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==Allegations of judging bias==
==Allegations of judging bias==
The [[Korean Sport & Olympic Committee]] filed an official appeal with the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] to highlight the unfairness of judging in [[short track speed skating]], that saw two Korean skaters disqualified in favour of two Chinese skaters progressing to the next round in the men's 1000 metres event. An appeal was also made by the Hungarian team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1118970/south-korea-cas-refereeing-short-track|title=South Korea to appeal to CAS over short track refereeing at Beijing 2022|last=Houston|first=Michael|date=8 February 2022|website=www.insidethegames.biz|publisher=Dunsar Media Ltd.|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> Former Olympic gold medalist [[Steven Bradbury]] said, "Nothing could be more favorable for the Chinese team with the judges than what’s happened tonight here in Beijing".<ref>{{cite news|last=Enerio|first=Dane|date=7 February 2022|title=Beijing Olympics 2022: Chinese Judges Accused Of Bias, Disqualifying Other Countries|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/beijing-olympics-2022-chinese-judges-accused-bias-disqualifying-other-countries-3392103|work=[[International Business Times]]|location=New York City, New York, US|access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref>
The [[Korean Sport & Olympic Committee]] filed an official appeal with the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] to highlight the unfairness of judging in [[short track speed skating]], that saw two Korean skaters disqualified in favour of two Chinese skaters progressing to the next round in the men's 1000 metres event. An appeal was also made by the Hungarian team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1118970/south-korea-cas-refereeing-short-track|title=South Korea to appeal to CAS over short track refereeing at Beijing 2022|last=Houston|first=Michael|date=8 February 2022|website=www.insidethegames.biz|publisher=Dunsar Media Ltd.|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> Former Olympic gold medalist [[Steven Bradbury]] said, "Nothing could be more favorable for the Chinese team with the judges than what’s happened tonight here in Beijing".<ref>{{cite news|last=Enerio|first=Dane|date=7 February 2022|title=Beijing Olympics 2022: Chinese Judges Accused Of Bias, Disqualifying Other Countries|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/beijing-olympics-2022-chinese-judges-accused-bias-disqualifying-other-countries-3392103|work=[[International Business Times]]|location=New York City, New York, US|access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref> The International Skating Union (ISU) responded to the protests and said that according to the rules, decisions that were in regards to any disqualification for rule violations, cannot be challenged, and added that their "chief referee reviewed the incident once more with the video referee and stands by his final decisions."<ref>{{Cite web|last=유지호|date=2022-02-08|title=(Olympics) Int'l skating body rejects S. Korean protest in short track race|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220208001400315|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Yonhap News Agency|language=en}}</ref>


==Judging Error Controversy==
==Judging Error Controversy==

Revision as of 14:47, 8 February 2022

Olympic rings
Part of a series on
2022 Winter Olympics

Starting on 4 February 2022, the 2022 Winter Olympics, is being hosted by in China in their capital city of Beijing, and it has been the subject of various concerns and controversies about their cost, environmental impact, censorship, espionage, COVID-19, sportswashing, and human rights issues.

There has been diplomatic boycotts of the Olympics led by the Biden administration of the United States, citing the human rights situation in China, and the Uyghur genocide in particular.[1] China has also faced diplomatic boycott for allegedly politicising the Olympics.[2]

Criticism of host selection

American sportscaster Bob Costas criticized the IOC's decision to award the games to China saying "The IOC deserves all of the disdain and disgust that comes their way for going back to China yet again" referencing China's human rights record.[3]

Organizing concerns and controversies

Cost and climate

Several cities withdrew their applications during the bidding process, citing the high costs or the lack of local support to host the 2022 games, leaving Almaty in Kazakhstan and Beijing as the only candidate cities by 1 October 2014.[4]

The decision to bid for the Olympics was controversial in China (and outside), because Beijing itself, and especially some of the proposed outdoor venues, would not have reliable snowfall in winter for snow sports. Concerns have been raised that snow may need to be transported to the venues at great cost and with uncertain environmental consequences.[5][6]

Promotional song

Some commentators alleged that one of the early promotional songs for the 2022 Winter Olympics, "The Snow and Ice Dance", sung by Sun Nan and Tan Jing, had suspicious similarities with "Let It Go", one of the songs from the 2013 Disney film, Frozen. A Chinese media outlet cited technical analysis of the two songs: both songs employ a piano as the major instrument, have similar prelude chords and an eight-beat introduction, and they run at almost exactly the same tempo.[7][8]

