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{{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} [[Pierre de Villiers]]}}<br/>
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{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[David Cameron]]'''<br/>
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[David Cameron]]'''<br/>
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} "'[[Philip Hammond]]"'<br/>
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{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Nick Houghton]]}}<br/>


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Revision as of 16:43, 26 September 2014

For previous American interventions in Iraq, see Gulf War (1990–91), Operation Desert Fox, and Iraq War (2003–11).

War against the Islamic State
Part of the Global War on Terrorism, Iraqi Civil War, and Syrian Civil War

An American F/A-18C Hornet aboard the USS George H.W. Bush prior to the launch of operations over Iraq
Date16 June 2014 – present (10 years and 5 months)
Location
Iraq

Syria

  • Ar-Raqqah Governorate (hostage rescue attempt 4 July 2014)[52]
  • Eastern Syria (surveillance flights 26 August 2014–present)[53]
  • Syria (U.S. and coalition airstrikes 23 September 2014–present)[54]
Result

Ongoing

  • U.S. and French airstrikes on Islamic State positions in Iraq
  • U.S. and Arab airstrikes on Islamic State[54] and Jabhat al-Nusra[55][56] positions in Syria
  • Multinational humanitarian effort
  • 2 American journalists and 1 British humanitarian worker executed;[57] expansion of intervention[58]
Belligerents

Coalition Forces Intervening in Syria & Iraq:  United States
 Only intervening in Iraq:
 Australia[1]
 United Kingdom[2]
 France[3][4]
 Netherlands[5]
 Canada[6][7][8]
 Belgium[9]
 Denmark[10]
Only intervening in Syria:
 Qatar
 UAE
 Jordan
 Saudi Arabia
 Bahrain[11]

 Syria

Iran Iran[12]
Hezbollah

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Syrian Kurdistan

Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan[14]

 Iraqi Kurdistan

Iraq Iraq

Kurdistan Workers' Party[17]

Assyrian people Assyrian Forces

Humanitarian support

With military aid:
Without military aid:

 Islamic State[41]

Iraqi Ba'ath Party loyalists[42][43][44]

al-Qaeda

Sunni Islamist militias[49]

Commanders and leaders

Barack Obama
Lloyd Austin
Andrew J. Loiselle
Australia Tony Abbott
Australia David Johnston
France François Hollande[59]
 France Jean-Yves Le Drian
France Pierre de Villiers
United Kingdom David Cameron

United Kingdom Philip Hammond


United Kingdom Nick Houghton}}

Syria Bashar al-Assad
Syria Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
Hassan Nasrallah

Masoud Barzani
Jaafar Sheikh Mustafa
Mustafa Said Qadir

Iraq Fuad Masum
Iraq Nouri al-Maliki
Iraq Haider al-Abadi

|commander2= Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
Abu Hajar al-Souri †
(Top Aide)[60]
Ali Mohammed al-Shayer †(Senior ISIL Leader)[61]
Adnan Khudhair †(Senior ISIL Leader)[61]
Okasha al-Baghdadi †(Senior ISIL Leader)[61]

Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri[42]
File:IAILogo.png Ismail Jubouri
Ali Hatem al-Suleiman |strength1 = United States:

Australia:

France:

Netherlands:

Belgium:

Denmark:

Canada:

Germany:

United Kingdom: Reconnaissance, cargo aircraft |strength2 = Islamic State: 20,000 troops[73]

Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order: 5,000+[74][75]
Islamic Army in Iraq: 10,400 (2007)[76]
Free Iraqi Army: 2,500[77] |casualties1 =Anti-ISIS Forces:

|casualties2 = Unknown number of fighters killed

  • 162 vehicles
  • 21 weapons systems (as of mid-September)[82]
  • 1 weapons depot destroyed [59]}}

In mid summer 2014, after a year of minimal conflict with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL/Islamic State), fighting intensified between the Syrian Arab Army and ISIS forces following a major ISIS offensive in northeastern Syria. ISIS gains resulted in the capture of Syrian army equipment and a general strengthening of their position both in Syria and in neighboring Iraq.[83]

By August, and in response to gains made by ISIS forces in Iraq, United States President Barack Obama began to deploy U.S. military forces to Iraq to defend American assets and to advise Iraqi government forces. In August 2014, the U.S. military began an aerial campaign directed against radical Islamists in northern Iraq, followed by a similar campaign against Islamic State and Al Qaeda militants in Syria. In addition to military efforts, the United States has also mounted a considerable humanitarian effort aimed towards assisting ethnic minorities in northern Iraq who are under the threat of genocide by ISIS.

