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Coordinates: 32°46′46.4″N 96°48′15.4″W / 32.779556°N 96.804278°W / 32.779556; -96.804278
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Revision as of 23:21, 10 July 2016

2016 shooting of Dallas police officers
LocationMain Street and S. Lamar Street, Dallas, Texas, United States[1]
Coordinates32°46′46.4″N 96°48′15.4″W / 32.779556°N 96.804278°W / 32.779556; -96.804278
DateJuly 7–8, 2016
8:58 p.m. – c. 2:30 a.m. (CT)
TargetLaw enforcement in Dallas
Attack type
Mass shooting[2][3]
Weapons
Deaths6 (including the perpetrator)
Injured9
PerpetratorMicah Xavier Johnson
MotiveAnger regarding recent police shootings of black men and race hatred towards white people[4][5]

On July 7, 2016, Micah Xavier Johnson ambushed and shot twelve police officers and two civilians in Dallas, Texas, killing five of the officers. Johnson was an Army Reserve Afghan War veteran who was reportedly angry over police shootings of black men and stated that he wanted to kill white people, especially white police officers. The shooting happened at the end of a peaceful Black Lives Matter protest against police killings of Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Philando Castile in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, in the preceding days.

Following the shooting, police confronted Johnson at a parking garage, and a standoff ensued. In the early hours of July 8, police killed Johnson with a bomb attached to a remote control bomb disposal robot. Some experts believe it was the first time in U.S. history a robot was used by police to deliver lethal force.

The shooting was the deadliest incident for U.S. law enforcement since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.

Background

A Black Lives Matter protest[6][7][8][9] was organized in Dallas by the Next Generation Action Network in response to the killings of two men, Alton Sterling and Philando Castile, by police officers in Louisiana and Minnesota, respectively, days before.[10] The Dallas protest was one of several held across the United States on the night of July 7.[11] Around 800 protesters were involved, and around 100 police officers were assigned to protect the event and the surrounding area.[4] Before the shooting occurred, no other incidents were reported, and the event was peaceful.[12]

Events

Johnson began shooting at 8:58 p.m.[13] A bystander reported hearing 50 to 75 shots.[12] Dallas Police Chief David O. Brown said that some of the officers were shot in the back, and that Johnson had some knowledge of the protest route.[13][14] He later said that Johnson had driven his vehicle ahead of the protesters to observe their path, and found an opportunity to shoot from nearby elevated positions in buildings.[15] Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings said that Johnson fired from different floors of a nearby building.[16] At least twelve officers fired back.[17] During the shooting, officers, unaware where the shots were coming from, scrambled to block intersections and were exposed to gunfire as a result.[15]

Another bystander, who recorded cell phone video of the event from his hotel balcony, reported observing Johnson, clad in tactical clothing and armed with a rifle, at street level. The bystander said Johnson loaded his rifle and began firing indiscriminately to draw officers near his position. When one officer approached a corner, Johnson engaged him in a gunfight, forcing the officer to take cover behind a concrete pillar. Johnson fired at one side of the pillar, then ran over to the other side, ambushed the officer, and shot him multiple times from behind at point-blank range, killing him. After firing additional gunshots into the officer's body, Johnson fled upon being shot at by additional officers.[18][19]

Following the shooting, Johnson was hit by bullets and fled into a nearby parking garage. Following his blood trail, officers confronted Johnson and fired at him, apparently hitting and wounding him again.[20] He then engaged the officers in a standoff at the garage, firing intermittently at them. One officer was injured in the shootout. A suspicious package was discovered near the garage and was secured by a bomb squad.[4][20][21][22] Chief Brown later said Johnson had declared that the end was near, his intentions were to kill more law enforcement personnel, and that he had placed explosives all over the garage and downtown Dallas.[13][23] Brown also said, "We had negotiated with him for about two hours, and he just basically lied to us, playing games, laughing at us, singing, asking how many did he get and that he wanted to kill some more."[24]