Diplomatic boycotts

The following countries have confirmed a diplomatic boycott of the games:

Countries that have announced a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics

Background

Protests against Chinese Winter Olympics held in New Delhi
Further information: 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests and Uyghur genocide

After China had won the bid to host the 2022 Olympics, many Tibetan protesters had criticized the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for allowing China to host the games again due to its policies against Tibetans.[18] In the aftermath of the 2019 leak of the Xinjiang papers, the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, China's hostage diplomacy and the Uyghur genocide, calls were made for a boycott of the 2022 Games.[19][20][21][22] In November 2021 the disappearance of former Olympian Peng Shuai after she made allegations of sexual assault against Zhang Gaoli, former Vice Premier of China and a high ranking Chinese Communist Party (CCP) member, has put pressure on the International Olympic Committee.[23]

Some human rights organizations have called for a diplomatic boycott that would mean countries not sending their heads of state or high-ranking officials to the Olympics but still sending athletes.[24] In a 30 July 2020 letter, the World Uyghur Congress urged the IOC to reconsider holding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing because of the Uyghur genocide.[25][26] The World Uyghur Congress does not support a full boycott; instead, they want athletes to use the games as a chance to raise awareness about the Uyghur genocide, similar to the way that athletes have raised the profile of the Black Lives Matter movement.[27] The IOC met with activists in late 2020 about their request to move the Olympics.[28] In March 2021, the IOC president Thomas Bach opposed a boycott, which would also damage the IOC image and finances, and said that the IOC must stay out of politics.[28] On 14 October 2021, the executive vice-president of the IOC, John Coates, said that the IOC would not challenge the Chinese government over the issue of the Uyghurs, stating that it was "not within the IOC's remit".[29]

On 23 June 2021 (Olympic Day), multiple Tibetan, Uyghur, Hongkonger, Chinese, Taiwanese and Southern Mongolian representatives staged protests in 50 cities worldwide, calling for a mass boycott.[30]

On 7 September 2021, human rights groups called on Olympics broadcasters, including NBC, to cancel the broadcasting plans for 2022 Olympics due to China's human rights issue.[31]

In January 2022, it was reported that the United States is considering legislation to strip the IOC of its federal tax-exempt status in response to the IOC's "refusal to challenge China on human rights abuses". [32]

More than 200 human rights organizations have voiced support for a boycott of the games. Groups protesting the games have called them the "Genocide Games."[33]

 United States diplomatic boycott

Further information: China–United States relations

In October 2018, Senator Marco Rubio, on behalf of the U.S. Congressional-Executive Commission on China, asked that China be deprived of the hosting rights for the 2022 Olympics due to the "dire human rights situation" there.[34] In September 2020, United States Senator Rick Scott spoke with the IOC Vice President about reconsidering the IOC's decision to host the 2022 Winter Olympics in China.[35] On 25 February 2021, U.S. Representative John Katko stated that China is "a country that's engaged in genocide" and called upon the United States to boycott participation in the 2022 Winter Olympics.[36] In March 2021, Senator Mitt Romney called for an "economic and diplomatic boycott" of the 2022 Winter Olympics, in which U.S. athletes would still participate, but no American spectators or dignitaries would attend.[37] In May 2021, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi called for a diplomatic boycott and said heads of state should not "honor China" by attending the Olympic Games.[38] In July 2021, the Congressional-Executive Commission on China called on the IOC to relocate or postpone the games.[39]

In April 2021, it was reported that the Biden administration was "not discussing any joint boycott with allies and partners."[40]

In a survey taken in August 2021, 49 percent of Americans believe that China's human rights record should prevent it from hosting the winter Olympics in 2022 and 33 percent are not sure.[41]

On 18 November 2021, President Joe Biden said the U.S. is "considering" a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.[42] Some, like US senator Tom Cotton, called for a full boycott of the games, which would bar U.S. athletes from competing and bar U.S. companies from sponsoring the games.[43] Due to a change in the last version of the Olympic Charter, a full boycott by the United States, like the one at the 1980 Summer Olympics, could result in the most severe punishment, which is the suspension by the National Olympic Committee for 2 years of the Olympic Games, a similar situation to what happened with North Korea in the 2020 games.[44]

On 6 December 2021, White House Press Secretary, Jen Psaki, announced that the Biden administration would initiate a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2022 Winter Paralympics. The diplomatic boycott would bar all US government officials from attending the games in an official capacity. The White House cited China's mistreatment of the Uyghur people as the reason for the boycott. The White House said it stopped short of a full boycott, because "it would not be fair to punish athletes who have trained for years".[1]

