Juliana of the Netherlands

"Princess Juliana" redirects here. For the airport, see Princess Juliana International Airport.

Juliana
Juliana in 1981
Queen of the Netherlands
Reign	4 September 1948 – 30 April 1980
Inauguration	6 September 1948
Predecessor	Wilhelmina
Successor	Beatrix
Prime Ministers	See list
Born	(1909-04-30)30 April 1909 Noordeinde Palace, The Hague, Netherlands
Died	20 March 2004(2004-03-20) (aged 94) Soestdijk Palace, Baarn, Netherlands
Burial	30 March 2004 Nieuwe Kerk, Delft, Netherlands
Spouse	Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld ​ ​ (m. 1937)​
Issue	Beatrix of the Netherlands Princess Irene Princess Margriet Princess Christina
Names Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina
House	Orange-Nassau (official) Mecklenburg (agnatic)
Father	Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Mother	Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
Religion	Dutch Reformed Church

Juliana (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌjyliˈjaːnaː]; Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina; 30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1948 until her abdication in 1980.

Juliana was the only child of Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Henry. From birth she was heir presumptive to the Dutch throne. She was educated privately. In 1937, she married Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld with whom she had four children: Beatrix, Irene, Margriet, and Christina.

She reigned for nearly 32 years. Her reign saw the decolonization of Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and Suriname and their independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Upon her death at the age of 94, she was the longest-lived former reigning monarch in the world.

Early life and education

29-year-old Queen Wilhelmina with the long-awaited heir presumptive, Princess Juliana

Juliana was born in 30 April 1909 at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague, the only daughter of the reigning Dutch monarch, Queen Wilhelmina. Her father was Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She was the first Dutch royal baby since Wilhelmina herself was born in 1880. Wilhelmina had suffered two miscarriages and one stillbirth, raising the prospect of a succession crisis. The Queen's nearest relative was Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz, whose close ties to Germany made him unpopular in the Netherlands. Juliana's birth thus assured the royal family's survival. Her mother suffered two further miscarriages after her birth, leaving Juliana as the royal couple's only child. According to several sources Juliana was happy to be an only child because that meant she did not have to fight for attention.

Juliana spent her childhood at Het Loo Palace in Apeldoorn, and at Noordeinde Palace and Huis ten Bosch Palace in The Hague. A small school class was formed at Noordeinde Palace on the advice of the educator Jan Ligthart so that, from the age of six, the Princess could receive her primary education with children of her own age. These children were Baroness Elise Bentinck, Baroness Elisabeth van Hardenbroek and Jonkvrouwe Miek (Mary) de Jonge.

Princess Juliana in an Axel costume in 1922

As the Dutch constitution specified that Princess Juliana should be ready to succeed to the throne by the age of eighteen, her education proceeded at a faster pace than that of most children. After five years of primary education, the Princess received her secondary education (to pre-university level) from private tutors.

On 30 April 1927, Princess Juliana celebrated her eighteenth birthday. Under the constitution, she had officially come of age and was entitled to assume the royal prerogative, if necessary. Two days later her mother installed her in the "Raad van State" ("Council of State").

In the same year, the Princess enrolled as a student at the University of Leiden. In her first years at university, she attended lectures in sociology, jurisprudence, economics, history of religion, parliamentary history, and constitutional law. In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, international affairs, international law, history, and European law. She graduated from the university in 1930 with a bachelor's degree in international law.

Marriage

Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard celebrate their engagement announcement in Amsterdam

In the 1930s, Queen Wilhelmina began a search for a suitable husband for her daughter. At the time, the House of Orange-Nassau was one of the most strictly religious royal families in the world, and it was very difficult to find a Protestant prince who suited their standards. Princes from the United Kingdom and Sweden were "vetted" but either declined or were rejected by the princess.

At the 1936 Winter Olympics in Bavaria, she met Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, a young German aristocrat. His rank and religion were suitable; so Princess Juliana's royal engagement was arranged by her mother. Princess Juliana fell deeply in love with her fiancé, a love that was to last a lifetime and that withstood separation during the war and Bernhard's extramarital affairs and illegitimate children. The astute Queen Wilhelmina, by then the richest woman in the world, left nothing to chance. Wilhelmina had her lawyers draw up a prenuptial agreement that specified exactly what the German-born prince could and could not do, and what money he would receive from the royal estate. The couple's engagement was announced on 8 September 1936.