During negotiations, Johnson said that he acted alone and was not part of any group. He also reportedly demanded to speak to black police officers only. After negotiations failed,[25] the standoff ended at about 2:30 a.m. the next day,[26] when Johnson was killed by about a pound of C-4 explosive deployed and set off by a bomb disposal remote control vehicle.[20][27][28][29][30] A sweep of downtown Dallas found no presence of explosives.[10] According to Chief Brown, Johnson had written the letters "RB" and other markings in blood while holed up in the parking garage, leading Brown to speculate that Johnson may have been wounded before being killed.[24][31]

Victims

Five officers were killed and nine people—seven officers and two civilians—were injured in the shooting.[32][33]

Most of the victims were shot during the protests, and at least one officer was shot during a shootout with Johnson.[21][34] The dead comprised one Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) officer and four Dallas Police Department (DPD) officers.[10] Four of the injured officers were from DPD, while the remaining three were from DART.[26] Several injured officers were transported to Parkland Memorial Hospital.[13] Two officers underwent surgery.[35]

The officers killed were identified as:

  • DPD Sgt. Michael Smith, 55, a former Army Ranger[36] who had been with the department since 1989.[10][37][38]
  • DPD Senior Cpl. Lorne Ahrens, 48, who had been with the department since 2002.[10][39][40]
  • DPD Officer Michael Krol, 40, who had been with the department since 2007.[10][39][41]
  • DPD Officer Patrick Zamarripa, 32, a Navy sailor[42] and Iraq War veteran who had been with the department since 2011.[10][43]
  • DART Officer Brent Thompson, 43, a former Marine[42] who had been with the department since 2009. Thompson was the first DART officer to be killed in the line of duty since the department's inception in 1989.[10][22]

The deaths of five officers in the shooting made this the deadliest single incident for police officers in the United States since the September 11 attacks,[1] surpassing two 2009 shootings in Lakewood, Washington, and Oakland, California, where four officers each were killed.[44][45]

Perpetrator

Micah Xavier Johnson
File:PV2 Micah Xavier Johnson, U.S. Army.jpg
Johnson in 2009
Born(1991-07-02)July 2, 1991
Mesquite, Texas, U.S.[46]
DiedJuly 8, 2016(2016-07-08) (aged 25)
Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Cause of deathBlunt trauma resulting from explosion[27]
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)U.S. Army reservist, aide

Micah Xavier Johnson (July 2, 1991[47] – July 8, 2016) was living with his mother in Mesquite, Texas.[10][19][22] When he was four, his parents divorced. Johnson attended John Horn High School and participated in its Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program, according to the Mesquite Independent School District.[48] He graduated from high school in 2009.[49]

Johnson was working as an aide for mentally challenged children prior to his death.[49] He had no criminal record in Texas.[10]

Military service and discharge

Johnson had served in the U.S. Army Reserve from March 2009 to April 2015, serving as a carpentry and masonry specialist.[50] Johnson held the rank of private first class and was deployed to Afghanistan from November 2013 to July 2014[14][51] with the 420th Engineer Brigade.[52] For his deployment, he went through basic training, which required qualification on handling of an M16 rifle or M4 carbine, basic rifles for U.S. military personnel.[53]

In May 2014, during his deployment, he was accused of sexual harassment by a female soldier, who sought a restraining order against him and said that he needed mental health counseling. After the Army initiated proceedings to dishonorably discharge him, Johnson, at the advice of his lawyer, waived his right to a hearing in exchange for a lesser charge. He was sent back to the U.S. with an Army recommendation of other than honorable discharge, considered by his lawyer to be a "highly unusual" decision. However, Johnson was instead honorably discharged in September 2014.[54][55]

Johnson received a Afghanistan Campaign Medal with a campaign star, an Army Achievement Medal, a National Defense Service Medal, a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, an Army Service Ribbon, an Armed Forces Reserve Medal, and a NATO Medal for his tour of duty in Afghanistan. The awards are standard issue for military personnel who served in a war zone.[25][52]

