel attached, to almost full exposure, as in the case of the thong bikini. Skimpier styles have narrow sides, including V-cut (in front), French cut (with high-cut sides) and low-cut string (with string sides).[1] In one major fashion show in 1985 were two-piece suits with cropped tank tops instead of the usual skimpy bandeaux, suits that are bikinis in front and one-piece in back, suspender straps, ruffles, and daring, navel-baring cutouts.[2] Subsequent variations on the theme include the monokini, tankini, string bikini, thong, slingshot, minimini, teardrop, and micro.[3]

To meet fast changing tastes, some of the manufacturers have made a business out of making made-to-order bikinis in around seven minutes.[4] Popular Brazilian beach markets have been identified as the source for the most diverse range of bikini merchandises.[5]

Major variants of bikini includes string bikinis, monokini, microkini, tankini, trikini, and pubikini. These derivations of the word bikini were created through inappropriate analogy with words like bilingual, bifocal and bilateral, which contain the Latin prefix "bi-" (meaning "two" in Latin), the word bikini was first misinterpreted as consisting of two parts, [bi + kini] by Rudi Gernreich when he designed the monokini in 1964.[6] Later swimsuit designs like the tankini and trikini were also named based on the erroneous assumption that the "bi-" in bikini denotes a two-piece swimsuit.[7] These new coinages falsely presumed that the back-formation [bi + kini] was purposeful.[8][9] Other variations on the name include the numokini (top part missing), seekini (transparent bikini), tankini (tank top, bikini bottom), camikini (camisole top and bikini bottom) and hikini.[10] The Sling swimsuit, often referred to as "sling bikini" or "suspender bikini", is actually a one-piece swimsuit.

String bikini

String bikini-wearing models pose during a swimsuit competition

A string bikini is scantier and more revealing than a tanga bikini. It gets its name from the string characteristics of its design. It consists of two triangular shaped pieces connected at the groin but not at the sides, where a thin "string" wraps around the waist connecting the two parts. String bikini tops are similar and are tied in place by the attached "string" pieces. String pieces can either be continuous or tied. A string bikini bottom can have minimal to maximum coverage of a woman's backside.

It is claimed that Brazilian fashion model Rose de Primallio created the first string bikini when she had to sew one with insufficient fabric available to her for a photoshoot. The first formal presentation of string bikini was done by Glen Tororich, a public relations agent, and his wife Brandi Perret-DuJon, a fashion model, for the opening of Le Petite Centre, a shopping area in the French Quarter of the New Orleans, Louisiana in 1974. Inspired by a picture of a Rio de Janeiro fashion model in an issue of Women's Wear Daily, they had local fashion designer Lapin create a string bikini for the event. Models recruited by talent agent Peter Dasigner presented it by removing fur coats by Alberto Lemon on stage. The presentation was covered by local television stations and the New Orleans Times-Picayune newspaper, and was sent out via the wire news services of the Associated Press and United Press International.

String bikinis are one of the most popular variations of bikini.[11]

Monokini

Main article: Monokini
Michele Merkin models a monokini

A monokini, sometimes referred to as a unikini, is a women's one-piece garment equivalent to the lower half of a bikini.[12] The term monokini is also now used for any topless swimsuit,[13] particularly a bikini bottom worn without a bikini top.[14] In 1964, Rudi Gernreich, an Austrian fashion designer, designed the original monokini in the US.[15] Gernreich also invented its name, and the word monokini is first recorded in English that year. Gernreich's monokini looked like a one-piece swimsuit suspended from two halter straps in the cleavage of bared breasts. It had only two small straps over the shoulders, leaving the breasts bare. Despite the reaction of fashion critics and church officials, shoppers purchased the monokini in record numbers that summer, though very few monokinis were ever worn in public. By the end of the season, Gernreich had sold 3000 swimsuits at $24 apiece, which meant a tidy profit for such a minuscule amount of fabric.[16] It was not very successful in the USA, where although allowing the sexes equal exposure above the waist, have never accepted it for the beach.[17] Many women who wanted to sunbathe topless simply wore the bottom part of a bikini. Manufacturers and retailers quickly adapted to selling tops and bottoms separately. Gernreich later created the lesser known pubikini.[18]