Princess Juliana signing the marriage register

The wedding announcement divided a country that mistrusted Germany under Adolf Hitler. Prior to the wedding, on 24 November 1936, Prince Bernhard was granted Dutch citizenship and changed the spelling of his names from German to Dutch. They married in The Hague on 7 January 1937, the date on which Princess Juliana's grandparents, King William III and Queen Emma, had married fifty-eight years earlier. The civil ceremony was held in The Hague Town Hall and the marriage was blessed in the Great Church (St. Jacobskerk), likewise in The Hague. A wedding gift was the royal yacht, Piet Hein. The young couple moved into Soestdijk Palace in Baarn.

Their first child, Princess Beatrix, was born on 31 January 1938, and their second, Princess Irene, on 5 August 1939.

Canadian exile

Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard giving an interview for Radio Oranje in 1941

On 12 May 1940, during the invasion of the Netherlands by Germany in the Second World War, Prince Bernhard and Princess Juliana were evacuated to the United Kingdom to be followed the following day by Queen Wilhelmina and the Dutch Government, who set up a government in exile. The princess remained there for a month before taking the children to Ottawa, the capital of Canada, where she resided at Stornoway in the suburb of Rockcliffe Park. Her mother and husband remained in Britain with the Dutch government-in-exile.

Princess Juliana with her husband and daughters in Ottawa in 1943

When her third child, Princess Margriet, was born on 19 January 1943, the Governor General of Canada Lord Athlone granted Royal Assent to a special law declaring Princess Juliana's rooms at the Ottawa Civic Hospital as extraterritorial in order that the infant would have exclusively Dutch, not dual nationality. Had these arrangements not been made, Princess Margriet would not be in the line of succession. The Canadian government flew the Dutch tricolour flag on parliament's Peace Tower while its carillon rang out with Dutch music at the news of Princess Margriet's birth. Prince Bernhard, who had remained in London with Queen Wilhelmina and members of the exiled Dutch government, was able to visit his family in Canada and be there for Margriet's birth. Princess Juliana's genuine warmth and the gestures of her Canadian hosts created a lasting bond, which was reinforced when Canadian soldiers fought and died by the thousands in 1944 and 1945 to liberate the Netherlands from the Nazis. She returned with Queen Wilhelmina by a military transport plane to the liberated part of the Netherlands on 2 May 1945, rushing to Breda to set up a temporary Dutch government. Once home, she expressed her gratitude to Canada by sending the city of Ottawa 100,000 tulip bulbs. Princess Juliana of the Netherlands erected a wooden lectern and brass plaque which is dedicated in thanks to the St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (Ottawa) for their hospitality during Princess Juliana's residence in Ottawa during the Second World War.

Princess Juliana meets RAF pilot Kees van Eendenburg at Deanland in 1944

On 24 June 1945, she sailed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth from Gourock, Scotland, to the United States, listing her last permanent residence as London, England. The following year (1946), Juliana donated another 20,500 bulbs, with the request that a portion of these be planted at the grounds of the Ottawa Civic Hospital where she had given birth to Margriet. At the same time, she promised Ottawa an annual gift of tulips during her lifetime to show her lasting appreciation for Canada's war-time hospitality. Each year Ottawa hosts the Canadian Tulip Festival in celebration of this gift.

On 2 May 1945, Princess Juliana was returned with her mother to Dutch soil. Initially they lived in temporary quarters at Anneville just south of Breda. Juliana took part in the post-war relief operation for the people in the northern part of the country who had suffered through starvation during the Hunger Winter of 1944–1945, which had taken the lives of many of her countrymen. She was very active as the president of the Dutch Red Cross and worked closely with the National Reconstruction organization. Her down-to-earth manner endeared her to her people so much that a majority of the Dutch people would soon want Queen Wilhelmina to abdicate in favour of her daughter. In the spring of 1946 Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard visited the countries that had helped the Netherlands during the occupation.

Her four daughters, Beatrix, Christina, Irene and Margriet, in 1948

During her pregnancy with her last child, Marijke Christina, Princess Juliana contracted rubella. The girl was born in 1947 with cataracts in both eyes and was soon diagnosed as almost totally blind in one eye and severely limited in the other. Despite her blindness, Christina, as she was called, was a happy and gifted child with a talent for languages and an ear for music. Over time, and with advances in medical technology, her eyesight did improve such that with thick glasses, she could attend school and even ride a bicycle. However, before that happened, her mother, the Princess, clinging to any thread that offered some hope for a cure, came under the strong influence of Greet Hofmans, a faith healer with heterodox beliefs, who was considered by "her many detractors" to be a sham.