Motive

Dallas Police Chief David O. Brown said that Johnson, who was black, was upset about recent police shootings and the Black Lives Matter movement, and "stated he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers."[4][5] A friend and former coworker of Johnson's described him as "always [being] distrustful of the police."[48] According to police and a neighbor, Johnson also practiced military exercises in his backyard.[56][57]

Investigators have found no ties between Johnson and international terrorist or domestic extremist groups.[50] An investigation into his online activities uncovered his interest in black nationalist groups.[54] Johnson's now-deactivated Facebook page showed that he had "liked" the pages of black nationalist organizations such as the New Black Panther Party, and also posted critiques against white people.[49][58] According to community activist Quanell X, Johnson had been a member of the New Black Panther Party chapter in Houston for six months.[59] A profile photo depicted Johnson raising his arm in a Black Power salute, along with images of a Black Power symbol and a flag associated with the Pan-Africanism movement.[54][58]

Another black nationalist organization Johnson "liked" was the African American Defense League, whose leader, Dr. Mauricelm-Lei Millere, called for the murders of police officers across the U.S. following the fatal 2014 shooting of Laquan McDonald.[54] In response to the police killing of Alton Sterling, the organization had "posted a message earlier in the week encouraging violence against police".[55]

Planning

Chief Brown said that while Johnson had been planning the shooting before the deaths of Sterling and Philando Castile, both incidents served as the trigger to commit the shooting and that he saw the Dallas protest as "an opportunity" to attack police officers.[60]

In 2014, Johnson received training and instruction at a private self-defense school that teaches special tactics such as "shooting on the move", in which a gunman quickly fires and then changes position before resuming gunfire.[61] The tactic was designed to keep a gunman's location uncertain and create the impression of multiple shooters.[62] Investigators believed that he began amassing his arsenal around the same time, stockpiling guns and gathering chemicals and electronic devices needed to build explosives and PVC piping.[53][63]

Aftermath

DART suspended service in downtown Dallas after the shooting, but resumed the next morning with the exception of West End station.[1][64] The Federal Aviation Administration issued a temporary flight restriction of civilian aircraft for the immediate vicinity in which the shooting occurred, allowing only police aircraft in the airspace.[65] El Centro College cancelled all classes on July 8.[1]

Investigation

Police determined that Johnson used an SKS semi-automatic rifle and a "high-capacity handgun". He was also wearing a bulletproof vest.[56][66] The day after the shooting, searches were conducted on Johnson's family home.[67] Bomb-making materials, ballistic vests, rifles, ammunition, and a "personal journal of combat tactics" containing "instruction on shooting techniques and tactical movements" were recovered from the home by detectives.[26][30][68] Dallas Police Chief David O. Brown said that recovered evidence pointed to Johnson practicing detonations and having enough explosive material to cause "devastating effects" throughout Dallas and the North Texas area.[15] 200 officers were interviewed during the course of the investigation.[17] Investigators are examining Johnson's laptop, journal, and cell phone.[15]

Officials initially said two or more snipers carried out the shooting, but later said that Johnson appears to have been the lone gunman, with all of the gunshots traced back to him. Three other people were taken into custody by police, "but officials have not said what roles they may have played."[5][66][69] These three included two persons seen carrying camouflage bags and leaving the shooting scene on Lamar Street. They were both stopped and detained after a six-mile chase.[70] The detained persons were all later determined to be fleeing protesters who were either armed or carrying ammunition gear.[68] However, police announced on July 9 that they were continuing to investigate whether Johnson acted alone or conspired with others in planning the shooting.[71]

Use of a police robot to kill Johnson

Some experts believed this was the first time in United States history a robot was used by police to deliver lethal force against a suspect.[72] The Remotec Model F-5,[73] a bomb disposal remote control vehicle used by police, was rigged with about a pound of C-4 explosive, killing Johnson and ending the standoff.[20][27][28][29][30]