Peggy Moffitt modeled the suit for Gernreich. She said it was a logical evolution of Gernreich's avant-garde ideas in swimwear design as much as a scandalous symbol of the permissive society.[17] In the 1960s, the monokini led the way into the sexual revolution by emphasizing a woman's personal freedom of dress, even when her attire was provocative and exposed more skin than had been the norm during the more conservative 1950s. Like all swimsuits, the monokini bottom portion of the swimsuit can vary in cut. Some have g-string style backs, while others provide full coverage of the rear. The bottom of the monokini may be high cut, reaching to the waist, with high cut legs, or may be a much lower cut, exposing the belly button. The modern monokini, which is less racy than Gernreich's original design, takes its design from the bikini, and is also described as "more of a cut-out one-piece swimsuit,"[19] with designers using fabric, mesh, chain, or other materials to link the top and bottom sections together, though the appearance may not be functional, but rather only aesthetic.[20] In recent years, the term has come into use for topless bathing by women: where the bikini has two parts, the monokini is the lower part. Where monokinis are in use, the word bikini may jokingly refer to a two-piece outfit consisting of a monokini and a sun hat.[21]

See also: Toplessness and Topfreedom

Microkini

Brazilian bikini model Jessica Canizales in a microkini

A microkini is an extremely skimpy bikini.[22] The designs for both women and men typically use only enough fabric to cover the genitals. Any additional straps are merely to keep the garment attached to the wearer's body. Some variations of the microkini use adhesive or wire to hold the fabric in place over the genitals. These designs do not require any additional side straps to keep the garment in place. The most radical variations of the microkini are simply thin straps which cover little or none of the wearer's body. The term "microkini" was coined in 1995 in an online community dedicated to enthusiasts of the extreme designs.[23][24] Microkinis keep the wearer just within legal limits of decency and fill a niche between nudism and conservative swimwear.[25]

See also: Thong (clothing) and G-string

Tankini

Main article: Tankini
Tankini on the left

The tankini is a swimsuit combining a tank top, mostly made of spandex-and-cotton or Lycra-and-nylon, and a bikini bottom introduced in the late 1990s.[26][27][28] According to author William Safire, "The most recent evolution of the -kini family is the tankini, a cropped tank top supported by spaghetti-like strings."[29] The tankini is distinguished from the classic bikini by the difference in tops, the top of the tankini essentially being a tank top. The tankini top extends downward to somewhere between just above the navel and the top of the hips. The word is a neologism combining the tank of tank top with the end of the word bikini. This go-between nature of tankini has rendered its name to things ranging from a lemonade-based martini (Tankini Martini)[30] to server architecture (Tankini HipThread).[31] This type of swimwear is considered by some to provide modesty closer to that of a one piece suit but with the convenience of a two piece suit, such as not needing to remove the entire suit in order to use a lavatory.

Designer Anne Cole, described as a godmother of swimwear in the USA, was originator of this style.[32] She scored what would be her biggest hit in 1998 when her label introduced the tankini. A two-piece suit with a top half that covered more of a woman's torso than a standard bikini top, the suit was an instant hit with customers.[33] Variations of the tankini, made of spandex-and-cotton or Lycra-and-nylon, have been named camkini, with spaghetti straps instead of tank-shaped straps over a bikini bottom, and even bandeaukini, with a bandeau worn as the top.[32] Tankinis come in a variety of styles, colors and shapes, some include features such as integrated push-up bras. It is particularly popular as children's beachwear,[34] and athletic outfit good enough for a triathlon.[35] According to Katherine Betts, Vogue's fashion-news director, this amphibious sportswear for sand or sea lets the user go rafting, playing volleyball and swimming without worrying about losing their top.[27]

See also: Sleeveless shirt

Trikini

The trikini appeared briefly in 1967, defined as "a handkerchief and two small saucers." It reappeared a few years ago as a bikini bottom with a stringed halter of two triangular pieces of cloth covering the breasts.[36] The trikini top comes essentially in two separate parts.[37] The name of this woman's bathing suit is formed from bikini, replacing "bi-", meaning "two", with "tri-", meaning "three".[38] Fashion writer William Safire wrote in The New York Times: "Stripping to essentials, if the trikini is three pieces, the bikini two and the monokini one, when will we see the zerokini?"[39] Dolce & Gabbana designed trikinis for Summer 2005 as three pieces of scintillating sequined fabric, barely cover the essentials of a woman's body.[40] A variation on the bikini in which three pieces are sold together, such as a bikini with a tank top or a bikini with a one-piece suit is also sometimes called a Trikini,[41] including a conventional two-piece with a glitzy band of rhinestones round the waist.[42] Israeli designer Gideon Oberson, known for his artistically inspired bathing suits, calls a two-piece suit but looks like a tank top that can be worn with a skirt or a pair of shorts designed by him a trikini.[43] Brazilian designer Amir Slama calls two sexy scraps of silk connected with string he designed for skinny women a trikini.[44]

Pubikini

In 1985, designer Rudi Gernreich unveiled the pubikini, a bathing suit meant to expose pubic hair.[45] The pubikini is a small piece of fabric that hugs the hips and buttocks but leaves the pubic region exposed,[18] described as a tiny V-shaped fabric strip and a piece de resistance totally freeing the human body.[46]

Strapless bikini

Named strapless bikini[47] or no string bikini[48][49] by various manufacturers, this swimwear is basically a combination of pasties with a matching maebari-style bottom.

