List of wars involving the United States
This is a list of wars and rebellions involving the United States of America.[1] Currently, there are 93 wars on this list, 3 of which are ongoing.
- USA defeat/Ally defeat
- USA victory
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)
- Ongoing conflict
18th-century wars[edit]
19th-century wars[edit]
| Conflict | Allies | Belligerent | Result for the United States and its Allies | Presidents of the United States |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Barbary War (1801–1805) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tripoli |
US-allied victory | Thomas Jefferson | ||
| Tecumseh's War (1810–1813) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Northwest River Ohio |
Tecumseh's Confederacy
List |
US victory | James Madison | |
| War of 1812 (1812–1815) Location: Eastern and Central North America General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910. |
Creek Allies |
List |
Inconclusive/Other Result
| |
| Creek War (1813–1814) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Southern United States The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814 |
Lower Creeks |
Red Stick Creek | US-allied victory | |
| Second Barbary War (1815) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea and the Barbary States |
US victory | |||
| First Seminole War (1817–1818) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Pensacola, Spanish Florida |
Seminole
|
US victory
|
James Monroe | |
| Arikara War (1823) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Missouri River |
Arikara | Inconclusive/Other Result
| ||
| Winnebago War (1827) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory |
Prairie La Crosse Ho-Chunks with a few allies |
US-allied victory
|
John Quincy Adams | |
| Black Hawk War (1832) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory Native women and children fleeing the Battle of Bad Axe |
Ho-Chunk Menominee Potawatomi |
Black Hawk's British Band Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies |
US-allied victory
|
Andrew Jackson |
| Texas Revolution (1835–1836) Location: Texas |
|
Texan victory
|
Martin Van Buren | |
| Second Seminole War (1835–1842) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Florida, United States |
Seminole | US victory
|
Martin Van Buren (March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841)
William Henry Harrison(March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841) John Tyler (April 4, 1841 –March 4, 1845) | |
| Mexican–American War (1846–1848) Location: Texas, New Mexico, California and Mexico |
US-allied victory
|
James K. Polk | ||
| Cayuse War (1847–1855) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oregon |
Cayuse | US victory
|
James K. Polk (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849)
Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850) Millard Fillmore (July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853) Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) | |
| Apache Wars (1849–1924) Part of the Texas–Indian wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Southwestern United States |
Apache Ute Yavapai |
US victory
|
James K. Polk (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849)
Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850) Millard Fillmore (July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853) Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881) James A. Garfield (March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881) Chester A. Arthur (September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885) Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889) Benjamin Harrison (March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893) Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897) William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901) Theodore Roosevelt (September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909) William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929) | |
| Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861) Location: Kansas and Missouri Sacking of Lawrence in 1856 |
Anti-slavery settlers (Free-Staters) |
Pro-slavery settlers (Border Ruffians) | Free-Stater victory.
|
Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857)
James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) |
| Puget Sound War (1855–1856) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Washington |
Snoqualmie |
Nisqually Muckleshoot Puyallup Klickitat Haida Tlingit |
US victory
|
Franklin Pierce |
| Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) Location: Rogue Valley |
Rogue River people | US victory
| ||
| Third Seminole War (1855–1858) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Pensacola, Florida |
Seminole | US victory
|
Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857)
James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) | |
| Yakima War (1855–1858) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Washington Territory Seattleites evacuate to the town blockhouse as USS Decatur opens fire on advancing tribal forces. |
Snoqualmie |
Yakama Walla Walla tribe Umatilla tribe Nez Perce tribe Cayuse tribe |
US victory | Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857)
James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) |
| Second Opium War (1856–1859) Part of the Opium Wars Location: China |
US victory
|
Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857)
James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) | ||
| Utah War (1857–1858) Part of the Mormon wars Location: Utah Territory and Wyoming |
Deseret/Utah Mormons (Nauvoo Legion) | Inconclusive/Other Result
|
Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857)
James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) | |
| Navajo Wars (1858–1866) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Mexico |
US victory
|
Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857)
James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) | ||
| John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859) Part of pre-Civil War conflicts Location: West Virginia |
Abolitionist Insurgents | US victory | James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) | |
| First and Second Cortina War (1859–1861) Location: Texas and Mexico |
US-allied victory | James Buchanan | ||
| Paiute War (1860) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Pyramid Lake, Nevada |
Paiute Shoshone Bannock |
US victory | James Buchanan | |
| American Civil War (1861–1865) Location: Southern United States, Indian Territory, Northeastern United States, Western United States, Atlantic Ocean |
US victory
|
|||
| Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona |
Yavapai Apache Yuma Mohave |
US victory |
Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877) | |
| Dakota War of 1862 (1862) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Minnesota and Dakota |
US victory | Abraham Lincoln | ||