Reign

Regency and early reign

Celebration of Queen Juliana's inauguration, 1948

Wilhelmina's increasingly precarious health made it increasingly difficult for her to perform her duties. Juliana was forced to take over as regent from 14 October to 1 December 1947. Wilhelmina seriously considered abdicating in favour of Juliana at the end of 1947, but Juliana urged her mother to stay on the throne so she could celebrate her diamond jubilee in 1950. However, Wilhelmina was forced to relinquish her royal duties to Juliana once again on 4 May 1948.

The independence of Indonesia, which saw more than 150,000 Dutch troops stationed there as decolonization force, was regarded as an economic disaster for the Netherlands. With the certain loss of the prized colony, the queen announced her intention to abdicate, doing so on 4 September 1948. Two days later, with the eyes of the world upon her, Juliana was sworn-in and inaugurated as monarch during a joint session of the States General at a ceremony held in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam, becoming the 12th member of the House of Orange to rule the Netherlands.

Queen Juliana signing Indonesian sovereignty papers, 1949

On 27 December 1949 at Dam Palace in Amsterdam, Queen Juliana signed the papers that recognised Indonesian sovereignty over the former Dutch colony. She became Hoofd der Unie (Head of the Union) of the Netherlands-Indonesian Union (1949-1956). On 15 December 1954, the Queen announced that the nation's Caribbean possessions of the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname were to be reconstituted as constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, making them equal partners with the mainland.

Her daughter's blindness and the increasing influence of Hofmans, who had moved into a royal palace, severely affected the queen's marital relationship. Over the next few years, the controversy surrounding the faith healer, at first kept out of the Dutch media, erupted into a national debate over the competency of the queen. However, the debate subsided in part due to Juliana's efforts to connect with her people. She often appeared in public dressed like any ordinary Dutch woman, and preferred to be addressed as "Mevrouw" (Dutch for "Mrs.") rather than her formal title of "majesty". She also began riding a bicycle for exercise and fresh air.

Although the bicycle and the down-to-earth manners suggest a simple life style, the Dutch royal court of the 1950s and 1960s was still a splendid affair with chamberlains in magnificent uniforms, gilded state coaches, visits to towns in open carriages and lavish entertaining in the huge palaces. At the same time the queen began visiting the citizens of the nearby towns and, unannounced, would drop in on social institutions and schools. Her refreshingly straightforward manner and talk made her a powerful public speaker. On the international stage, Queen Juliana was particularly interested in the problems of developing countries, the refugee problem, and had a very special interest in child welfare, particularly in the developing countries.

Crises and recovery

On the night of 31 January 1953, the Netherlands was hit by the most destructive storm in more than five hundred years. Thirty breaches of dunes and dikes occurred and many towns were swept away by twelve-foot storm surges. More than two thousand people drowned and tens of thousands were trapped by the floodwaters. Dressed in boots and an old coat, Queen Juliana waded through water and slopped through deep mud all over the devastated areas to bring desperate people food and clothing. Showing compassion and concern, reassuring the people, her tireless efforts would permanently endear her to the citizens of the Netherlands.

Queen Juliana with Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek at Soestdijk Palace, 1956

In 1956, the influence of Hofmans on Juliana's political views almost brought down the monarchy in a constitutional crisis; this caused the court and the royal family to split into a "Bernhard faction", set on removing a queen considered a religious fanatic and a threat to NATO, and the queen's pious and pacifist courtiers. Prime Minister Willem Drees resolved the crisis. However, Juliana lost out to her powerful husband and his friends. Hofmans was banished from the court and Juliana's supporters were sacked or pensioned. Prince Bernhard planned to divorce his wife but decided against it when he, as he told an American journalist, "found out that the woman still loved him".

Queen Juliana inspecting the troops, 1959

Queen Juliana faced another crisis among her Protestant citizens in 1963, when her second daughter Irene secretly converted to Roman Catholicism and, without government approval, on 29 April 1964 married Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon, Duke of Parma, a claimant to the Spanish throne and also a leader in Spain's Carlist party. Given the history of the Dutch struggle for independence from Roman Catholic Spain, and with fascist German oppression still fresh in the minds of the Dutch people, the events leading to the marriage were played out in all the newspapers and a storm of hostility erupted against the monarchy for allowing it to happen—a matter so serious that the queen's abdication became a real possibility. She survived, however, thanks to the underlying devotion she had earned over the years.