Material

"Vegetable Bikini" as part of PETA campaign

Bikinis have been made out of just about every material known.[50] The fabrics and other materials used to make bikinis are an essential element of their style and crucial modifiers of swimsuit design.[50] The use of cotton made the swimsuit more practical, and the increased reliance on stretch fabric after 1960 simplified construction; alternative swimwear fabrics such as velvet, leather, and crocheted squares surfaced in the early 1970s.[51] Fashion adviser Malia Mills has two basic criteria to check the material—it doesn't wrinkle into a bundle at the back, and nothing "falls out" when picking a towel or raising the arms.[52]

Crochet, lace, PVC, raffia, fur, latex, velvet and other uncommon items are also used as bikini material.[53] Speedo introduced Fastskin in 2007 as the lightest and fastest material for competitive swimwear. Unlike lycra, it does not break down in chlorine.[54] For the female bodybuilder the material regulations are more stringent, as "the two pieces of the bikini are fastened together with two strings, and the fasteners as all as the bikini must not consist of metallic material or padding."[55]

Cotton

Modern bikinis were first made of cotton and jersey. Today bikinis are made with mostly made with treated fabric, having been stretched over a plastic mold, then baked in order to set its shape and create bikini brassieres.[56] They are usually lined with fabric which is designed to stop them becoming transparent when wet.[57]

Nylon

The stretch nylon bikini briefs and bras which complemented the adolescent boutique fashions of the 1960s also allowed those to be minimal.[58] Women on the beaches of Rio de Janeiro and Saint-Tropez went even further, forgoing all rear-view coverage to show off their thongs.[59]

Lycra

When DuPont introduced Lycra (DuPont's name for spandex) in the 1960s,[54] a stretch fiber that allowed them to stitch tinier pieces of fabric, it completely changed how suits were designed and who could wear them. Spandex expanded the range of novelty fabrics available to designers which meant suits could be made to fit like a second skin without heavy linings streamlined athletic styles, emphasizing high-tech fabrics and finishes.[60] "The advent of Lycra allowed more women to wear a bikini," wrote Kelly Killoren Bensimon, a former model and author of The Bikini Book, "It didn't sag, it didn't bag, and it concealed and revealed. It wasn't so much like lingerie anymore."[61] It allowed designers to create the string bikini, and allowed Rudi Gernreich to created the topless monokini.[62]

Retailer Marks & Spencer reintroduced the material used as an alternative to nylon in swimsuits in the 1960s.[63] While Lycra is used in most swimsuits designs because of its high elasticity, lower expense,[54] and water wicking nature, its major drawback is that it breaks down in chlorine, commonly found in swimming pools. When worn daily, a swimsuit made of Lycra will break down in about 2-3 months.[64]

Precious metal and jewels

A platinum bikini valued at US $9500 was made by Mappin and Webb of London in the 1977, and was worn by Miss United Kingdom in that year's Miss World beauty pageant. It was entered as a Guinness World Record for the most expensive bikini.[65] The world's most expensive bikini was designed in February 2006 by Susan Rosen. The bikini, made up of over 150 carats (30 g) of flawless diamonds, was worth a massive £20 million.[66]

High tech bikinis

New York inventor Andrew Schneider has invented a solar bikini that is covered with 40 flexible photovoltaic cells that feed into a USB connection that can plug straight into an iPod. Two hours of sunbaking is claimed by the inventor to be enough to charge an iPod shuffle.[67]

As wet clothes have reduced protection against UV light, chemical company BASF has incorporated nanotechnology into bikinis for better UV protection, . Made of Day-Glo leopard skin polyamide (nylon)-6 these bikinis have titanium dioxide embedded and provide a variable sunblock factor-80 for the beach and 15 for a spring day.[68]

