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* The first performance of the ceremony, designed "[showcase] Japan’s forte in digital art and [[projection mapping]] technology,"<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Steen|first=Emma|date=2021-07-24|title=In photos: 8 best moments from the Tokyo Olympics opening ceremony|work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|url=https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/in-photos-8-best-moments-from-the-tokyo-olympics-opening-ceremony-072321|access-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724162738/https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/in-photos-8-best-moments-from-the-tokyo-olympics-opening-ceremony-072321|archive-date=2021-07-24|issn=0049-3910}}</ref> featured a digital graphics projection on the stadium floor, at the center of which nurse and boxer [[Arisa Tsubata]], who won a national championship only two years after taking the sport,<ref name=":1" /> however was unable to participate as an athlete after a qualifiying match was cancelled,<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Chaney|first=Jen|date=2021-07-23|title=Welcome to the 'What Are We Doing Here?' Olympics|work=[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]]|url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/07/tokyo-olympics-2021-opening-ceremony-recap-and-review.html|access-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723192636/https://www.vulture.com/2021/07/tokyo-olympics-2021-opening-ceremony-recap-and-review.html|archive-date=2021-07-23}}</ref> jogged on a treadmill,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lane|first=Barnaby|date=2021-07-23|title=The Japanese boxer who opened the Tokyo Olympics was denied a chance to actually compete in the games because her qualifier was cancelled|work=[[Insider Inc.]]|url=https://www.insider.com/tokyo-olympics-boxer-who-starred-in-opening-ceremony-qualifier-cancelled-2021-7|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref> then was joined by performers on an exercise cycle, rowing maching, running in place, while performers abstract danced and colored ball of light were projected,<ref name=":4" /> "symbolising the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports|athletes’ plight in training during the pandemic]] for this event."<ref name=":3" />
* The first performance of the ceremony, designed "[showcase] Japan’s forte in digital art and [[projection mapping]] technology,"<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Steen|first=Emma|date=2021-07-24|title=In photos: 8 best moments from the Tokyo Olympics opening ceremony|work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|url=https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/in-photos-8-best-moments-from-the-tokyo-olympics-opening-ceremony-072321|access-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724162738/https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/in-photos-8-best-moments-from-the-tokyo-olympics-opening-ceremony-072321|archive-date=2021-07-24|issn=0049-3910}}</ref> featured a digital graphics projection on the stadium floor, at the center of which nurse and boxer [[Arisa Tsubata]], who won a national championship only two years after taking the sport,<ref name=":1" /> however was unable to participate as an athlete after a qualifiying match was cancelled,<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Chaney|first=Jen|date=2021-07-23|title=Welcome to the 'What Are We Doing Here?' Olympics|work=[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]]|url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/07/tokyo-olympics-2021-opening-ceremony-recap-and-review.html|access-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723192636/https://www.vulture.com/2021/07/tokyo-olympics-2021-opening-ceremony-recap-and-review.html|archive-date=2021-07-23}}</ref> jogged on a treadmill,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lane|first=Barnaby|date=2021-07-23|title=The Japanese boxer who opened the Tokyo Olympics was denied a chance to actually compete in the games because her qualifier was cancelled|work=[[Insider Inc.]]|url=https://www.insider.com/tokyo-olympics-boxer-who-starred-in-opening-ceremony-qualifier-cancelled-2021-7|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref> then was joined by performers on an exercise cycle, rowing maching, running in place, while performers abstract danced and colored ball of light were projected,<ref name=":4" /> "symbolising the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports|athletes’ plight in training during the pandemic]] for this event."<ref name=":3" />
* The following act featured [[Misia]], who wore a dress designed "to honour the [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] community and symbolise the fight for LGBTQ+ equality" made by openly gay costume designer Tomo Koizumi,<ref name=":0" /> singing the [[Kimigayo|National Anthem of Japan]].<ref name=":3" />
* The following act featured [[Misia]], who wore a dress designed "to honour the [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] community and symbolise the fight for LGBTQ+ equality" made by openly gay costume designer Tomo Koizumi,<ref name=":0" /> singing the [[Kimigayo|National Anthem of Japan]].<ref name=":3" />
* After the Japense National Anthem was sung,<ref name=":2" /> a moment's silence was made for those who had died from COVID and the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]],<ref name=":3" /> but also included a moment of silence for the victims of the [[Munich massacre|Munich 1972 massacre]].<ref name="Guardian_11moments2">{{cite news|last1=Belam|first1=Martin|date=23 July 2021|title=Eleven outstanding moments from the Olympic opening ceremony {{!}} Martin Belam|language=en|work=the Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jul/23/eleven-outstanding-moments-from-the-olympic-opening-ceremony|access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref>
* After the Japanese National Anthem was sung,<ref name=":2" /> a moment's silence was made for those who had died from COVID and the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]],<ref name=":3" /> but also included a moment of silence for the victims of the [[Munich massacre|Munich 1972 massacre]].<ref name="Guardian_11moments2">{{cite news|last1=Belam|first1=Martin|date=23 July 2021|title=Eleven outstanding moments from the Olympic opening ceremony {{!}} Martin Belam|language=en|work=the Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jul/23/eleven-outstanding-moments-from-the-olympic-opening-ceremony|access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref>
* The unveiling of the [[Olympic symbols#Rings|Olympic Rings]], which were made from trees planted from seeds during the 1964 Olympics, followed. It starred tap-dancing performers wearing [[hanten]] coats, which were traditionally worn by [[Edo society#Artisans|Edo-era craftspeople and carpenters]] evoked [[Japanese festivals|Japanese summertime festivals]], at which this style of clothing is common,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> as they built a mock [[Olympic Village]].<ref name=":2" />
* The unveiling of the [[Olympic symbols#Rings|Olympic Rings]], which were made from trees planted from seeds during the 1964 Olympics, followed. It starred tap-dancing performers wearing [[hanten]] coats, which were traditionally worn by [[Edo society#Artisans|Edo-era craftspeople and carpenters]] evoked [[Japanese festivals|Japanese summertime festivals]], at which this style of clothing is common,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> as they built a mock [[Olympic Village]].<ref name=":2" />
* 1,824 drones made a 3D rendition of the Tokyo Olympic Games logo over the stadium and then the silhoutte of Earth with its continents.<ref name=":3" />
* 1,824 drones made a 3D rendition of the Tokyo Olympic Games logo over the stadium and then the silhoutte of Earth with its continents.<ref name=":3" />