On 27 December 2021, the Chinese foreign ministry said it has received visa applications for 18 US officials to attend the games.[45] The US said that the visa applications were consistent with its diplomatic boycott as the applicants would only be providing "consular and diplomatic security services" to its athletes.[46]

 Australia diplomatic boycott

Further information: Australia–China relations

China's alleged use of coercive diplomacy against Australia has led to increased calls within Australia to boycott the 2022 Winter Olympics. In November 2020, Australian Senators Jacqui Lambie and Rex Patrick officially proposed a boycott, but their proposal was voted down.[47] Australia has decided that no Australian based politician or officials will be attending the games, and Canberra has also refused to sign the Olympic Truce for the 2022 Winter Olympics.[48]

On 7 December 2021, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated that Australia would join with the United States in the diplomatic boycott of the 2022 games. He stated that it was "human rights abuses," referencing the ongoing genocide of Uyghur Muslims in China's Xinjiang region, as well as "many other issues that Australia has consistently raised". He went on to state that it was "no surprise" that Canberra would do this following consistent deterioration of relations between Canberra and Beijing. Morrison also stated that the decision was "in Australia's national interest," and that it is the "right thing to do."[9]

 India diplomatic boycott

Further information: China–India relations and 2020–2022 China–India skirmishes

After it was revealed that People's Liberation Army regimental commander Qi Fabao, who led the Chinese troops during skirmishes against Indian troops during the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, would be one of the torchbearers during the opening ceremony of the games, Indian Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Arindam Bagchi stated: "It is indeed regrettable that the Chinese side has chosen to politicize an event like the Olympics". Bagchi also stated that the chargé d'affaires of the Embassy of India in Beijing will not attend the opening or closing ceremony of the Winter Olympics.[49][50][51] The CEO of Prasar Bharati, India's public broadcaster, announced that they will not air the 2022 Winter Olympics opening and closing ceremony.[52]

Qi Fabao had been captured in June 2020 by Indian forces when he tried to mount an attack on Indian forces in the Galwan Valley, according to an investigative report by the Australian newspaper The Klaxon. According to the report, 38 Chinese troops drowned in the early stages of the 15–16 June face-off between Indian and Chinese forces while attempting to cross the Galwan River at Line of Actual Control in the dark. The Chinese government accepted four casualties.[49]

Calls for boycotts by other countries

In a non-binding motion in February 2021, the Canadian House of Commons called for the IOC to move the Olympics to a new location.[53] In a nationwide survey conducted in March 2021, 54% of Canadians said the country should boycott the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, while 24% believed it should not and 21% were not sure.[54]

In July 2021, the European Parliament and the Parliament of the United Kingdom voted in favor of a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics.[55][56]

On 19 November 2021, 17 members of the Lithuanian national parliament Seimas released an official letter encouraging Lithuania to withdraw from the 2022 Olympics due human rights violations in China.[57] Daina Gudzinevičiūtė, president of National Olympic Committee of Lithuania, released a statement that Olympic games should be politically neutral and confirmed that committee has no plans to boycott the games.[58][59] Lithuania's president, Gitanas Nauseda, released a statement confirming the Lithuanian diplomatic boycott on 3 December 2021. This was due to concerns of human rights abuses in China.

On 8 December 2021, the United Kingdom and Canada joined the United States and Australia, whom both announced diplomatic boycotts of the 2022 Winter Olympics.[9][60][61]

In December 2021, the government of Latvia announced that it will be not send diplomats to the games.[62]

In January 2022, the governments of Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands separately announced that they will not send diplomats to the games.[63][13]

Relationship to other non-attending countries

The following countries have confirmed they will not send official representatives to the Winter Olympics but not as part of the diplomatic boycott campaign.

Chinese Government response

In February 2021, the Chinese Communist Party-owned tabloid Global Times warned that China could "seriously sanction any country that follows a boycott."[68][69] In March 2021, Chinese spokesperson Guo Weimin stated that any attempt to boycott the Olympics would be doomed to fail.[70] Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi also told the EU's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell that they should attend the games to "enhance exchanges on winter sport," and to "foster new highlights" in bilateral cooperation.[71]

On 29 November 2021, Chinese media reported that China reportedly does not plan to invite Western politicians who threaten a diplomatic boycott to the Beijing Winter Olympics.[72]