Other material

More uncommon fabrics are appearing around the world since 1960s including directly tan-through bikinis,[69] a flimsy flesh-colored suit that allowed the sun's rays to penetrate the garment,[70] and paper-made bikinis.[71] Late 20th century designer Laura Jane created bikinis made of neoprene, the rubber material used to make wetsuits in 1989.[72] Fernando Garcia, a bikini designer in South Beach, Miami, turns various exotic material into bikinis including black-and-Day-Glo, python skin and Mongolian lamb fringe and black fox material.[73] Inventor Claudia Escobar made bikinis out of tanned and dyed salmon skin in 2003 which earned a Green Seal of approval for sustainable products.[74]

Design

The bikini precursors as well as the first modern bikinis were made of cotton and jersey and were mostly stripped or monochrome. Réard introduced the first printed material for bikini.[75] By the 1970s, when American women were catching up with the more daring Europeans attitudes, bikini variants started to diversify widely. Flower patterns became popular in the late 1960s.[76]

In April 2004, responding to protests by followers of Buddhism, Victoria's Secret withdrew a bikini design that featured images of Buddha.[77] Buddhists were again upset in 2005, when organizers of Miss Universe photographed bikini-clad contestants in front of Buddhist religious sites in Thailand.[78]

Imaginary bikinis

A cosplayer at the 2011 New York Comic Con dressed as Red Sonja

In the 1983 film Return of the Jedi, Princess Leia (played by Carrie Fisher) wears the golden "Metal Bikini",[79] an iconic slave girl costume often imitated by female fans at Star Wars conventions.[80] The skimpy costume consisted of a copper brassiere fastened over the neck and behind the back with string, copper plates at the groin in front and back, a red silk loincloth, and leather boots. There were other various adornments, including a hair fastener, a snake arm-wrap and two bracelets. Last, there was the chain and collar that bound her to Jabba.[79]

A variant of the bikini popular in fantasy literature, originating from the cover-art of Earle K. Bergey (a direct inspiration for Princess Leia's outfit), is a bikini that is made up of metal to serve as putative armor.[81] It is sometimes referred to as a "chain mail bikini" or "brass bikini".[82] The outfit worn by the character Red Sonja is a famous example of such.[82] The game Poxnora is another example, in which all the women wear bikini-like clothing. A facetious term for female characters whose attire emphasizes sex appeal far more than actual practicality in combat is babes-at-arms (parodying "men-at-arms" for fully armored soldiers).

Most artists depict Red Sonja, a Marvel Comics character created by Roy Thomas and Barry Windsor-Smith who frequented [[Conan the Barbarian (comics)|Conan the Barbarian]' books and was was ranked first in Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list,[83] wearing a very brief bikini-like costume of scale mail, usually with boots and gauntlets. Ghita, another character created by Frank Thorne after he ceased work on Marvel Comics' Red Sonja, was drawn both in and out of her armored bikini in the "adults only" graphic novel Ghita of Alizarr published Eros Comix.

comic book writer and artist for Mike Grell DC Comics designed the character Shadow Lass in the series Legion of Superheroes wearing a shiny black bikini as the costume. During his leadership, another Legion character Saturn Girl wore a pink bikini as her costume which she continued till 1982.