| Colorado War (1863–1865) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska |
Inconclusive/Other Result
| |||
| Snake War (1864–1868) Part of the American Indian Wars Locations: Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho |
Paiute Bannock Shoshone |
US victory | Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865)
Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) | |
| Powder River War (1865) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Powder River State |
Inconclusive | |||
| Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Powder River State |
Lakota-allied victory
| |||
| Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Western United States |
Kiowa |
US victory | Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869)
Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877) | |
| United States expedition to Korea
(1871) Location: Ganghwa Island |
Inconclusive/Other Result
American military victory American diplomatic failure
|
Ulysses S. Grant | ||
| Modoc War (1872–1873) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: California and Oregon |
US victory | |||
| Red River War (1874–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Texas |
Kiowa |
US victory
| ||
| Las Cuevas War (1875) Location: Texas and Mexico |
Mexican bandits | US victory
| ||
| Great Sioux War of 1876 (1876–1877) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Montana, Dakota and Wyoming |
US victory
| |||
| Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Texas and Oklahoma |
Apache |
US victory | ||
| Nez Perce War (1877) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana |
Nez Perce Palouse |
US victory | Rutherford B. Hayes | |
| Bannock War (1878) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming |
Bannock Shoshone Paiute |
US victory | ||
| Cheyenne War (1878–1879) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and Montana |
US victory | |||
| Sheepeater Indian War (1879) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Idaho |
Shoshone | US victory | ||
| Victorio's War (1879–1880) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Mexico |
Apache | US-allied victory | ||
| White River War (1879) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colorado |
Ute | US victory | ||
| Crow War (1887) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Montana |
US victory | Grover Cleveland | ||
| Pine Ridge Campaign (1890–1891) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: South Dakota |
US victory | Benjamin Harrison | ||
| Garza Revolution (1891–1893) Location: Texas and Mexico |
Garzistas | US-allied victory | ||
| Yaqui Wars (1896–1918) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona and Mexico |
Pima Opata |
US-allied victory | Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897)
| |
| Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899) Location: Samoa |
Samoa |
Mataafans |
Inconclusive/Other Result
|
William McKinley |
| Spanish–American War (1898) Location: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam |
US-allied victory
|
William McKinley | ||
| Philippine–American War (1899–1902) Location: Philippines Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua. |
1899–1902 1902-1906 |
1899–1902 Limited Foreign Support: 1902-1906 |
US victory
|
William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901)
|
| Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) Location: Philippines |
US victory | William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901)
| ||
| Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) Location: China |
US-allied victory
|
William McKinley |
20th-century wars[edit]
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result for the United States and its Allies | Presidents of the United States |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oklahoma |
Creek | US victory | Theodore Roosevelt (September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909)
Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929) | |
| Border War (1910–1919) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico–United States border |
US victory
|
William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913)
Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) | ||
| Negro Rebellion (1912) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Cuba |
US-allied victory
|
William Howard Taft | ||
| Occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Nicaragua |
Sandinist victory
|
William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913)
Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929) Herbert Hoover (March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933) | ||
| Bluff War (1914–1915) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Utah and Colorado Prisoners of the Bluff War in Thompson, Utah, waiting to board a train for their trial in Salt Lake City. |
Ute Paiute |
US victory | Woodrow Wilson | |
| Occupation of Veracruz (1914) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico |
US victory | |||
| United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Haiti |
US-allied victory | Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921)
Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929) Herbert Hoover (March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945) | ||
| United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) (1916–1924) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Dominican Republic |
US victory | Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921)
Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929) | ||
| World War I (1917–1918) Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America |
|
US-allied victory
|
Woodrow Wilson | |
| Russian Civil War (1918–1920) Location: Russia, Mongolia, and Iran US troops march through Russia before the Battle of Romanovka. |
|
Bolshevik victory
| ||
| Last Indian Uprising (1923) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Utah |
Ute Paiute |
US victory | Warren G. Harding | |
| World War II (1941–1945) Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Oceania, North and South America |
US-allied victory
|
Franklin D. Roosevelt (March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945) Harry S. Truman (April 12, 1945 –January 20, 1953) | ||
| Korean War (1950–1953) Part of the Cold War Location: Korea |
Inconclusive/Other Result
|
Harry S. Truman (April 12, 1945 –January 20, 1953)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961) | ||
| Vietnam War (1955–1964[a], 1965–1973[b], 1974–1975[c]) Part of the Cold War and Indochina Wars Location: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos |
North Vietnamese-allied victory
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower (January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961)
John F. Kennedy (January 20, 1961 –November 22, 1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969) Richard Nixon (January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974) Gerald Ford (August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977) | ||