In August, when asked about a possible timetable for U.S. involvement in Iraq, President Barack Obama told reporters that "this is going to be a long-term project".[84] The military effort subsequently expanded to protect Iraqi infrastructure and provide air cover to Iraqi troops. Since the expansion and commencement of American airstrikes against the Islamic State, Kurdish and Iraqi forces have been able to reverse significant extremist advances and retake control of the Mosul Dam, the largest in Iraq. In late August, when asked by reporters about his plans regarding military options in response to gains made by ISIS, President Obama replied “we don’t have a strategy yet”.[85] President Obama announced on 10 September 2014 that he would begin to pursue airstrikes in Syria with or without Congressional approval; he also announced that the amount of airstrikes in Iraq will increase.[86] The French Air Force has joined the U.S. and initiated airstrikes against Islamic State targets in Iraq on 19 September 2014.[4] On 23 September 2014, the U.S. military as well as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, and Jordan initiated airstrikes in the vicinity of Raqqa, Syria.[54] Meanwhile, in uncoordinated operations, Syrian forces have further engaged ISIS in a ground offensive.[87]

Syrian air and ground forces

In fierce fighting in mid-July, ISIS troops captured the headquarters of the Syrian Arab Army's 17th division in Raqqa.[83] Approximately 250 Syrian troops captured by ISIS during the attack on Raqqa were subsequently executed.[88] A week later, the group overran the base of the Syrian army's 121st Regiment in Hasakah. The 93rd Brigade capitulated to ISIS fighters on August 6.[83]

On August 28, Syria began airstrikes against ISIS forces in Deir al-Zor as a prelude to ground action. On September 15, Syrian special forces destroyed a bridge in Deir al-Zor that was being used by ISIS to move supplies between Syria and Iraq. The attack occurred simultaneous with sweeping Syrian Arab Air Force airstrikes against ISIS positions in the central and eastern parts of the country.[87]

United States ground forces

In July, Obama announced that owing to the continuing violence in Iraq and the growing influence of non-state actors such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the United States would be elevating its security commitment in the region. Approximately 800 U.S. troops secured American installations like the Embassy in Baghdad and the Consulate in Erbil as well as seizing control of strategic locations like the Baghdad airport.[89][90]

U.S. forces also undertook a mission to "assess and to advise [Iraqi security forces] as they confront [ISIS] and the complex security situation on the ground.”[91] Reports from these American units about the capabilities of the current Iraqi military have been consistently grim, viewing them as "compromised" by sectarian interests.[92][93][94]

On 13 August, the U.S. deployed another 130 military advisers to Northern Iraq.[95]

On 13 August, up to 20 U.S. Marines and special forces servicemen landed on Mount Sinjar from V-22 aircraft to coordinate the evacuation of Yazidi refugees. A team of British SAS was already in the area.[96]

On 3 September, a net increase of 350 servicemen was announced to be sent to Baghdad, increasing U.S. forces in Baghdad to 820, and increasing U.S. forces in Iraq to 1,213.[97]

On 10 September, Obama gave a speech in which he reiterated that American troops will not fight in combat. He also said that about 500 more troops will be sent to Iraq to help train Iraqi forces.[86]

Attempts to rescue James Foley

Main article: 2014 American rescue mission in Syria

On 4 July, U.S. fighter planes bombed the "Osama bin Laden" ISIS military base in the village of Uqayrishah, Syria. Two dozen American Delta Force commandos then touched down near the village in an effort to rescue American journalist James Foley. American forces blocked off the road to the village from the city of Raqqa, but soon encountered resistance from ISIS fighters. On the ground, the American commandos killed several of the fighters, while suffering one casualty. U.S. forces soon came to the conclusion that the hostages were not at the site and abandoned the hostage rescue attempt.[52][98][99][100]