Revision as of 04:48, 25 July 2021

2020 Summer Olympics
opening ceremony
Date23 July 2021 (2021-07-23)
Time20:00 – 00:00 JST (UTC+9)
LocationTokyo, Japan
Theme"Moving Forward: United by Emotion"[1][2]
Filmed byOBS on behalf of the Japan Consortium
Olympic rings
Part of a series on
2020 Summer Olympics

The delayed 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony took place on 23 July 2021 at Olympic Stadium, Tokyo,[3][4] and was formally opened by Emperor Naruhito.[5] As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal and ceremonial opening of this international sporting event, including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes, with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. The vast majority of the artistic spectacle was pre-recorded, with live segments performed with a small VIP audience and performers adhering to social distancing. The ceremony marked the 125th anniversary of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens—the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games.[6][7] The theme of the Olympic Ceremonies is Moving Forward, referencing the global COVID-19 pandemic, with the opening ceremony theme being the Tokyo 2020 slogan United by Emotion, which the organisers intend to "reaffirm the role of sport and the value of the Olympic Games."[1][2]

Preparations

The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (TOCOG) gave the first report of preparations in December 2017, with the release of the "Basic Policy" document for the Olympic and Paralympic ceremonies.[8] The document was based upon feedback from experts and opinions of the Japanese public and includes the foundational elements for the positioning and overall concept of the four ceremonies. The Olympic opening ceremony is to introduce the themes and concepts of the four ceremonies, including peace, coexistence, reconstruction, the future, Japan and Tokyo, the athletes and involvement.[9]

The opening and closing ceremonies have had three different directors as its Chief Creative Director. Between July 2018 and December 2020, Mansai Nomura, an actor in traditional Japanese theater, was the Chief Creative Director.[10][11] Normura stepped down from the role as the original ceremony team disbanded.[12] He became an advisor.[13] Between December 2020 and March 2021, Hiroshi Sasaki was Chief Creative Director,[13] until Sasaki resigned after making a derogatory comment about Japanese comedian and fashion icon Naomi Watanabe.[14][15] The reports came a month after Yoshirō Mori, president of the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee, resigned over derogatory comments made about female members of the Committee. Since March 2021 until 22 July 2021, Kentarō Kobayashi was made Chief Creative Director, with Takayuki Hioki, managing director of Sports Branding Japan,[16] promoted to Deputy Chief Ceremonies Officer and Executive Producer.[1]