| Laotian Civil War (1953–1975) Part of the Indochina Wars and Cold War Location: Laos |
Supported by: |
Supported by: |
Pathet Lao-allied victory
| |
| Lebanon crisis (1958) Location: Lebanon |
US-allied victory
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower | ||
| Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Part of the Cold War Location: Cuba |
Cuban government victory (Limited United States involvement)
|
John F. Kennedy | ||
| Dominican Civil War (1965–1966) Location: Dominican Republic |
US-allied victory
|
Lyndon B. Johnson | ||
| Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) Part of the Korean conflict and the Cold War Location: Korean Demilitarized Zone |
US-allied victory
|
Lyndon B. Johnson (November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969)
Richard Nixon (January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974) | ||
| Cambodian Civil War (1967–1975) Part of the Cold War Location: Cambodia |
Other Supports |
Other Supports |
Khmer Rouge-allied victory
| |
| Multinational intervention in Lebanon (1982–1984) Location: Lebanon |
Multinational Force in Lebanon: |
|
Syrian-allied Victory
|
Jimmy Carter (January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981)
Ronald Reagan (January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989) |
| Invasion of Grenada (1983) Part of the Cold War Location: Grenada |
Military advisors: |
US-allied victory
|
Ronald Reagan | |
| Bombing of Libya (1986) Location: Libya |
US victory
| |||
| Tanker War (1987–1988) Location: Persian Gulf Iranian frigate Sahand after being attacked by U.S. aircraft. |
US victory
| |||
| Invasion of Panama (1989–1990) Location: Panama |
US-allied victory
|
George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993) | ||
| Gulf War (1990–1991) Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Israel |
US-allied victory
|
George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993) | ||
| Iraqi No-Fly Zone Enforcement Operations (1991–2003) Location: Iraq A Tomahawk cruise missile is fired from an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer during Operation Desert Fox in December 1998. |
US-allied victory
|
George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993)
Bill Clinton (January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001) George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009) | ||
| First U.S. Intervention in the Somali Civil War (1992–1995) Part of the Somali civil war (1991–present) Location: Somalia |
Somali Victory / US-allied defeat
|
George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993)
Bill Clinton(January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001) | ||
| Bosnian War (1992–1995) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina |
|
Inconclusive/Other Result
| ||
| Intervention in Haiti (1994–1995) Location: Haiti |
US-allied victory
|
Bill Clinton | ||
| Kosovo War (1998–1999) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Serbia |
US-allied victory[10][11][12][13]
|
- ^ Advisory role from the forming of the MAAG in Vietnam to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
- ^ Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. The Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 saw all U.S forces withdrawn; the Case–Church Amendment, passed by the U.S Congress on 15 August 1973, officially ended direct U.S military involvement .
- ^ The war reignited on December 13, 1974 with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under two months.
21st-century wars[edit]
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result for the United States and its Allies | Presidents of the United States |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Part of the War on Terror and the War in Afghanistan (1978–2021) Location: Afghanistan |
Formerly: |
Allied groups
Taliban splinter groups
2001 Invasion: |
Taliban Victory / US-allied defeat
|
George W. Bush (October 7, 2001 – January 20, 2009)
Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 – Incumbent) |
| Iraq War (2003–2011) Part of the War on Terror Location: Iraq |
2003 Invasion: |
Inconclusive/Other Result
|
George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009)
Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) | |
| Second U.S. Intervention in the Somali Civil War (2007–present) Part of the Somali Civil War (1991–present) and the War on Terror Location: Somalia and Northeastern Kenya |
Hizbul Islam |
Ongoing
|
George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009)
Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 –Incumbent) | |
| Operation Ocean Shield (2009–2016) Part of the War on Terror Location: Indian Ocean A tall plume of black smoke rises from a destroyed pirate vessel that was struck by USS Farragut in March 2010. |
Somali pirates | US-allied victory
|
Barack Obama | |
| International intervention in Libya (2011) Part of the Libyan Crisis and the First Libyan Civil War Location: Libya |
US-allied victory
|
Barack Obama | ||
| Operation Observant Compass (2011–2017) Part of the War on Terror Location: Uganda |
US-allied victory
|
Barack Obama | ||
| American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present) Part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the Iraqi Civil War, the Spillover of the Syrian Civil War, the War on Terror and the International ISIS campaign Location: Iraq General Stephen J. Townsend observes a HIMARS strike that destroyed a building near Haditha, September 2016 |
Ongoing
|
Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017)
Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 –Incumbent) | ||
| American-led intervention in Syria (2014–present) Part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the Syrian Civil War, the War on Terror and the International ISIS campaign Location: Syria USS Ross fires Tomahawk missiles towards Shayrat Military Base, during the 2017 retaliatory strike against the Syrian government. |
|
|
Ongoing
|
Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017)
Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 –Incumbent) |
| American intervention in Libya (2015–2019) Part of the Second Libyan Civil War, the War on Terror, and the International ISIS Campaign Location: Libya |
ISIS in Libya largely defeated
|
Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017)
Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) |
See also[edit]
- List of armed conflicts involving the United States
- Military history
- Timeline of United States military operations
- United States involvement in regime change
- List of ongoing armed conflicts
Notes[edit]
- ^ These numbers are gathered from a combination of surviving muster rolls and veteran applications for land grants. It is likely that the statistics on the Texan army size in both 1835 and 1836 underestimate the number of Tejanos who served in the army. American volunteers who returned to the U.S. without claiming land are also undercounted. Lack (1992), p. 113.