On 19 August 2014, a video emerged over the internet of an ISIS man clothed in black, holding a dagger and standing over an orange-clothed Foley. The video shows Foley criticizing the U.S. government, saying that he desired to have more time to be with his family. The ISIS man in the video, speaking English with a British accent, is seen berating the Obama administration over U.S. attacks against the Islamic State, claiming that ISIS represents the entire Muslim population around the world, who have supposedly accepted them as a caliphate. He then goes on to behead Foley with a knife. In the latter part of the video, he is shown holding another man by the collar – Steven Joel Sotloff, and threatens to murder him if the U.S. government does not comply with ISIS demands.[101][102]

Military intervention in Iraq

Unidentified airstrikes

On 7 August, global media widely quoted Kurdish and Iraqi government sources as saying that the United States had begun carrying out airstrikes against IS positions in northern Iraq, showing evidence of the strikes and their aftermath.[103][104] The U.S. government immediately denied the involvement of American warplanes.[105] This led to speculation about who had actually conducted the airstrikes, since the Iraqi Air Force is known to lack competent pilots.[106] Anonymous sources told The Daily Beast that the planes were being flown by Russians.[107]

American airstrikes

President Obama speaks about the "game plan" for dealing with ISIL.
Locations where the U.S has launched airstrikes against ISIS in Iraq (as of September 16th.)
U.S. Navy F/A-18 fighters bomb Islamic State artillery targets on August 8, 2014.

U.S. forces have been undertaking reconnaissance missions over northern Iraq, both by drone and F-18 hornet aircraft, since the early summer of 2014.[108][109][110]

On the evening of 7 August, President Obama gave a live address to the Nation. He described the worsening conditions in Iraq and said that the plight of the Yazidis, a religious minority in northern Iraq threatened with extinction at the hands of the Islamic State, in particular had convinced him that U.S. military action was necessary. The President said that he had ordered military action to protect American lives, protect minority groups in Iraq, and to stop a possible Islamic State advance on Erbil, the capital of the Kurdish Autonomous Region.[111]

On 8 August, U.S. Navy McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet fighters bombed Islamic State artillery units. Four U.S. fighters later bombed an Islamic State military convoy.[112] Another round of U.S. airstrikes in the afternoon struck 8 Islamic State targets near Erbil. Armed drones as well as fixed wing aircraft were used in the U.S. attacks.[113] The F/A-18s were launched from the aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush. A Navy official said that the two planes involved in the airstrikes were Super Hornets from Carrier Air Wing 8, of Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia.[114]

On 9 August, U.S. forces again launched a series of 4 air attacks against Sunni fighters, this time primarily aimed at armored fighting vehicles. A combination of US warplanes and drones destroyed four armored personnel carriers and at least one unarmored fighting vehicle near Sanjin, in northwestern Iraq.[115][116]

On 10 August, U.S. forces launched a series of 5 air attacks against the Islamic State, which targeted armed vehicles as well as a mortar position. Assisted by these air attacks, Kurdish forces claimed to have recaptured the towns of Mahmour and Gweyr[117] from Islamic State control. Additional Iraqi airstrikes conducted in Sinjar claim to have killed 45 ISIS militants and injured an additional 60 militants.[118]

The Pentagon characterized airstrikes as stopgap military actions that would not be able to significantly disrupt Islamic State activities.[119]

On 14 August, U.S air-strikes and Kurdish ground forces had broken the ISIS siege of Mount Sinjar, allowing thousands of Yazidi refugees to escape. This made an American ground intervention to rescue the Yazidis stranded on the mountaintop unlikely.[120] The U.S. announced a shift in focus to arming the Kurds and reversing ISIL gains.[121]

On 16 August, U.S. drones and warplanes began a close air campaign aimed at supporting the advance of Kurdish fighters moving toward the Mosul Dam. Kurdish sources commented that this was the largest American air effort yet seen in the war.[122][123] The fate of the dam is not contested as of 18 August. The air campaign drove the Islamic State from the dam, for now.[123] This marked a shift in the use of U.S. Forces. In a letter to Congress, President Obama explained that he would now also be using American power to protect Iraqi infrastructure and to pursue ISIS, even when they did not threaten the interests that he laid out during the initial commitment to the conflict.[124]