Another crisis developed as a result of the announcement in July 1965 of the engagement of Princess Beatrix, heir to the throne, to German diplomat Claus von Amsberg. The future husband of the future queen had been a member of the Nazi Wehrmacht and the Hitler Youth movement. Many angry Dutch citizens demonstrated in the streets, and held rallies and marches against the "traitorous" affair. While this time there were no calls for the queen's abdication—because the true object of the people's wrath, Princess Beatrix, would then be queen—they did start to question the value of having a monarchy at all. After attempting to have the marriage cancelled, Queen Juliana acquiesced and the marriage took place under a continued storm of protest; an almost certain attitude pervaded the country that Princess Beatrix might be the last member of the House of Orange to ever reign in the Netherlands. Despite all these difficulties, Queen Juliana's personal popularity suffered only temporarily.

Queen Juliana and Princess Beatrix serving cocoa and buns to their staff on Christmas 1960

The queen was noted for her courtesy and kindness. In May 1959, for example, Polish-American ufologist George Adamski received a letter from the head of the Dutch Unidentified Flying Objects Society, Rey d'Aquilla, informing him that she had been contacted by Queen Juliana's palace and "that the Queen would like to receive you". Adamski informed a London newspaper about the invitation, which prompted the court and cabinet to request that the queen cancel her meeting with Adamski, but the queen went ahead with the meeting, saying that "A hostess cannot slam the door in the face of her guests." After the meeting, Dutch Aeronautical Association president Cornelis Kolff said: "The Queen showed an extraordinary interest in the whole subject." The Dutch press put it more straightforwardly. According to Time magazine, Amsterdam newspaper de Volkskrant said: "The Dutch press could hardly be accused of concealing the facts last week. Once again, Queen Juliana's weakness for the preternatural had landed her back in the headlines: she had invited to the palace a crackpot from California who numbered among his friends men from Mars, Venus and other solar-system suburbs."

An event in April 1967, helped by an improving Dutch economy, brought an overnight revitalization of the royal family; the first male heir to the Dutch throne in 116 years, Willem-Alexander, was born to Princess Beatrix. This time, the demonstrations in the street were of love and enthusiasm.

Later reign

In the spring of 1975, a group of South Moluccans were caught conspiring to steal a heavy truck and ram the gates of Soestdijk Palace to kidnap the queen. Ten members of the group were apprehended by the police in a vehicle full of firearms; ten people were arrested. The group's alleged aim was to force the Dutch government to recognize the Republik Maluku Selatan (RMS) as an independent state and try to make the Indonesian government do the same. Seventeen South-Moluccan youngsters were tried and convicted and sentenced to up to 6 years imprisonment. This was one of a series of actions for this cause during the 1970s, including the 1975 Dutch train hostage crisis, the 1975 Indonesian consulate hostage crisis, the 1977 Dutch train hostage crisis, the 1977 Dutch school hostage crisis, and the 1978 Dutch province hall hostage crisis.

On 25 November 1975, Suriname seceded from the Dutch Kingdom and became independent. Representing the Queen at the independence ceremony in the Surinamese capital, Paramaribo, were the heir presumptive Princess Beatrix, and her husband Prince Claus.

Scandal rocked the royal family again in 1976, when it was revealed that Prince Bernhard had accepted a US$1.1 million bribe from U.S. aircraft manufacturer Lockheed Corporation to influence the Dutch government's purchase of fighter aircraft in what became known as the Lockheed Scandal.

Prime Minister Joop den Uyl ordered an inquiry into the affair, while Prince Bernhard refused to answer reporters' questions, stating: "I am above such things." Rather than calling on the queen to abdicate, the Dutch people were this time fearful that their beloved Juliana might abdicate out of shame or because of a criminal prosecution conducted in her name against her consort.

On 26 August 1976, a censored and toned-down yet devastating report on Prince Bernhard's activities was released to a shocked Dutch public. The prince resigned his various high-profile positions as a lieutenant admiral, a general, and an Inspector General of the Armed Forces. He resigned from his positions on the boards of many businesses, charities, the World Wildlife Fund, and other institutions. The prince also accepted that he would have to give up wearing his beloved uniforms. In return, the States-General accepted that there was to be no criminal prosecution.

Queen Juliana on the day of her abdication, 1980

On her Silver Jubilee in 1973, Queen Juliana donated all of the money that had been raised by the National Silver Jubilee Committee to organizations for children in need throughout the world. She donated the gift from the nation which she received on her seventieth birthday to the "International Year of the Child". As a reigning European monarch, she was given supernumerary membership of the Order of the Garter as the 922nd inductee, with the rank of Stranger Lady, in 1958.