Marco Balich of Balich Worldwide Shows, is the Senior Adviser to the Executive Producer. Balich was involved as producer of the ceremonies of the 2006 Winter Olympics, 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2016 Summer Olympics, and has done other international ceremonies such as the 2019 Summer Universiade and the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima. In July 2019, he mentioned that his involvement will be in partnership with the Japanese advertising company Dentsu.[17] Dentsu's creative director for these ceremonies, Kaoru Sugano, resigned in January 2020 over harassment claims.[18]

Previous Olympic opening ceremonies in Japan, such as the 1998 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, mixed ancient Japanese cultural elements with themes of international peace.[19] Reports from Inside the Games and Kyodo News in January 2020 suggests that there will be a bigger focus on Japanese technology and its popular culture in this ceremony.[20] At the closing ceremony at Rio 2016, then Prime Minister of Japan, Shinzo Abe dressed up as Mario in the handover segment.

On 14 July 2021, the Organizing Committee announced the creative team for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics and Paralympics, and appointed Keigo Oyamada of Cornelius as one of the composers.[21][22] The appointment prompted criticism on social media due to Oyamada's past bullying of people with apparent disabilities, such as Down syndrome.[23][24] Omayada admitted the disability abuse in interviews that resurfaced after his appointment.[25] On 16 July, a week before the opening ceremony, the Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, which was questioned for insight and good sense, announced their support for him to continue as a composer.[26][27] Toshirō Mutō, the chief executive of the Organizing Committee, said he wanted Oyamada to remain involved.[25] However, on 19 July, Oyamada formally apologized, resigned and withdrew his music from the ceremony.[28]

On 22 July, the day before the ceremony, Kentarō Kobayashi, the Chief Creative Director of the ceremonies after Sasaki resigned, was fired by the organizing committee for making jokes about the Holocaust in a comedy routine in 1998, and the committee asked for a review of the ceremony content before it was performed.[29] On the eve of the opening ceremony, Yoshihide Suga, Prime Minister of Japan and the Supreme Advisor of the Organizing Committee,[30] described Kobayashi's Holocaust jokes as "outrageous and unacceptable", but also said that the opening ceremony, prepared and directed by Kobayashi, should proceed as planned.[31]

COVID-19 impact

In February 2020, after announcements concerning scaling back the Tokyo marathon due to the effects of COVID-19, health officials began to question whether the Olympic opening ceremony would also be impacted.[32] On 24 March 2020, the IOC and the Tokyo Organizing Committee officially announced on the ongoing pandemic in Japan, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics would be delayed to 2021, and held no later than Summer 2021 (marking the first time that an entire Olympics have ever been postponed).[33] On 30 March 2020, it was announced that the ceremony will take place on 23 July 2021.[34]

In a preview press release, "Moving Forward" will be consistent theme for both 2020 Opening and Closing Ceremonies as a reference to recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. "We have designed the ceremonies around the concept that the Games can bring fresh hope and encouragement to people around the world through the active appearance of athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Games and via the power of sport", organisers declared.[2] This was expected, as just after the postponement in March 2020, Balich went on record that the crisis will be mentioned at some point during the ceremony due to its significance at the games.[35]

In December 2020, when Sasaki was named the new Chief Creative Director for the ceremonies, he pointed out that the previous plans were scrapped as it was considered too extravagant, which suggested that it would be simplified and scaled back as per audience expectations.[13]

During organizing talks in late 2020, concerns were raised over who could attend the Opening Ceremony. In July 2021, the organizers agreed that the ceremony would be performed with no live audience, except for competing athletes if they choose to attend, a maximum of six officials for each country's delegation and invited VIP guests.[36][6] Much of the artistic and cultural sections of the ceremony will adhere to social distancing guidelines and the majority of segments will be pre-recorded.[7] Before the announcement of barring spectators were made, ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony were expected to range between ¥12,000 and ¥300,000.[37][38]

Venue

Olympic Stadium

The new National Stadium, called Olympic Stadium during the Games, was to serve as the main stadium for the opening ceremony. Demolition of old National Stadium was completed in May 2015. Construction of the new stadium began at the site on 11 December 2016. The stadium was handed over to the IOC on 30 November 2019 for preparations. If the pandemic did not happen, capacity of the stadium during the Olympic Games would have been 60,102, including account press and executive seating areas.[39]

Ceremony

The opening declaration of the 2020 Olympic Games, limited to a prescribed statement of around 17 words, laid down in the Olympic Charter, was made by Emperor Naruhito. Kyodo News quoted a source as confirming that the Emperor would be attending. He was the third Japanese Emperor to open an Olympics, following his grandfather Emperor Hirohito (1964 Summer and 1972 Winter Olympics) and his father Emperor Akihito (1998 Winter Olympics). He is also the honorary patron of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Paralympics.[40]