References[edit]
- ^ history, Martin Kelly Martin H. Kelly is a former; Teacher, Social Studies; Books, The Author of Two History; life, one on Colonial; Tampa, the other on American Presidents He is an online course developer for the UK-based Pamoja Education company He lives in; Florida. "American Involvement in Wars from Colonial Times to the Present". ThoughtCo. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f "Tripolitan War | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ^ a b r2WPadmin. "First Barbary War". American History Central. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ^ Serial 89, 18th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Document No. 1, p. 95
- ^ Lack (1992), pp. 122–3.
- ^ "City of Albuquerque". City of Albuquerque.
- ^ Yun, Jiwon (2019). "Vietnam's Politic of a Divided Nation: From the Reunification to DoiMoi (Renovation) and Its Implication for the Korean Peninsula and North Korea". International Journal of Korean Unification Studies. 28 (1): 63–92. doi:10.33728/ijkus.2019.28.1.003. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
- ^ "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". September 23, 1982.
- ^ "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". March 11, 1984.
- ^ http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a432768.pdf
- ^ Cambridge Scholars Publisher (2015). Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 289–. ISBN 978-1-4438-7668-1.
- ^ Erlanger, Steven (November 7, 1999). "NATO Was Closer to Ground War in Kosovo Than Is Widely Realized" – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Lake, Daniel R. (2009). "The Limits of Coercive Airpower: NATO's "Victory" in Kosovo Revisited". International Security. 34: 83–112. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.83. S2CID 57572298.
- ^ "Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad". The Long War Journal. August 24, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
- ^ "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. July 3, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
- ^ Petrou, Michael (September 9, 2011). "The decline of al-Qaeda". Maclean's.
George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.
- ^ Spencer C. Tucker (December 14, 2015). U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. ISBN 978-1-4408-3879-8.
Al Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011
- ^ South, Todd (January 20, 2019). "Army's long-awaited Iraq war study finds Iran was the only winner in a conflict that holds many lessons for future wars". Army Times. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
- ^ Galbraith, Peter W. (2007). The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. Simon & Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7432-9424-9.
- ^ "Iran expands regional 'empire' ahead of nuclear deal". Reuters.
- ^ "How to Stop Iran's Growing Hegemony". National Review Online.
- ^ "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
- ^ "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. February 5, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Service and Sacrifice: Ugandan 'Blue Helmets' support UN efforts to bring peace to Somalia". UN News. April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
- ^ Somalia, EUTM. "Home". EUTM-Somalia. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
- ^ "Somali piracy is down 90 per cent from last year". The Journal. December 15, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
- ^ Holmes, Oliver (January 24, 2012). "UPDATE 1-Anger, chaos but no revolt after Libya violence". Bani Walid. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
- ^ "IS left 200 mass graves in Iraq - UN". November 6, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
- ^ Reuters (June 15, 2019). "Belgium takes back six children of Isis fighters from Syrian camps". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
- ^ "US-led Coalition in Iraq & Syria". Airwars. December 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
External links[edit]
- Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK)
- Conflict Barometer – Describes recent trends in conflict development, escalations, and settlements
- A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War[permanent dead link], Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
- Timeline of wars involving the United States, Histropedia
- U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts, Congressional Research Service