On 8 September, the Iraqi army with close air support from U.S. F-18 aircraft manage to retake the key Haditha dam. Following the recapture, Iraqi troops moved on to recapture the town of Barwana. Iraqi state television reported that 15 Islamic State militants were killed in the battle.[125] Following the recent Iraqi victory, ISIS responded with the public execution of David Haines.[80]

On 16 September, following a speech by Barack Obama on the expansion of the air campaign over Iraq, the Iraqi Army requested U.S. close air support over an Islamic State firing position near the city. This indicated the first round of airstrikes authorized by Barack Obama to go outside the original plan and engage Islamic State militants with the authority of the Iraqi government.[126] This marks the 162nd airstrike against the Islamic State.[126]

French airstrikes

Main article: Opération Chammal

On September 19, the French air force used its Rafale jets to conduct airstrikes on ISIS targets in Mosul. The airstrikes were approved by French President François Hollande, which indicated that France was committed to fighting ISIS using air power alongside America.[59] Hollande mentioned that no ground troops would be used in the conflict.[127]

Military intervention in Syria

Further information: 2014 American intervention in Syria

Aerial surveillance

On 26 August, the U.S. began sending surveillance flights, including drones, into Syria as part of 2014 American Intervention in Syria to gather intelligence on ISIS targets in Syria. The flights started gathering intelligence that would aid any future U.S. airstrikes, however airstrikes have not yet been authorized. No approval was sought from the Syrian Arab Republic for the flights entering Syrian airspace.[53][128]

Arming rebels

Also, on September 17, the House of Representatives voted on whether to allow the executive branch to train and arm Syrian rebels. The vote authorized the president to start doing so until December 11, paving the way for the US intervention in Syria.[129]

Multi-national airstrikes

On 23 September, the U.S. and five Arab partners began airstrikes against ISIS targets in Syria. Involved countries were the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Bahrain.[11] Airstrikes involved fighters, bombers, and launching Tomahawk cruise missiles.[54] The first night at least 20 targets were hit including command and control structures, Brigade 93 (a Syrian army base that the militants recently seized), weapons and training facilities. Other airstrikes targeted the towns of Tabqa and Tel Abyad in Raqqa province according to reports from the ground.[130]

Additionally, US forces launched eight strikes against Khorasan. At least 70 IS fighters, 50 fighters affiliated with al Qaeda and civilians were killed in the strikes according to the SOHR.[131]

Humanitarian efforts

See also: Persecution of Yazidis by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Sinjar massacre
Bottled water containers are loaded on a U.S. Air Force C-17 for an airdrop on August 8.

The United States, supported by international partners, has undertaken a large humanitarian effort to support refugees stranded in northern Iraq with airdropped supplies. In particular, on August 7, 2 Lockheed C-130 Hercules's and 1 Boeing C-17 Globemaster III dropped tens of thousands of meals and thousands of gallons of drinking water to Yazidi refugees stranded in the Sinjar mountains by advancing IS forces.[132][133] On 9 August 2014, American planes again dropped humanitarian supplies over northern Iraq, this time consisting of 4,000 gallons of drinking water and 16,000 ready-to-eat meals.[134]

On the night of 13/14 August a 16-aircraft mission including US C-17s and C-130Hs, a British C-130J, and an Australian C-130J airdropped supplies to Yezidi civilians trapped on Mount Sinjar in what was later described as "the first mass air delivery of humanitarian cargo since the outbreak of violence in East Timor in 1999."[135][136]

Military aid

On 5 August 2014, Zalmay Khalilzad, the former U.S. ambassador to Iraq and the U.N., wrote in the Washington Post that the United States is involved in "the direct supply of munitions to the Kurds and, with Baghdad's agreement, the shipment of some Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program weapons to the Kurds."[137]

The United States moved from indirectly supplying Kurdistan with small arms through the CIA to directly giving them weapons such as man-portable anti-tank systems.[138]

Involvement by other countries

Further information: International Conferences on Peace and Security in Iraq (2014) and Spillover of the Syrian Civil War

The United Kingdom's initial role was supporting humanitarian efforts using Royal Air Force C-130's operating from RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus along with surveillance provided by Panavia Tornado GR4s.[139] The first such airdrop was made on August 10.[140] It has also been announced that Boeing Chinooks will also be deployed.[141] The British placed the Special Air Service on the ground briefly and are airlifting munitions to the Kurds from an unnamed[121] Eastern European nation.[142][143] Members of the 2nd Battalion, the Yorkshire Regiment, has also been deployed to the area.[144]