"Moving Forward" was the consistent theme for both 2020 Opening and Closing Ceremonies, as announced by Tokyo 2020: the ceremonies were linked by the concept of "Moving Forward", a reference to recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. "We have designed the ceremonies around the concept that the Games can bring fresh hope and encouragement to people around the world through the active appearance of athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Games and via the power of sport", organisers declared.[41]

"United by Emotion" was the theme song of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony, rendered to the melody of "Imagine",[42] as it is the official motto of the 2020 Games.[43][44]

The Opening and Closing Ceremonies was produced by Takayuki Hioki, having been advised by Marco Balich, who notably executively created the opening of Turin's Winter Olympics in 2006. "In the Opening Ceremony, we will aspire to reaffirm the role of sport and the value of the Olympic Games, to express our gratitude and admiration for the efforts we all made together over the past year, and also to bring a sense of hope for the future", said Tokyo 2020. "We hope it will be an experience that conveys how we all have the ability to celebrate differences, to empathise, and to live side by side with compassion for one another." Although the creative director of the ceremony, Kentarō Kobayashi, was fired on the day before the ceremony due to the past jokes of The Holocaust, the organising committee decided to hold the ceremony, which has been prepared and directed by him, as planned.[45]

The Olympic cauldron was lit by Japanese tennis player Naomi Osaka.[46] The cauldron is the work of Canadian-born Japanese designer Oki Sato who attended Waseda University, the same as Yoshinori Sakai, the 1964 cauldron-lighter.[47][48] The steps to reach the cauldron, symbolising Mount Fuji, were "designed to evoke the image of a blooming flower."[49]

A scoreboard in the stadium warned the attendees to "clap. Do not sing or chant,"[50] while outside the venue, protesters' gathered expressing their support to have the Games delayed one more year,[50] as hosting them during a state of emergency was considered unpopular. The protestors' chant, "Go to hell, IOC," could reportedly be heard inside the stadium.[51]

The ceremony would have featured music by Keigo Oyamada (Cornelius), but due to a bullying scandal, he withdrew days before the ceremony.[52] Another scandal involving musicians was the dropping of the Sengalese-born Japanese percussionist, Latyr Sym, allegedly due to the organizers' reticence in having an "African" in the ceremony. He had been hired in May and had the rehearsal schedule sent to him in April, however, upon enquiring about signing his contract in May, he was informed that his inclusion in the program had been rejected due to his ethnicity. Nonetheless, the segment that he was planned to partake in, was included in the Ceremony as planned.[53][54]

Proceedings

The event, which was set to last three and a half hours, started at 20:00 JST,[55] featured many sequences of the ceremony which were pre-recorded.[7]

Parade of Nations

Main article: 2020 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations

Athletes entered the stadium in an order dictated by the Olympic tradition. As the originator of the Olympics, the Greek team entered first. Other teams entered in order of the Gojūon system based on the names of countries in the Japanese language, the first time this will happen as previous Olympics held in Japan have used the English language.[69] Following tradition, the delegation from the host nation Japan entered last.

The Refugee Olympic Team, composed of refugees from several countries, was the second nation to enter, after Greece. For the first time ever in the opening ceremony, the countries that will host the next two Olympic Games, France (in 2024) and the United States (in 2028), marched immediately before the host nation Japan entered,[61] instead of entering one-hundred-fifty-fourth (between Brazil and Bulgaria) and seventh (between Afghanistan and American Samoa),[failed verification] respectively, according to the Japanese alphabet order.[70]

The names of the teams were announced in French, followed by English and Japanese, the official languages of the Olympic movement and the host nation, in accordance with traditional and International Olympic Committee (IOC) guidelines.