See also: Bikini in popular culture

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b Bikini, Swimsuit Styles
  2. ^ Fashion Correspondent, "Swimsuits take some inspiration from the past", Philadelphia Inquirer, 1985-11-10
  3. ^ David Diefendorf & James Randi, Amazing... But False!: Hundreds of "Facts" You Thought Were True, But Aren't, page 33, Sterling, 2007, ISBN 1-4027-3791-2
  4. ^ Siobhan Morrissey, "Bikinis made in teeny-weeny time, Palm Beach Post, page 1D, 1991-08-28
  5. ^ Mick Day & Ben Box, Rio de Janeiro Handbook, page 66, Footprint Travel Guides, 2000, ISBN 1-900949-80-6
  6. ^ Gold, David L. (2009). Studies in Etymology and Etiology. Universidad de Alicante. p. 101. ISBN 8479085177.
  7. ^ Gurmit Singh; Ishtla Singh (2013). The History of English. Routledge. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9781444119244.
  8. ^ "the bi in bikini". Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  9. ^ Harper, Douglas. "bikini". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  10. ^ Barry J. Blake, Playing with Words: Humour in the English Language, page 59, Equinox, 2007, ISBN 1-84553-330-5
  11. ^ Valerie Steele, Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion, page 121, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, ISBN 0-684-31396-0
  12. ^ The Concise Oxford Dictionary (2004 ed.)
  13. ^ "Everything Bikini". Everything Bikini. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  14. ^ "Bikini Science". Bikini Science. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  15. ^ "Gernreich Bio". Gernreich.steirischerbst.at. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  16. ^ Bikini Styles: Monokini, Everything Bikini
  17. ^ a b Suzy Menkes, "Runways: Remembrance of Thongs Past", The New York Times, 1993-07-18
  18. ^ a b overzero.com. "Metroland". Metroland. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  19. ^ "Monokini". LoveToKnow. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Bikini Swimwear Definition, Apparel Search
  21. ^ Microkini at Merriam-Webster's Open Dictionary
  22. ^ Microkini Swimsuit on Bo Tight Fit
  23. ^ The Microkini on Men's Playground
  24. ^ Mistrík, Erich, Pseudo-Concrete Ideals Of A Good Life, Human Affairs (2/2008), Department of Social & Biological Communication, Slovenská Akadémia Vied, Slovakia
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  26. ^ a b Alisha Davis, "It Rhymes With Bikini", Newsweek, 1998-05-04
  27. ^ Becky Homan, "Tankini goes over the top", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1999-04-03
  28. ^ William Safire, No Uncertain Terms , page 291, Simon & Schuster, 2003, ISBN 0-7432-4955-0
  29. ^ Cornelia Schinharl, Sebastian Dickhaut & Kelsey Lane, Party Basics: Everything You Need for the World's Best Party, page 98, Silverback Books, 2002, ISBN 1-930603-91-6
  30. ^ Don Jones & Mark D. Scott, Using Microsoft Commerce Server 2002, page 211, Que Publishing, 2002, ISBN 0-7897-2763-3
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  32. ^ Laura Avery & Thomson Gale, Newsmakers: Cumulation, page 118, Thomson Gale, 2007, ISBN 0-7876-8091-5
  33. ^ Samantha Critchell, "Tankinis and rash guards rock with comfort, protection for kids", The Seattle Times, 2008-06-04
  34. ^ Zoe McDonald & Lisa Buckingham, Triathlon Made Easy, page 52, Collins & Brown, 2008, ISBN 1-84340-433-8
  35. ^ William Safire, No Uncertain Terms, page 291, Simon & Schuster, 2004, ISBN 0-7432-5812-6
  36. ^ John Ayto, Ian Crofton & Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase & Fable, page 78, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, ISBN 0-304-36809-1
  37. ^ Robert L. Chapman & Harold Wentworth, New Dictionary of American Slang, page 446, Harper & Row, 1986, ISBN 0-06-181157-2.
  38. ^ William Safire, The Way We Live Now: 7-11-99: On Language; Swim Suits", The New York Times, 1999-06-11.
  39. ^ Associated Press, "Free and easy", The Age (Australia), 2004 -06-29
  40. ^ John Karl, "Under cover Designers are wrapping swimsuits with stylish designs, Sarasota Herald Tribune, 200-02-08
  41. ^ Katia Dolmadjian, "The hottest trends from Milan", iAfrica, 2007-09-28
  42. ^ Meredith Price Levitt, "Sabra Style: Sizzling summer swimwear", The Jerusalem Post, 2008-07-13.
  43. ^ Amy Diluna, For those who dare, he does bare Brazilian designer reinvents itsy-bitsy, teeny-weeny bikini", Daily News (New York), 2004-09-11.
  44. ^ Elizabeth Gunther Stewart, Paula Spencer & Dawn Danby, The V Book: A Doctor's Guide to Complete Vulvovaginal Health, page 104, Bantam Books, 2002, ISBN 0-553-38114-8
  45. ^ Catalog adds options for overweight girls Article 1 of 1 found, Denver Post, 1992-01-02
  46. ^ "Pastease website - Strapless Bikini". Pastease.com.au. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  47. ^ bikini no string bikinis. "The Bikini website - No String Bikini gallery". The-bikini.com. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  48. ^ Bikini. Micro (2013-01-08). "No String Bikini". Bikinidotmicro.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  49. ^ a b Rosebush, Judson. "Materials". Bikini Science. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  50. ^ Charleston, Beth Duncuff (2004). "The Bikini". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 15 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  51. ^ Maggie Davis & Charlotte Williamson, 101 Things to Buy Before You Die, page 15, New Holland Publishers Ltd, 2007, ISBN 1-84537-885-7
  52. ^ Rose-Marie Turk, "In the Swim Velvet? Raffia? These and other unconventional fabrics are hitting the beach. And in hues-pine and wine anyone?-you never imagined", Los Angeles Times, page 1, 1994-03-25.
  53. ^ a b c Sydelle, John. "The Swimsuit Industry". Chron. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
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