Australian involvement began after C-130J transport aircraft from the Royal Australian Air Force based in the Middle East started airdropping humanitarian aid in Northern Iraq on August 13/14, 2014.[135][145] RAAF C-17s were subsequently used to airlift arms and munitions to forces in Kurdish-controlled northern Iraq in September.[146][147] On 14 September the government announced that a force of eight F/A-18F Super Hornets, an E-7A Wedgetail AEW&C aircraft, and a KC-30A air-to-air refuelling tanker, along with a Special Operations Task Force would be deployed to the Middle East in preparation for possible operations against Islamic State forces.[148] Australian armed forces operate from Al Minhad Air Base located in nearby United Arab Emirates.[149]

France plans to contribute to ongoing humanitarian efforts in Iraq, in addition to offering asylum to Iraqi Christians fleeing the violence.[150] France is planning to ship arms directly to the Kurds.[142] French Rafale fighter aircraft operating from the UAE have conducted reconnaissance flights of IS positions.[151] On 19 September 2014, France bombed and destroyed an ISIS depot, marking the first military intervention by a Western country other than the U.S on Iraq.[152]

Germany has a policy of not supplying arms to active combat zones, so Germany initially ruled out supplying military aid to the Kurds but ramped up humanitarian spending in Northern Iraq and sent 4 transport aircraft.[153] Germany is shipping non-lethal military equipment to the Iraqi Central Government[154] and the Kurdish Regional Government.[142] Given the brutal situation, Germany continues to debate the direct shipment of arms.[155]

Italy started Humanitarian support and then decided to give military aid to the Kurds. The prime minister of Italy Matteo Renzi visited Iraq and the Kurds on 20 August to consider the response to the terrorists of the ISIS. He said that without international involvement it would be a "new Srebrenica".[156]

The European Commission announced it would boost humanitarian aid to Iraq to €17m, and approved special emergency measures to meet the crisis. On 15 August 2014, 20 of the 28 EU foreign ministers met in Brussels to discuss military and humanitarian assistance.[157][158] The EU issued a statement "The EU remains seriously concerned about the deterioration of the security situation in Iraq, and condemns in the strongest terms the attacks perpetrated by [IS] and other associated armed groups." The EU welcomed the "decision by individual Member States to respond positively to the call by the Kurdish regional authorities to provide urgently military material."[121]

A number of Middle Eastern nations, which don't want their role revealed according to American officials, have agreed to provide small amounts of weaponry.[121]

Sweden expressed support for military assistance by others but for legal reasons will only provide humanitarian support. Denmark has committed a C-130 transport aircraft and money for relief efforts.[38][159]

Erbil-based BASNEWS reported that the Kurdistan Regional Government, in cooperation with the Iraqi and American governments will open a military air base in Erbil. Spokesman for the Peshmerga Ministry Halgurd Hikmat said that seven countries so far have agreed to supply weapons and military goods, being the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Italy, and Finland.[160]

On 4 September 2014 Canadian Prime Minister Harper announced that Canada would deploy "about 100" military advisers to be based in Baghdad assisting the Iraqi Military in the fight against ISIS. These personnel are special operations forces which will work closely with US special forces to "provide advice that will help the government of Iraq and its security forces be more effective against ISIL", but their role is not expected to be direct combat. CBC News reports that about 100 Canadians will be deployed, primarily to help Kurdish forces.[8]

In late August, Albania and Croatia began sending arms to the Kurds. With the help of Western air transport systems, Albania has sent 22 million rounds of AK-47 7.62 millimeter bullets, 15,000 hand grenades and 32,000 artillery shells to the Kurdish forces.[34] The armaments from Albania[161] and Croatia[162] are both particularly useful to the effort because of the fact that they are compatible with the Kurds' Russian made weapons systems which make up the majority of their equipment. Also Czech Republic sent (with the help of Royal Canadian Air Force) ammunition to the Kurds. The supply consisted of 10 million rounds for AK-47, 8 million rounds for machinegun, 5,000 warheads for RPG and 5,000 hand grenades.[163] On September 24th, 2014, both Netherlands and Belgium announced the sent of six F-16 planes each.[164][165]