The signboards displaying each countries' names were written in katakana on a background inspired on manga,[49] while the signholder's costumes had manga tones."[50]

The athletes themselves attended in low numbers compared to previous Olympics, as out of Team USA's 613 and Australia's 472, only about 200 and 63 attended, respectively.[71]

In their entrances, several teams, including Argentina[72] and Ghana,[50] broke into song, while the Twitter account for the Games pointed out an Eritrean athlete who lied on the ground.[73] Japan inverted the colors they had used in the 1964 Olympics,[74] while France paraded in three rows, representing the tricolor flag.[75] Two flagbearers, Tongan Pita Taufatofua and Vanautu's Riilio Rii, paraded shirtless and oiled.[71]

For the first time, each team had the option to allow two flag bearers, one male and one female, in an effort to promote gender equality.[76] The Parade of Nations finished with the projection of the ‘Faster, Higher, Stronger, Together’ Olympic slogan in the middle of the stadium floor, between the atheletes, which were organized into quadrants after they marched in.[61]

Before the athletes paraded in, a sign inside the stadium pointed out that the athletes should keep social distance between themselves and how far was the entrance as well as the restroom.[50]

In addition, 19 tracks from popular Japanese video game series were also used during the duration of the two hour-long segment, these being:[77][49][78]

Flame

See also: 2020 Summer Olympics torch relay

In December 2018, organizers stated that although the Olympic cauldron will be officially lit and extinguished at the stadium, the flame will be transferred to a separate, public cauldron (following the lead of 2010 and 2016) on the Tokyo riverfront while the Games are in progress, and transferred back to New National Stadium for the closing ceremony. Organizers cited unspecified "physical difficulties" in keeping the flame at the New National Stadium due to fire safety issues.[79] The cauldron was designed by Canadian-Japanese designer Oki Sato, who attended Waseda University, the very same university as Yoshinori Sakai, the cauldron-lighter in 1964.[1] Due to the state of emergency, the cauldron was off-limits to guests and situated outside the Olympic Stadium and was lit by Japanese badminton player Ayaka Takahashi.[80]

Dignitaries in attendance

Nations

International organization

Anthems

Ceremony key team

Source:[2]

  • Takayuki Hioki, Executive Producer
  • Marco Balich, Senior Adviser to the Executive Producer
  • Piera Shepperd, Senior Adviser to the Executive Producer
  • Mansai Nomura, Adviser[13]
  • Kentarō Kobayashi [a][67]
  • Shintaro Hirahara, Director of Choreography[67]
  • Tomoyuki Tanaka, Musical Director [67]
  • Yohei Taneda, Scenographer [67]
  • Nami Tomizawa, Set Designer[99]
  • Akihiro Hamabe
  • Takuji Higuchi, Executive Writer [67]
  • Noboru Tomizawa
  • Koichiro Tsujikawa, Film Director[67]
  • Yuichi Kodama, Film Director[67]
  • Junji Kojima, Film Director[67]
  • Tugihisa Tanaka
  • Iguchi
  • Akihiro Fukube
  • Seigen Tokuzawa, Composer[67]
  • Marihiko Hara, Composer[67]
  • Masayuki Kagei, Composer [67]
  • Hiroshi Nakamura, Assistant Musical Director [67]
  • Gamarjobat's HIRO-PON, Guest appearance[67]
  • Keiji Wakabayashi
  • Takayuki Suzuki
  • Kei Shibata
  • Toshihiko Sakura
  1. ^ fired by TOCOG, due to insensitive joke about the Holocaust and bullying allegations

Reception

The ceremony was largely panned as being solemn and muted in comparison to previous Olympic ceremonies due to the subject matter and lack of audience (to the point that Ian Dunt compared it to attending a funeral),[100] although others felt that some of the segments following the parade of nations (including a segment featuring dancers re-creating the poses of the Games' pictograms) were more enjoyable.[101][102]