On 30 April 1980, her 71st birthday, Queen Juliana abdicated and her eldest daughter succeeded her. Juliana remained active in numerous charitable causes until well into her eighties.

Illness and death

Video of her funeral procession, 2004

From the mid-1990s, Juliana's health declined and she also suffered the progressive onset of dementia. Juliana did not appear in public after this time. At the order of the Royal Family's doctors, Juliana was placed under 24-hour care. Prince Bernhard said in a television interview in 2001 that the former Queen was no longer able to recognise her family and that she had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease for several years.

Juliana died in her sleep on 20 March 2004 at the age of 94, at Soestdijk Palace in Baarn from complications of pneumonia, seventy years to the day after her grandmother, Queen Emma. She was embalmed, unlike her mother Wilhelmina, who chose not to be, and on 30 March 2004 interred beside her mother in the royal vaults under the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft. The memorial service made her ecumenical and often highly personal views on matters of religion public. The late Princess, a vicar said in her sermon, was interested in all religions and in reincarnation. Juliana's husband Prince Bernhard died about nine months later aged 93, on 1 December 2004; his remains were placed next to hers.

In 2009, an exhibition of portraits of Juliana, and objects from her life, was held at the Het Loo Palace to mark the centenary of her birth.

Titles, styles, honours, awards and arms

Titles

• 30 April 1909 – 7 January 1937: Her Royal Highness Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg
• 7 January 1937 – 6 September 1948: Her Royal Highness Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
• 6 September 1948 – 30 April 1980: Her Majesty The Queen of the Netherlands
• 30 April 1980 – 20 March 2004: Her Royal Highness Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld

Juliana's full title and style as an unmarried woman was: Her Royal Highness Princess Juliana Louisa Emma Marie Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, etc.

Her mother issued a decree allowing her to adopt her husband's princely title as customary, providing that it is preceded by the title she held as a member of the House of Mecklenburg. The decree became effective upon her marriage, and changed her full title and style to: Her Royal Highness Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, etc.

After her accession to the throne, Juliana's official title was: "Her Majesty, Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, etc, etc, etc". Upon her abdication, she resumed her pre-regnal marital title and style.

Honours

National honours

• Netherlands: Grand Master of the Military William Order
• Netherlands: Grand Master and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
• Netherlands: Grand Master of the Order of Orange-Nassau
• Netherlands: Co-Grand Master of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
• Netherlands: Grand Master and Dame of Honour of the Order of the House of Orange
• Netherlands: Recipient of the Red Cross Medal
• Netherlands: Recipient of the Honor Guard Commemorative Badge Medal
• Netherlands: Recipient of the Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Henry Silver Anniversary Badge Medal
• Netherlands: Recipient of the Queen Beatrix Inauguration Medal

Foreign honours

• Argentina: Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín
• Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
• Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
• Belgium: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
• Brazil: Grand Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross
• Cameroon: Grand Cordon of the Order of Valour
• Colombia: Grand Collar of the Order of Boyaca
• Colombia: Grand Cross of the Order of San Carlos
• Chile: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit
• Republic of China: Grand Cordon of the Order of Propitious Clouds
• Czech Republic: Collar of the Order of the White Lion
• Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
• Dominican Republic: Grand Cross with Gold Breast Star of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sanchez and Mella
• Ecuador: Grand Collar of the National Order of San Lorenzo
• Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
• France: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour
• Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
• Honduras: Grand Cross of the Order of Santa Rosa and of Civilisation
• Honduras: Grand Cross of the Order of Francisco Morazán
• Indonesia: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia
• Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
  • Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Dame Grand Cross of Justice of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
• Ivory Coast: Collar of the National Order of the Ivory Coast
• Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
• Liberia: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pioneers of Liberia
• Liberia: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Africa
• Luxembourg: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
• Mexico: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
• Nepal: The Mahendra Chain
• Nepal: Member of the Order of Honour
• Nicaragua: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Rubén Darío
• Norway: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav
• Panama: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero
• Paraguay: Grand Cross with Collar of the National Order of Merit
• Peru: Grand Cross with Diamonds of the Order of the Sun
• Poland: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle
• Senegal: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion
• Spain: Dame Collar of the Order of Charles III
• Suriname: Grand Cordon of the Honorary Order of the Yellow Star
• Sweden: Member of the Order of the Seraphim
• Tanzania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Uhuru Torch
• Thailand: Dame of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn
• Thailand: Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri
• Tunisia: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Independence
• United Kingdom: Stranger Lady of the Order of the Garter (6th Lady since 1901)
• United Kingdom: Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain
• United Kingdom: Honorary Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
• United Kingdom: Recipient of the King George VI Coronation Medal
• United States: Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit
• United States: Recipient of the World War II Victory Medal
• Venezuela: Collar of the Order of the Liberator
• Yugoslavia: Great Star of the Order of the Yugoslav Star