There were various reactions to the lethal use of a robot by police. P. W. Singer, a robotics expert at the New America Foundation, said it was the first instance of which he was aware of a robot being used lethally by police.[74][75][76] Seth Stoughton, an assistant professor of law at the University of South Carolina, said, "This is sort of a new horizon for police technology. Robots have been around for a while, but using them to deliver explosives raises some new issues."[77]

To this effect, Stoughton said, "I'm not aware of any police department having on hand something that is intended to be used as a weaponized explosive." He believed that the manner in which the police used the robot was justified due to Johnson being an imminent threat to police, stating, "The circumstances that justify lethal force justify lethal force in essentially every form."[77] Stoughton added, "This also opens the door for criminals or citizens to use lethal explosive force. We typically don't use explosives on American citizens for a number of reasons. It's extremely irresponsible."[21] Matt Blaze, a well-known security researcher, tweeted that he was concerned about how the control link to the robot was secured.[78]

Reactions

President Obama delivering a statement on the shooting

Texas Governor Greg Abbott ordered the director of the Texas Department of Public Safety to offer any assistance to Dallas when requested. He also said after the shooting, "In times like this we must remember—and emphasize—the importance of uniting as Americans".[79] Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick attributed the violence to individuals on social media, "former Black Lives Matter protesters", and others with anti-police views,[80] later expressing regret for his statement.[81]

President Barack Obama called the shootings a "vicious, calculated, despicable attack" and a "tremendous tragedy".[82] He also made immediate calls for gun control.[83] The Fraternal Order of Police, the largest police union in the U.S., called for the shooting to be investigated as a hate crime[2][84][85] and criticized President Obama's response, saying that he needed to speak for everyone and not give one speech for police officers and another speech for African Americans.[84]

Leaders associated with the Black Lives Matter movement condemned the shooting.[86] The National Rifle Association expressed "deep anguish" and offered its "deepest condolences".[87]

Donald Trump, the presumptive Republican presidential nominee, said, "We must restore law and order. We must restore the confidence of our people to be safe and secure in their homes and on the street. The senseless, tragic deaths of two motorists in Louisiana and Minnesota reminds us how much more needs to be done."[88] He added that the shooting was "an attack on our country," and that "every American has the right to live in safety and peace".[89] Hillary Clinton, the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee, said, "I mourn for the officers shot while doing their sacred duty to protect peaceful protesters, for their families and all who serve with them."[88] She said, in regards to strained relations with police in the African-American community, white Americans "have to start listening to the legitimate cries that are coming from our African-American fellow citizens".[89]

After the shootings at Dallas, Louisiana, and Minnesota, the Bahamian government issued a travel advisory telling citizens to use caution when traveling to the U.S. due to racial tensions. They specifically advised that young men use "extreme caution" when interacting with police and to be non-confrontational and cooperative.[90][91]

See also

References

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  84. ^ a b Goodwin, Liz (July 8, 2016). "Police union criticizes Obama shooting response, calls for hate crime investigation". Yahoo! News. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  85. ^ "FOP: Justice Needs to Investigate Dallas Shootings as a Hate Crime" (PDF). Fraternal Order of Police. July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  86. ^ "Dallas shooting suspect Micah Johnson 'acted alone'". BBC News. July 9, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  87. ^ Blau, Reuven (July 8, 2016). "NRA sends condolences to Dallas victims' families, snubs Castile and Sterling's relatives". The New York Daily News. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  88. ^ a b McCarthy, Tom (July 8, 2016). "'All of these tragedies'". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  89. ^ a b Chozick, Amy (July 8, 2016). "Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump Strike Different Tones After Dallas Shooting". The New York Times. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  90. ^ Davis, Aaron C. (July 9, 2016). "The Bahamas' new U.S. travel advisory: Use 'extreme caution' around police". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  91. ^ "Bahamas Issues Travel Advisory to the US Following Shootings". ABC News. Associated Press. July 9, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
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