Intervention in Iraqi politics

American politicians and the U.S. government have called for embattled Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, who the U.S. has viewed as incompetent and too close to Iran, to step aside. In August 2014 several American officials openly sent messages of support to Iraqi president, and al-Maliki rival, Fuad Masum.[166] This immediately weakened al-Maliki's attempt to form a coalition government, and on August 11 government officials said that his time limit to form the government had expired. On that day, al-Maliki opponent Haider Al-Abadi was nominated for the position of PM with American support, but has not formed a new government yet. He must do so by September 10, 2014.[167] Al-Maliki refused to step down, but he warned his supporters in the Iraqi Army, who have convened in Baghdad, not to take military action against Fuad Masum's coalition.[168]

On 15 August 2014, al-Maliki announced that he would step down as prime minister.[169] The move was lauded by the U.S. government. On September 9, 2014, Haider al-Abadi formed the new government and is the official prime minister. The US State Department expressed hope that this can unite the country.[170]

Response

Template:Globalize/US The initial decision to intervene in Iraq was met with bipartisan support in the United States Congress. However, the extent and future of the intervention was disputed. Members of the Republican Party tended to favor greater intervention against ISIS. Members of the Democratic Party tended to support limited humanitarian missions, but feared for the emergence of mission creep.[171][172]

U.S. President Obama has received significant criticism for his decision to re-involve the U.S. into a conflict in Iraq.[173] The President's opponents on the right contend that this second Iraq conflict confirms that his earlier Iraq Withdrawal strategy was shortsighted, vindicating criticism from his previous electoral opponents, John McCain and Mitt Romney, who had campaigned on the platform that his withdrawal plan was flawed.[174][175] Whereas critics opposed to intervention contend that past occupation policies such as De-Ba'athfication and disbanding Iraq's military served as a proximate cause for much of the sectarian strife and renewed intervention risks aggravating sectarian tensions and driving secular Sunni insurgents closer to ISIS.[176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183]

In a Wall Street Journal op-ed on 27 August 2014, Senator Rand Paul (R-KY) criticized efforts in September 2013 to attack the Syrian Assad regime in response to the Ghouta chemical attack. In particular he stated that if former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's supported airstrikes were conducted that the Syrian "new regime might well be ISIS." He also criticized "hawkish" Republicans for the same reason, while noting that the Islamic State is "a threat that should be taken seriously."[184]

A Washington Post editorial criticized the American effort to reunite Iraq, claiming that the country was irreconcilably divided.[185] William Hartung, writing in Stars and Stripes, worried that the intervention is likely to have negative consequences, noting the inability to leave the country during the Iraq War.[186]

According to Seth Jones, a terrorism expert with RAND Corporation, U.S. airstrikes against ISIS in Iraq “could increase the likelihood that ISIS or somebody inspired by ISIS, would strike against the homeland.” The experts believe that the group will be more eager to act against the U.S. if they are attacked. Ramzi Mardini in the New York Times similarly wrote that armed intervention would lead to increase blowback risk of terrorism against U.S.[187] On the other hand, according to Aaron Zelin of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy "they are likely planning attacks whether the U.S. conducts targeted air strikes or not." “In my opinion, we should destroy them as soon as possible.” he says.[188] Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and members of the Republican party including John McCain, Lindsey Graham, Ted Cruz, and John Boehner have likewise called for greater military strikes in the region to contain the Islamic State.[172]

Hillary Clinton criticized the need to intervene in Iraq as being driven by presidential policy that was weak on the Middle East, failing to stifle ISIS's creation, or to do enough to combat international jihadism in the region.[189][190][191]

An editorial in Vox defined the intervention as being limited to Kurdistan, effectively allowing the Islamic State to control a large part of Iraq in the absence of any other occupying power. The editorial argued that Kurdistan is a stabler area and will be a better ally for the U.S., moreover defending just Iraqi Kurdistan will not be very costly.[192]