Television coverage

Online broadcasting

Several Japanese websites transmittted the event online. Gorin.jp, as Japan’s official online broadcaster for the Tokyo Olympics, and NHK, Japan's public broadcaster, broadcasted the event for free online in the country.[103]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Barker, Philip (15 July 2021). ""Moving Forward" to be theme of all Tokyo 2020 Opening and Closing Ceremonies". Inside the Games. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Tokyo 2020 unveils concepts behind Games' Opening and Closing Ceremonies". Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  3. ^ "Olympic Competition Schedule". 19 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  4. ^ Panja, Tariq; Rich, Motoko (30 March 2020). "Summer Olympics in Tokyo to Start on July 23, 2021". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  5. ^ a b Kyotos News, Staff News (14 July 2021). "Japan's emperor to declare opening of Tokyo Olympics". Kyodo News. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  6. ^ a b "The Tokyo Olympics will be played without an audience". Market Research Telecast. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Savage, Nic (17 July 2021). "Mystery surrounds performers for Olympic Games Opening Ceremony". News.com.Au. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  8. ^ "Opening & Closing Ceremonies at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics". Tokyo 2020.
  9. ^ Prahl, Amanda (13 February 2020). "A Date Has Been Set For the Opening Ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics". POPSUGAR Fitness Australia. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  10. ^ "Mansai Nomura to get creative with Tokyo 2020 Ceremonies". Olympic Channel. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  11. ^ "Kyogen actor Mansai Nomura to oversee Tokyo 2020 ceremonies". The Japan Times. Reuters. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  12. ^ "Tokyo Games' Mansai Nomura-Led Ceremony Team to Be Disbanded". nippon.com. Jiji Press. 23 December 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d Wade, Stephen (23 December 2020). "Tokyo Olympics name Hiroshi Sasaki director for ceremonies". AP NEWS. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  14. ^ "Tokyo Olympics creative director resigns over derogatory remark about female entertainer". Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  15. ^ "Tokyo 2020 ceremonies director resigns after derogatory suggestion about female comedian". The Japan Times Online. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  16. ^ Ikezawa, Hiroshi (30 June 2020). "Expert calls on Japanese sports industry to innovate after pandemic". The Japan Times. The Japan Times. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  17. ^ "Tokyo 2020: Balich curerà cerimonie – Sport". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 10 June 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  18. ^ "Dentsu's creative director for Tokyo Olympic ceremonies steps down after being disciplined overpower harassment". The Japan Times Online. 8 January 2020. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  19. ^ Tomlinson, Alan (1 January 2005). "Picturing the winter Olympics: The Opening ceremonies of Nagano (Japan) 1998 and Salt Lake City (USA) 2002" (PDF). Tourism, Culture & Communication. 5 (2): 83–92. doi:10.3727/109830405774791465. S2CID 59142832. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  20. ^ "Mario and flying cars tipped to appear at Tokyo 2020 Opening Ceremony". www.insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  21. ^ "Tokyo 2020 unveils concepts behind Games' Opening and Closing Ceremonies". The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  22. ^ "東京2020大会開閉会式4式典共通コンセプトならびに東京2020オリンピック開閉会式コンセプトを発表" (in Japanese). The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  23. ^ Chie Yamashita (16 July 2021). "Tokyo Olympics opening ceremony music leader under fire for past bullying". Mainichi. Mainichi Newspapers Co., Ltd. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  24. ^ dimsim3478 (16 July 2021). "Cornelius Olympics Controversy". Sputnikmusic.com. Retrieved 17 July 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ a b Bloom, Ben (17 July 2021). "Japanese composer who abused disabled classmates and forced them to perform sex acts remains involved in opening ceremony". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  26. ^ Hidemasa Yoshizawa; Yusuke Saito (17 July 2021). "Olympic composer apologizes for historic actions". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  27. ^ "小山田氏の起用、変更なし 組織委「不適切な発言」〔五輪〕" (in Japanese). Jiji Press. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  28. ^ Barker, Philip (19 July 2021). "Tokyo 2020 composer quits over bullying disabled children while at school". Inside the Games. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  29. ^ Morgan, Liam (22 July 2021). "Tokyo 2020 fires Opening Ceremony show director for "anti-Semitic" jokes". Inside The Games. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  30. ^ "Advisory Meeting Members". The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games glish. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  31. ^ Corky Siemaszko (22 July 2021). "Olympics opening ceremony director sacked for Holocaust joke". BBC.com. BBC glish. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  32. ^ "Tokyo Marathon restricted to elite athletes over Coronavirus outbreak". The New York Times. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  33. ^ "JOINT STATEMENT FROM THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE AND THE TOKYO 2020 ORGANISING COMMITTEE". International Olympic Committee. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  34. ^ Pavitt, Michael (20 March 2020). "Rescheduled Tokyo 2020 Olympics to open on July 23 in 2021". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  35. ^ Houston, Michael (31 March 2020). "Tokyo 2020 Olympic Opening Ceremony must now reference coronavirus, producer says". Archived from the original on 18 August 2020.
  36. ^ "Delegation of maximum six allowed to participate in opening ceremony of Tokyo Olympics". The Statesman. IANS. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  37. ^ "Tokyo 2020 Olympics opening ceremony ticket price ceiling set at ¥288,000". The Japan Times. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  38. ^ "Japanese rush to buy Tokyo Olympic tickets on first day". USA TODAY. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  39. ^ "技術提案等審査委員会". www.jpnsport.go.jp.
  40. ^ NEWS, KYODO. "Japan's emperor to declare opening of Tokyo Olympics". Kyodo News+.
  41. ^ "Tokyo 2020 unveils concepts behind Games' Opening and Closing Ceremonies". Tokyo 2020.
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