IOC response

The IOC has stated that it remains neutral in all global political issues and that the award of hosting the games does not mean that the IOC agrees with the political structure, social circumstances, or human rights standards in the country they are held in. "We've repeatedly said it: the IOC isn't responsible for the government. It only gives the rights and opportunity for the staging of the Olympic Games. That doesn't mean we agree with all the politics, all the social or human rights issues in the country. And it doesn't mean we approve of all the human rights violations of a person or people," the committee's response to AFP read. This position has generated criticism, with Jules Boykoff accusing the IOC of hypocrisy by saying that it ignores its charter that promotes equality and anti-discrimination when it is convenient to do so and that the IOC has shown an "unfortunate propensity for turning away from human rights atrocities to make sure that the games go on."[71]

On 8 September 2021, after the IOC suspended the North Korean NOC for not being present at the 2020 Summer Olympics, there was speculation about whether the IOC was also intending to send a message to nations considering a boycott of the games that they could be banned from participation in future Olympic Games if they chose to boycott this edition.[73][74] On 14 October 2021, the executive vice-president of the IOC, Australian John Coates, said that the IOC would not challenge the Chinese government over the issue of the Uyghurs, stating that it was "not within the IOC's remit".[29]

However, during the opening ceremony, IOC president, Thomas Bach had called for the end of various types of discrimination during his speech indirectly referring to the human rights abuses in China.[75]

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

See also: COVID-19, COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 pandemic in China, List of athletes not attending the 2022 Winter Olympics due to COVID-19 concerns, and COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in changes in qualifying for curling and women's ice hockey due to the cancellation of tournaments in 2020. The World Curling Federation proposed that qualification for curling be based on placement in the 2021 world championships and a dedicated qualification tournament to complete the field (in place of points earned across the 2020 and 2021 world championships). The IIHF based its qualification for the women's tournament upon existing IIHF World Rankings, without holding the 2020 Women's World Championship.[76][77] The Asian Winter Games was also not held before this Olympics, potentially affecting the qualifications for some athletes.[citation needed]

On 23 December 2021, the National Hockey League (NHL) announced it will not be sending players to the Games, citing health and safety concerns, and a need to use the timeframe of the Olympics to make up the large number of games postponed since December 2021 due to Omicron variant.[78][79][80]

Environmental and health issues

During the bidding process, critics questioned the Beijing bid, citing that the proposed outdoor venue sites do not have reliable snowfall in winter for snow sports. Concerns have been raised that snow may need to be transported to the venues at great cost and with uncertain environmental consequences.[81][82]

The 2021 global energy crisis has intensified pressures on China ahead of the Winter Olympics.[83][84] Al-Jazeera reported that "China’s energy crisis is partially of its own making as President Xi Jinping tries to ensure blue skies at the Winter Olympics in Beijing next February and show the international community he’s serious about de-carbonizing the economy."[85]

Impact on Songshan National Nature Reserve

The environmental impact of hosting the Games near Beijing has been questioned. Some of the proposed venues will be adjacent to the Songshan National Nature Reserve and part of the same mountain system, and the environmental impact on the nature reserve of construction, and artificially covering parts of the mountain with snow, is uncertain.[86][87][88] The Government of China has responded to these concerns by expanding the nature reserve by 31% of its original size.[89]

Censorship

File:Badiucao's Boycott of the Beijing 2022 Olympics.jpg
Thor Halvorssen at the Oslo Freedom Forum, before he presented the Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent to satirical cartoonist Badiucao
Further information: Censorship in China and Internet censorship in China

Domestic Chinese criticism and debate on the potential environmental impacts caused by the Games are censored by the Chinese government on the press and internet.[90][91][88] In recent years, censorship has been significantly stepped up. The government has banned, for example, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and, since 2019, Wikipedia.[92]

The Citizen Lab report on the My2022 app (see below) discovered a "censorship keywords" list built into the app, and a feature that allows people to flag other "politically sensitive" expressions. The list of words included the names of Chinese leaders and government agencies, as well as references to the 1989 killing of pro-democracy protesters in Tiananmen Square, and the religious group Falun Gong.[93]

Espionage directed at athletes

Further information: Mass surveillance in China

China's espionage of athletes serves its political interests as well as addresses safety and COVID concerns. The smartphone app associated with the games, My2022, has been a particular subject of espionage concern.[94]

All attendees to the Games, including athletes, audience members, and media, are required to use the My2022 app purportedly for daily Covid monitoring. The cybersecurity group Citizen Lab, a research institute at the University of Toronto's Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, warned that the My2022 app fails to provide encryption on many of its files, and has security weaknesses that leave users exposed to data breaches. The Citizen Lab disclosed the concerns about the app on 3 December 2021, giving the organizing 15 days to respond and 45 days to fix the issues. A new iOS version of MY2022 was released on 6 January 2022, which failed to fix these problems, while adding a new "Green Health Code", feature that collects more medical data and also lacks SSL certificate validation making it vulnerable to attacks.[95]

Numerous Olympic committees, including the British Olympic Association, the Australian Olympic Committee, Canadian Olympic Committee, NOC*NSF, and United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, have recommended that attendees use burner phones, virtual private networks (VPNs), and create email accounts for their time in China, while leaving personal smartphones and laptops at home.[93][96][97]

Cyber security firm Internet 2.0 has also warned of potential security risks during the Olympics, when it examined the technology sponsors of the Games and their products that show "the sophisticated and broad surveillance culture that exists in China". Internet 2.0 noted that "China's national data security laws are not designed with the Western values of privacy and liberty and do not offer the same level of protection" as the laws allow the government to request access to the user data captured by these products.[93]

Sportswashing

Critics say that the 2022 Winter Olympics is being used by the Chinese government for the purpose of sportswashing, a practice by which a country uses sporting events to distract from human rights abuses or other issues.[98]

In January 2022 Amnesty International warned the international community against participating in China's sportswashing efforts. According to Amnesty "China is hoping for sportswashing gold and it's vital that every effort is made to counteract that." Amnesty also criticized the IOC directly.[99]

Team Russia

Further information: Doping in Russia

On 9 December 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from all international sport for a period of four years, after the Russian government was found to have tampered with lab data that it provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency being reinstated. As a result of the ban, WADA will allow individually cleared Russian athletes to take part in the 2022 Winter Olympics under a neutral banner, as instigated at the 2018 Winter Olympics. The title of the neutral banner has yet to be determined; WADA Compliance Review Committee head Jonathan Taylor stated that the IOC would not be able to use "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) as it did in 2018, emphasizing that neutral athletes cannot be portrayed as representing a specific country.[100][101][102]

Russia later filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against the WADA decision.[103] The Court of Arbitration for Sport, on review of Russia's appeal of its case from WADA, ruled on 17 December 2020, to reduce the penalty that WADA had placed. Instead of banning Russia from sporting events, the ruling allowed Russia to participate at the Olympics and other international events, but for a period of two years, the team cannot use the Russian name, flag, or anthem and must present themselves as "Neutral Athlete" or "Neutral Team". The ruling does allow for team uniforms to display "Russia" on the uniform as well as the use of the Russian flag colors within the uniform's design, although the name should be up to equal predominance as the "Neutral Athlete/Team" designation.[104]

The IOC announced on 19 February 2021 that Russia would compete in both the 2020 Summer Olympics (which was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic) and 2022 Winter Olympics under the acronym "ROC", after the name of the Russian Olympic Committee. However, the name of the committee itself in full could not be used to refer to the delegation. The ROC team would be represented by the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee.[105] On 22 April 2021, the IOC approved a fragment of Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 to be used in place of the Russian national anthem.[106]

Athlete safety

Members of the American congress from both major parties have expressed concerns about athlete safety.[107] Retired Olympic cross-country skier Noah Hoffman has also expressed concerns about athlete safety citing China's human rights record and a lack of concern shown by the IOC.[108]

Athlete's freedom of speech

In January 2022 the Beijing Organizing Committee warned that "Any behavior or speech that is against the Olympic spirit, especially against Chinese laws and regulations, are also subject to certain punishment."[109]

Competitors have been warned by Human Rights Watch that speaking out is not tolerated in China and as a result if they speak out about human rights or other issues in China they face significant legal penalties. For their protection the American team has been shielded from question related to human rights.[110]

Uyghur and Tibetan activists have encouraged athletes, sponsors, and other international participants in the games to use the platform to speak out on human rights.[111]

Protests

Demonstration in front of the Chinese embassy, Prague (4.2.2022). Artificial snow, real genocide

In November 2021 activists held a 57-hour vigil outside the White House in Washington D.C.[112]

In January 2022 a protest against China's hosting of the games was held in Washington, D.C. outside the Chinese embassy. Attendees included civil rights activist Chen Guangcheng and New Jersey politician Chris Smith. Smith described the 2022 Olympics as the "Genocide Games."[113]

To protest the games and China's human rights record the artist Badiucao created an NFT collection entitled "Beijing 2022 Olympic" which featured works mixing Olympic imagery with human rights messaging.[114]

A number of athletes have stated that they would boycott the Olympics opening ceremony.[115]

On 4 February, a large protest against the games was held in Istanbul. Protesters included members of Turkey's Uyghur diaspora community.[116] Hundreds of people in several countries protested against China’s repression of its Uyghur minority and Tibetans.[117]

Olympic torch relay

In October 2021 activists staged a protest at the Olympic torch lighting ceremony in Greece.[112]

The choice to have Qi Fabao, a People's Liberation Army commander famous for his participation in the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes, be a torchbearer has been controversial in India.[118]

Amid human rights scrutiny, China chose a Uyghur athlete to help deliver the Olympic flame. For the final torch lighting, the Olympic flame was placed inside a giant snowflake in the “Bird’s Nest” National Stadium by two athletes, Uyghur cross-country skier Dinigeer Yilamujiang from Xinjiang and Nordic combined competitor Zhao Jiawen.[119]

Hanbok row

During the opening ceremony and the parade representing 56 ethnic groups of China, one of the Chinese performers was wearing Hanbok. The display of Hanbok itself has drawn criticism and anger among South Korean public, accusing China of claiming the country's traditional clothes.[120] Lee So-young MP of Democratic Party of Korea said he regretted seeing the use of Hanbok during the ceremony. Presidential candidate Lee Jae-myung referred to it as cultural appropriation. The opposition People Power Party also voiced its condemnation calling the move as "rude act" and urge Moon Jae-in government to act tough on China.[121] Hwang Hee, the South Korean Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism, attended the ceremony while also dressed in a hanbok.[122]

Propaganda and information operations

Further information: Propaganda in China and Chinese information operations and information warfare

The Chinese government's internet troll networks were mobilized before the Games to support government messaging. This has included campaigns of intimidation against human rights activists abroad. The Spamouflage network transitioned to primarily push Olympic messaging in December 2021.[123]

In the run up to the Olympics, the Chinese government deployed dozens of fake Twitter accounts to push the Government's position in the Peng Shuai scandal and the IOC's involvement.[124]

Sjoerd den Daas incident

Main article: 2022 Winter Olympics dragging Incident

On 4 February 2022, a Chinese security guard dragged Dutch journalist Sjoerd den Daas away from his camera during a live broadcast.[125][126] This forced den Daas to interrupt his broadcast. He was not harmed and was able to resume his broadcast elsewhere a few minutes later. It was not immediately clear why Chinese officials decided to forcibly move den Daas in the middle of his broadcast.[127]

The IOC described the guard as "overzealous". Yan Jiarong, spokeswoman for the Beijing Olympics, said "we welcome all the international media" and will protect their legal rights. According to his employer, the Dutch broadcaster NOS, the situation "is increasingly becoming a daily reality for journalists in China".[128]

Allegations of judging bias

The Korean Sport & Olympic Committee filed an official appeal with the Court of Arbitration for Sport to highlight the unfairness of judging in short track speed skating, that saw two Korean skaters disqualified in favour of two Chinese skaters progressing to the next round in the men's 1000 metres event. An appeal was also made by the Hungarian team.[129] Former Olympic gold medalist Steven Bradbury said, "Nothing could be more favorable for the Chinese team with the judges than what’s happened tonight here in Beijing".[130] The International Skating Union (ISU) responded to the protests and said that according to the rules, decisions that were in regards to any disqualification for rule violations, cannot be challenged, and added that their "chief referee reviewed the incident once more with the video referee and stands by his final decisions."[131]

Judging Error Controversy

In the men's snowboard slopestyle final, Canada's Max Parrot had won the gold medal and China's Su Yiming won the silver. However the results later stirred controversy when a BBC commentator Ed Leigh pointed out that Canada’s Max Parrot, during his gold winning performance, had committed a 'cardinal sin' by grabbing his knee instead of the board, and should had been deducted for it, but the judges had apparently failed to spot it.

Replay of Max's manoeuver showed that he indeed failed to grab his board and instead had grabbed his knee, and should have been marked down. It was believed that silver medallist Su should had won the gold instead but was denied the gold medal only because of the judging error. According to Leigh, he spoke to one of the judges who became distraught after learning about their mistake.[132][133] Channel 7 commentators Mitch Tomlinson and Ryan Tiene also spotted the 'leg grab' errors. And pointed out that Parrot had failed to grab his board and would be penalised. They were surprised when they realised judges had failed to spot the error and stated that such poor judging was not good for the sport.[134]

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