The disclosure of the failed hostage rescue attempt of James Foley and Steven Joel Sotloff has been criticized by Congressman Buck McKeon, among others, claiming that carrying out similar U.S. military operations in the future would face greater risk. State Department spokeswoman Marie Harf said that the operation was disclosed by the White House after consultation with the Pentagon and because news media were preparing to leak the story otherwise.[193]

International responses

International organizations and nations both supported and opposed the military action against the Islamic State.[194]

Support military action

Governments

  •  Syria Syria has “no reservations” about airstrikes against ISIS and wants to work with Washington to tackle the militants, the country’s deputy foreign minister told NBC News. He urged the U.S. to join with Syria in the fight against ISIS, suggesting a broad coalition against the militants that would also include Russia, China and Iran.[195] One former official said that as long as the attacks were confined to ISIS the regime would not intervene.[196]

Supranational bodies

Oppose military action

Governments

  •  Iran [196] opposes airstrikes in Syria without the government's consent
  •  Russia opposes airstrikes and arming rebels as a violation of Syrian sovereignty.[198] Russia's Foreign Ministry spokesman Alexander Lukashevich said that "There is reason to suspect that Syrian government forces could also come under fire, with serious consequences for further escalation of tensions."[199]
  •  Ecuador [200] opposes airstrikes in Syria without the government's consent.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Australia says deploying warplanes to join Iraq campaign". The Daily Telegraph. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  2. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11120391/Britain-prepares-for-airstrikes-in-Iraq-live.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ "Islamic State: France ready to launch Iraq air strikes". BBC. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  4. ^ a b "France bombs Isis depot in Iraq". Guardian. 21 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  5. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/dutch-send-fighter-jets-strike-iraq-175537161.html
  6. ^ "Canada sending $5M in humanitarian aid to Iraq". CTV News. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  7. ^ "Canada to help shuttle weapons into Iraq". CTV News. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  8. ^ a b c http://t.news.ca.msn.com/world/canadian-military-advisers-join-fight-against-isis-in-iraq-1
  9. ^ http://arabia.msn.com/news/middle-east/4185906/battling-dutch-belgium-prepare-send-f/
  10. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/26/denmark-isis_n_5887230.html
  11. ^ a b "US, Arab allies launch first wave of strikes in Syria". Fox News. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  12. ^ "Tehran's Boots On the Ground". Foreign Policy. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  13. ^ Syrian Kurds provide Iraq's Peshmerga support against ISIS (4 August 2014). "Syrian Kurds provide Iraq's Peshmerga support against ISIS". Middleeastmonitor.com. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  14. ^ Salih, Mohammed (1 September 2014). "PKK forces impress in fight against Islamic State". Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  15. ^ Van Heuvelen, Ben. "Amid turmoil, Iraq's Kurdish region is laying foundation for independent state". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 June 2014. Kurdistan's military forces ... have taken over many of the northernmost positions abandoned by the national army, significantly expanding the zone of Kurdish control... "In most places, we aren't bothering them [ISIS], and they aren't bothering us – or the civilians," said Lt. Gen. Shaukur Zibari, a pesh merga commander.
  16. ^ "Iraq's Shi'ite militia, Kurds use U.S. air strikes to further own agendas". Reuters. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  17. ^ "Meet the PKK 'Terrorists' Battling the Islamic State on the Frontlines of Iraq". Vice News. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  18. ^ "Video: YPG and MFS arrived in Shingal Mountains Sinjar to protect the refugees who fled from Shingal and other Towns News by Suroyo TV 4.8.2014 Western Dialect Source Suroyo TV ~ Frequency". Frequency.com. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  19. ^ "The first detachment of the sons of our people from the Assyrian National Party fighters on the battlefield in the Nineveh Plain". Assyrian Patriotic Party. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  20. ^ http://www.aina.org/news/20140810150643.htm
  21. ^ "مسيحيو العراق يتطوعون في قوات الدفاع عن المناطق المسيحية". LBC. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  22. ^ "BBC News – UK planes to drop emergency aid to Iraqi refugees". BBC. 9 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  23. ^ "Britain to arm Iraqi army, Kurds to fight ISIS". Al Akhbar English. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  24. ^ "French FM in Iraq to boost aid efforts – Yahoo News". News.yahoo.com. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  25. ^ a b "France and Italy call for snap EU meeting on Iraq". euobserver.com. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
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