Dynastic honours

• Ethiopian Imperial Family: Dame of the Order of Solomon
• German Imperial and Royal Family: Dame of the Royal Order of Louise
• Grand Ducal Family of Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the House Order of the Wendish Crown
• Greek Royal Family: Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Redeemer
• Greek Royal Family: Grand Cross of the Order of George I
• Iranian Imperial Family: Member 1st Class of the Order of Pahlavi

Awards

• United Nations: Nansen Refugee Award
• United States: Recipient of the Freedom Medal

Coat of Arms

Coat of arms of Juliana of the Netherlands

Notes As Queen of the Netherlands (1948–1980), Juliana used the Greater Coat of Arms of the Realm, (or "Grote Rijkswapen"). Escutcheon Quarterly, 1 and 3, Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or (royal arms of the Netherlands, i.e. that of her mother, Queen Wilhelmina), 2 and 4, Or, a horn azure, langued gules (arms of the former Principality of Orange), on an inescutcheon argent, a Bull's head sable (for her father's House of Mecklenburg). Banner As Princess, Juliana used a square and swallow tailed flag, with the Royal standard colours and their maternal arms (the horn of Orange) in the upper hoist and their paternal arms (the Bull head of Mecklenburg) in the lower hoist. The arms of the Netherlands (which originates from Nassau) without the insignia of the Order of Willem within an orange circle. Previous versions Juliana as monarch bore the Greater Coat of Arms of the Realm, (or "Grote Rijkswapen"). The components of the coats of arms were regulated by Queen Wilhelmina in a royal decree of 10 July 1907 and were affirmed by Juliana in a royal decree of 23 April 1980: Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or.

Issue

Name	Birth	Marriage
		Date	Spouse	Issue
Beatrix of the Netherlands	31 January 1938	10 March 1966 (widowed in 2002)	Claus von Amsberg	Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands Prince Friso Prince Constantijn
Princess Irene of the Netherlands	5 August 1939	29 April 1964 (divorced in 1981)	Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma	Carlos, Duke of Parma Princess Margarita Prince Jaime Princess Carolina
Princess Margriet of the Netherlands	19 January 1943	10 January 1967	Pieter van Vollenhoven	Prince Maurits Prince Bernhard Prince Pieter-Christiaan Prince Floris
Princess Marijke Christina of the Netherlands	18 February 1947	28 June 1975 (divorced in 1996)	Jorge Pérez y Guillermo	Bernardo Guillermo Nicolás Guillermo Juliana Guillermo

Ancestry

Ancestors of Juliana of the Netherlands

16. Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 8. Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 17. Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia 4. Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 18. Frederick William III of Prussia 9. Princess Alexandrine of Prussia 19. Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 2. Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 20. Prince Carl of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 10. Prince Adolph of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 21. Landgravine Ulrike of Hesse-Homburg 5. Princess Marie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 22. Otto Victor, Prince of Schönburg-Waldenburg 11. Princess Mathilde of Schonburg-Waldenburg 23. Princess Thekla of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 1. Juliana of the Netherlands 24. William I of the Netherlands 12. William II of the Netherlands 25. Princess Wilhelmine of Prussia 6. William III of the Netherlands 26. Paul I of Russia 13. Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia 27. Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg 3. Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 28. George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont 14. George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont 29. Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym 7. Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont 30. William, Duke of Nassau 15. Princess Helena of Nassau 31. Princess Pauline of Württemberg

Legacy

• Shortly after her birth, the inhabitants of a small village near Den Helder asked permission from Queen Wilhelmina to name their village after the young princess. They received permission and they named their village Julianadorp.
• Princess Juliana Park in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada is named after her.
• Princess Juliana International Airport in St. Maarten is named after her.
• Queen Juliana Bridge in Willemstad, Curaçao is named after her.
• She is commemorated in space, in the name of the asteroid 816 Juliana.

External links

• Queen Juliana (1909-2004) at the Dutch Royal House website
• Netherlands Coronation (1948), newsreel on the British Pathé YouTube Channel
• Newspaper clippings about Juliana of the Netherlands in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW