Jump to content

Artemis I: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Eth132489 (talk | contribs)
295 edits
Added a launch window table along with a ciatiation
Line 152: Line 152:
| 0 km / 0 miles
| 0 km / 0 miles
Location: [[Pacific Ocean]]
Location: [[Pacific Ocean]]
|}

== Artemis launch window ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=NASA targeting late summer launch for first Artemis moon rocket – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/06/24/nasa-targeting-late-summer-launch-for-first-artemis-moon-rocket/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Date
!Time
!Duration
|-
|Aug. 23
|6:26 a.m EDT
|42 minutes
|-
|Aug. 24
|6:40 a.m EDT
|65 minutes
|-
|Aug. 25
|7:05 a.m EDT
|120 minutes
|-
|Aug. 26
|7:13 a.m EDT
|120 minutes
|-
|Aug. 27
|7:27 a.m EDT
|120 minutes
|-
|Aug. 28
|7:51 a.m EDT
|120 minutes
|-
|Aug. 29
|8:33 a.m EDT
|120 minutes
|-
|sept. 2
|12:48 p.m EDT
|120 minutes
|-
|sept. 3
|2:17 p.m EDT
|120 minutes
|-
|sept. 4
|3:44 p.m EDT
|120 minutes
|-
|sept. 5
|5:12 p.m EDT
|90 minutes
|-
|sept. 6
|6:57 p.m EDT
|24 minutes
|}
|}


Revision as of 11:27, 29 June 2022

"EM-1" redirects here. For other uses, see EM1 (disambiguation).

Artemis 1
Artemis I on launchpad 39B prior to wet dress rehearsal
NamesArtemis I
Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1)
Mission typeUncrewed Lunar orbital test flight
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID2022-156A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.54257Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.nasa.gov/artemis-1
Mission duration26-42 days (planned)[1]
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftOrion CM-002
Spacecraft typeOrion MPCV
ManufacturerBoeing
Lockheed Martin
Airbus Defence and Space
Powerwatts
Start of mission
Launch dateNET late August 2022 (planned)[2]
RocketSpace Launch System, Block 1
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39B
ContractorNASA
End of mission
Recovered byUS Navy
Landing dateTBD
Landing sitePacific Ocean
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSelenocentric
Period14 days
Moon orbiter

Artemis 1 mission patch

Artemis 1 (officially Artemis I)[3] is a planned uncrewed test flight for NASA's Artemis program. It is the first flight of the agency's Space Launch System (SLS) super heavy-lift launch vehicle and the first flight of the Orion MPCV.[a][4] As of May 2022, Artemis 1 is expected to launch no earlier than August 2022.[5]

Formerly known as Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1), the mission was renamed after the introduction of the Artemis program. The launch will be held at Launch Complex 39B (LC-39B) at the Kennedy Space Center, where an Orion spacecraft will be sent on a mission of between 26 and 42 days,[6] with at least 6 of those days in a distant retrograde orbit around the Moon.[6] The mission will certify the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System launch vehicle for crewed flights beginning with the second flight test of the Orion and Space Launch System, Artemis 2.[1]

The Orion spacecraft for Artemis 1 was stacked on 20 October 2021, marking the first time a super heavy-lift vehicle has been stacked inside the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) since the final Saturn V with Skylab.[7]

Overview

Artemis 1 will use the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System. The Block 1 first stage consists of a core stage and two five-segment solid rocket boosters (SRBs). The core stage will reuse four RS-25D engines that had flown on the Space Shuttle. The core and boosters together produce 39,000 kN (8,800,000 lbf) of thrust at liftoff.[8] The upper stage Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) will be based on the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage (itself based on the design of the upper stage of JAXA's H-IIA and former H-IIB launch vehicles), containing one RL10 engine.

Once in orbit, the ICPS will perform a trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, which will transfer the Orion spacecraft and 10 CubeSats on the way to the Moon. The Orion will separate from the ICPS and coast to lunar space. The Stage Adapter on ICPS will deploy 10 CubeSats that will do scientific research and perform technology demonstrations.[9]

Originally, the mission was planned to follow a circumlunar trajectory without entering orbit around the Moon.[10][11] Current plans are expected to have the Orion spacecraft spend approximately three weeks in space, including six days in a distant retrograde orbit around the Moon.[12]

Mission timeline

Note: This timeline is approximate and merely serves as a reference.

Mission elapsed time Event Altitude
0 hours 00 minutes 00 seconds Launch 0 km / 0 miles

Location: Kennedy Space Center

0 hours 02 minutes 00 seconds Solid rocket booster separation 45 km / 28 miles
0 hours 03 minutes 40 seconds Service module panels and launch abort system jettisoned 91 km / 57 miles
0 hours 08 minutes 14 seconds Main engine cutoff and core stage separation 157 km / 98 miles
0 hours 16 minutes 14 seconds Solar panels deployed 484 km / 301 miles
0 hours 54 minutes 05 seconds Perigee raise maneuver 1,791 km / 1,113 miles
1 hour 25 minutes 00 seconds Trans-lunar injection (TLI) 601 km / 373 miles
1 hour 53 minutes 00 seconds Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) separation 3,849 km / 2,392 miles
Days 1-4 Outbound coasting phase 3,849 - 394,501 km / 2,391 - 245,131 miles
4 days 7 hours 18 minutes Lunar gravity assist Distance from Earth: 401,643 km / 249,569 miles

Distance from Moon: 100 km / 62 miles

Days 7-13 Distant retrograde orbit 348,931 - 437,321 km / 216,815 - 271,739 miles
20 days Return powered flyby 358,558 km / 222,798 miles
Days 21-25 Inbound coasting phase 364,804 - 67,257 km / 226,678 - 41,959 miles
25 days 11 hours 30 minutes Crew and service module separation 5,140 km / 3,194 miles
25 days 11 hours 34 minutes Re-entry 100 km / 62 miles
≈25 days 12 hours Parachute deployment sequence 7,315 m / 24,000 ft
≈25 days 12 hours Splashdown 0 km / 0 miles

Location: Pacific Ocean

Artemis launch window

[13]
Date Time Duration
Aug. 23 6:26 a.m EDT 42 minutes
Aug. 24 6:40 a.m EDT 65 minutes
Aug. 25 7:05 a.m EDT 120 minutes
Aug. 26 7:13 a.m EDT 120 minutes
Aug. 27 7:27 a.m EDT 120 minutes
Aug. 28 7:51 a.m EDT 120 minutes
Aug. 29 8:33 a.m EDT 120 minutes
sept. 2 12:48 p.m EDT 120 minutes
sept. 3 2:17 p.m EDT 120 minutes
sept. 4 3:44 p.m EDT 120 minutes
sept. 5 5:12 p.m EDT 90 minutes
sept. 6 6:57 p.m EDT 24 minutes

History

View of the Artemis 1 mission as it was planned in October 2021.

The flight now named Artemis 1, was originally named by NASA Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2012, when it was set to launch in 2017 as the first planned flight of the Space Launch System and the second uncrewed test flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle where Orion was to perform a circumlunar trajectory during a seven-day mission.[10][11] Before then, this initial flight had been referred to as Space Launch System 1 or SLS-1.

On 16 January 2013, NASA announced that the European Space Agency (ESA) will build the European Service Module based on its Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), so the flight could also be regarded as a test of ESA hardware as well as American, and of how the ESA components interact with the American Orion components.[14]

The Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) flight article (launched in 2014) was consciously constructed in a way that if all the missing components (seats, life support systems) were added, it would not meet the mass target.[citation needed]

In January 2015, NASA and Lockheed Martin announced that the primary structure in the Orion spacecraft would be up to 25% lighter compared to the previous one (EFT-1). This would be achieved by reducing the number of cone panels from six (EFT-1) to three (EM-1), reducing the total number of welds from 19 to 7,[15] saving the additional mass of the weld material. Other savings would be due to revising its various components and wiring. For Artemis 1, the Orion spacecraft will be outfitted with a complete life support system and crew seats, but will be left uncrewed.[16] On the seats, two mannequins will be strapped and used as radiation imaging phantoms.[17]

By July 2014, the planned initial launch date had slipped to November 2018, and in April 2017, NASA further delayed the planned date to "sometime in 2019".[18][19]

On 30 November 2020, it was reported that NASA and Lockheed Martin had found a failure with a component in one of the Orion spacecraft's power data units. Engineers working on Orion stated it could take months to replace the component, casting doubt on whether NASA can launch the Artemis 1 mission in 2021. However, NASA later clarified that it does not expect the issue to affect the Artemis 1 launch date.[20][21]

On 18 April 2022, during the rocket's wet dress rehearsal NASA discovered problems with both the mobile launcher and a leak from the upper stage. With external nitrogen tank upgrades needing to take place soon, NASA decided to roll the Artemis 1 rocket back into the Vehicle Assembly Building to make minor repairs to the upper stage and the launcher.[22] The rocket was rolled back on 26 April.[5]

As of late April 2022, Artemis 1 is expected to launch no earlier than August 2022.[5]

NASA limits the amount of time the solid rocket boosters can remain stacked to "about a year" from the time two segments are joined.[23] The first and second segments of the Artemis 1 boosters were joined on 7 January 2021.[24] NASA can choose to extend the time limit based on an engineering review.[25] On 29 September 2021, Northrup Grumman indicated that the limit can be extended to eighteen months for Artemis 1, based on an analysis of the data collected when the boosters were being stacked.[26]

Then-planned launch date history
Year Planned launch date
October 2010 December 2016[27]
July 2011 December 2017
July 2014 November 2018
April 2016 September 2018
April 2017 2019[18]
March 2018 December 2019
May 2018 June 2020
September 2019 November 2020
February 2020 April 2021
May 2020 November 2021 – March 2022[28]
April 2021 November 2021
June 2021 November 2021
August 2021 November 2021
September 2021 December 2021 – January 2022[8][29]
October 2021 February 2022[30]
December 2021 March 2022[31]
January 2022 March 2022
February 2022 May 2022[32]
February 2022 April 2022
March 2022 June 2022[33]
April 2022 August 2022[5]

Crewed Exploration Mission-1 study

Welding sequence of Orion spacecraft for Artemis 1

This flight will be uncrewed. However, NASA did a study in 2017, at the request of President Donald Trump, to investigate a crewed version of the initial SLS flight.[34] A crewed version of Exploration Mission-1 would have had a crew of two astronauts, and the flight time would have been much shorter than the uncrewed version for safety reasons. The study investigated a crewed mission even with the possibility of further delays to the launch.[35] On 12 May 2017, NASA revealed that it would not be sending astronauts to space for Orion's EM-1 mission following a months-long feasibility study.[19]

Alternative launcher study

On 13 March 2019, Administrator of NASA Jim Bridenstine testified in front of a Senate hearing that NASA was considering moving the Orion spacecraft that was to fly on the first Space Launch System mission to commercial rockets to keep that mission on schedule for mid-2020. Bridenstine stated that the "SLS is struggling to meet its schedule", and that "We're now understanding better how difficult this project is and that it is going to take some additional time". Bridenstine testified that NASA was considering launching the Orion spacecraft being built for Exploration Mission-1 on commercial vehicles such as Falcon Heavy or Delta IV Heavy.[36][37] The mission would require two launches: one to place the Orion spacecraft into orbit around the Earth, and a second carrying an upper stage. The two would then dock while in Earth orbit and the upper stage would ignite to send Orion to the Moon. One challenge with this option would be carrying out that docking, as NASA does not have an ability to dock the Orion crew capsule with anything in orbit until Artemis 3.[38]

Since mid-2019, the idea was put on hold, due to another study's conclusion that it would delay the mission further.[39] The plan was eventually scrapped [when?] when it was determined that it would be difficult to have Orion rendezvous with its interim cryogenic propulsion stage in low Earth orbit.[citation needed]

Launch campaign

Engineers with Exploration Ground Systems and Jacobs prepare to lift and place the core stage of the Space Launch System launch vehicle for the Artemis I mission on the mobile launcher and in-between the already assembled twin rocket boosters.
The SLS and Orion capsule for Artemis 1 are seen fully stacked in High Bay 3 of the Vehicle Assembly Building.

Launch preparations for Artemis 1 at KSC officially began on 12 June 2020, with the arrival of the solid rocket booster segments from Utah by rail.[40] Later in the summer the launch vehicle stage adapter arrived at the launch site on the Pegasus barge and was brought into the VAB for storage prior to stacking.[41] (The ICPS 2nd stage had been at KSC since July 2017.[42])

NASA and ground systems contractor Jacobs began the build up of the Artemis 1 stack in High bay 3 of the VAB, with the stacking of the two aft solid rocket booster segments on 23 November 2020.[43] Following a pause in stacking due to core stage testing delays at Stennis Space Center, stacking operations resumed on 7 January 2021.[44] On 3 March 2021, the two solid rocket boosters completed stacking on the SLS mobile launcher.

The Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft began fueling and pre-launch servicing in the Multi-Payload Processing Facility on 16 January 2021 following a handover to exploration ground systems.[45][46]

The SLS core stage for the mission (CS-1) arrived at the launch site on the Pegasus barge on 27 April 2021, following a successful green run hotfire test. It was moved to the VAB low bay for refurbishment and stacking preparations on 29 April 2021.[47] The stage was then stacked with its boosters on 12 June 2021. The stage adapter (LVSA) was stacked on the Core Stage on 22 June 2021. The ICPS upper stage was stacked on 6 July 2021. Following the completion of umbilical retract testing and integrated modal testing, the Orion stage adapter with 10 secondary payloads was stacked on top of the upper stage on 8 October 2021.[48]

On 17 March 2022, SLS rolled out of High Bay 3 from the Vehicle Assembly Building for the first time in order to perform a prelaunch wet dress rehearsal. After returning to the highbay, SLS rolled out to pad for a second time on 6 June 2022.[49]

SLS Artemis I stacking sequence[50][51][52]
Number Event
1 Solid Rocket Booster Stacking
2 Core Stage Stacking
3 Core Stage Adapter (LVSA) stacking
4 ICPS Upper stage stacking
5 OSA STA/Orion mass sim (MSO) stacking
6 Test hardware destacking
7 Orion stage adapter (OSA) stacking
8 Orion spacecraft stacking (capsule and ESM)

Timeline once stacked:[53]

  • rollout to launch pad - 17 March 2022[54] (first time)
  • checkout and wet-dress rehearsal - 20 June 2022
  • rollback to VAB (for removal of test equipment, etc) - Currently planned for July 1st 2022
  • rollout to launch pad
  • checkout and countdown

Orion payloads

AstroRad vest on International Space Station (ISS)

NASA has partnered with the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Israel Space Agency (ISA) in conjunction with StemRad and Lockheed Martin to perform the Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE), which will measure tissue radiation dose deposition aboard Artemis 1 and test the effectiveness of the AstroRad radiation vest in the radiation environment beyond low Earth orbit. While radiation shielding strategies of the past have relied on storm shelters in which astronauts can seek refuge when solar storms erupt, the AstroRad's ergonomic design provides a mobile protection system with a similar shielding factor as storm shelters without hindering the astronauts' ability to perform their tasks.[55]

The crew compartment of the uncrewed Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft will include two female mannequin imaging phantoms which will be exposed to the radiation environment along the lunar orbit, including solar storms and galactic cosmic rays. One phantom will be shielded with the AstroRad vest and the other will be left unprotected. The phantoms provide the opportunity to precisely measure radiation exposure not only at the surface of the body but also at the exact location of sensitive organs and tissues inside the human body. Radiation exposure will be measured with the implementation of both passive and active dosimeters intentionally distributed throughout the inside of the anthropomorphic phantoms at precise locations of sensitive tissues and high stem cell concentrations.[56][57] The results of MARE should enable Orion as a platform for other scientific experiments, provide accurate radiation risk projections of deep space exploration, and validate the protective properties of the AstroRad vest.[58] Also aboard the capsule will be a digital copy of the 14,000 entries for the Moon Pod Essay Contest hosted by Future Engineers for NASA.[59]

Secondary payloads

MPCV Stage Adapter with 9 CubeSats installed.

Thirteen low-cost CubeSat missions were competitively selected as secondary payloads on Exploration Mission-1, later Artemis 1.[60] All of them have the six-unit configuration,[61] and will reside within the Stage Adapter on top of the second stage on the launch vehicle from which they will be deployed. Ten CubeSats were ultimately installed on the Stage Adapter by October 2021, with the remaining CubeSats (Lunar Flashlight, CU-E3, and Cislunar Explorers) encountering delays that pushed them off the manifest.[9][62]

Two CubeSats were selected through NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships, three through the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, two through the Science Mission Directorate, and three from submissions by NASA's international partners. The CubeSat spacecraft selected are:[63][64]

  • ArgoMoon, designed by Argotec and coordinated by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), is designed to image the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) of Orion for mission data and historical records. It will demonstrate technologies necessary for a small spacecraft to maneuver and operate near the ICPS.[65]
  • BioSentinel is an astrobiology mission that will use yeast to detect, measure, and compare the impact of deep space radiation on living organisms over long durations beyond low Earth orbit.[64]
  • CubeSat for Solar Particles (CuSP), designed at the Southwest Research Institute will study the dynamic particles and magnetic fields that stream from the Sun[66] and as a proof of concept for the feasibility of a network of stations to track space weather.
  • EQUULEUS, designed by Japan's JAXA and the University of Tokyo, will image Earth's plasmasphere to study the radiation environment around the Earth while demonstrating low thrust maneuvers for trajectory control in the space between Earth and the Moon.[65]
  • Lunar IceCube, a lunar orbiter designed at the Morehead State University, will search for additional evidence of lunar water ice from a low lunar orbit.
  • Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper (LunaH-Map), a lunar orbiter designed at the Arizona State University,[67] will map hydrogen within craters near the lunar south pole, tracking depth and distribution of hydrogen-rich compounds like water. It will use a neutron detector to measure the energies of neutrons that interacted with the material on the lunar surface. Its mission is planned to last 60 days and perform 141 orbits of the Moon.[68]
  • Near-Earth Asteroid Scout is proof-of-concept of a controllable CubeSat solar sail spacecraft capable of encountering near-Earth asteroids (NEA).[69] Observations will be achieved through a close (≈10 km (6.2 mi)) flyby and using a high resolution science-grade monochromatic camera to measure the physical properties of a near-Earth asteroid.[69] A variety of potential targets would be identified based upon launch date, time of flight, and rendezvous velocity.
  • OMOTENASHI, designed by JAXA, is a lander probe to study the lunar radiation environment.[65][70]
  • LunIR is a spacecraft designed by Lockheed Martin to fly by the Moon and collect surface spectroscopy and thermography.
  • Lunar Flashlight is a lunar orbiter that will seek exposed water ice, and map its concentration at the 1–2 km (0.62–1.24 mi) scale within the permanently shadowed regions of the lunar south pole.[71][72] It was one of three CubeSat missions to miss the integration window to fly on Artemis I, and will need to find an alternative ride to the Moon.[62]

The remaining three slots were selected through a competition pitting CubeSat teams from the United States against each other in a series of ground tournaments called "NASA's Cube Quest Challenge",[73][74] and were announced by Ames Research Center on 8 June 2017. The competition was to contribute to opening deep-space exploration to non-government spacecraft. These slots were awarded to:[75]

  • Team Miles will demonstrate long-distance communications while in heliocentric orbit and show low-thrust trajectory control techniques by employing a hybrid ion thruster. It was designed by Fluid and Reason, LLC, Tampa, Florida.
  • Cislunar Explorers will demonstrate the viability of water electrolysis propulsion and interplanetary optical navigation to orbit the Moon. It was designed by Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. It was one of three CubeSat missions to miss the integration window to fly on Artemis I, and will need to find an alternative ride to the Moon.[62]
  • Earth Escape Explorer (CU-E3) will demonstrate long-distance communications while in heliocentric orbit. It was designed by the University of Colorado Boulder. It was one of three CubeSat missions to miss the integration window to fly on Artemis I, and will need to find an alternative ride to the Moon.[62]
    Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Artemis 1 mission

Public outreach

To raise public awareness of the Artemis 1 mission, NASA undertook a "Send Your Name With Artemis" campaign, through which people could send their names on data hardware aboard Orion. After registering their names, participants received a digital ticket with details of the mission's launch and destination.[76]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ An Orion capsule was flown in 2014, but not the entire Orion spacecraft.

References

  1. ^ a b Clark, Stephen (18 May 2020). "NASA will likely add a rendezvous test to the first piloted Orion space mission". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  2. ^ Gebhardt, Chris (24 June 2022). "SLS readies for roll back to VAB; final launch preparations to begin". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  3. ^ Artemis: brand book (Report). Washington, D.C.: NASA. 2019. NP-2019-07-2735-HQ. MISSION NAMING CONVENTION: While Apollo mission patches used numbers and roman numerals throughout the program, Artemis mission names will use a roman numeral convention. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ Grush, Loren (17 May 2019). "NASA Administrator on new Moon plan: "We're doing this in a way that's never been done before"". The Verge. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d Clark, Stephen (26 April 2022). "NASA's moon rocket rolls back to Vehicle Assembly Building for repairs". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  6. ^ a b Sloss, Philip (1 November 2021). "Inside Artemis 1's complex launch windows and constraints". NASASpaceflight.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 25 February 2022 suggested (help)
  7. ^ Clark, Stephen (21 October 2021). "Stacking of Orion spacecraft caps assembly of first Artemis moon rocket". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  8. ^ a b Clark, Stephen (31 August 2021). "NASA's hopes waning for SLS test flight this year". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  9. ^ a b Harbaugh, Jennifer (4 October 2021). "All Artemis I Secondary Payloads Installed in Rocket's Orion Stage Adapter". NASA. Retrieved 6 October 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ a b Hill, Bill (March 2012). "Exploration Systems Development Status" (PDF). NASA Advisory Council. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ a b Singer, Jody (25 April 2012). "Status of NASA's Space Launch System" (PDF). University of Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  12. ^ "The Ins and Outs of NASA's First Launch of SLS and Orion". NASA. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ^ Clark, Stephen. "NASA targeting late summer launch for first Artemis moon rocket – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  14. ^ "Engineers resolve Orion will 'lose weight' in 2015". NASA. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  15. ^ Barrett, Josh (13 January 2015). "Orion program manager talks EFT-1 in Huntsville". WAAY. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  16. ^ "Engineers resolve Orion will 'lose weight' in 2015". WAFF. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  17. ^ Berger, Thomas (2017). Exploration Missions and Radiation (PDF). International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight 11–12 October 2017 Las Cruces, New Mexico. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  18. ^ a b Clark, Stephen (28 April 2017). "NASA confirms first flight of Space Launch System will slip to 2019". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  19. ^ a b Gebhardt, Chris (12 May 2017). "NASA will not put a crew on EM-1, cites cost – not safety – as main reason". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  20. ^ Grush, Loren (30 November 2020). "Component failure in NASA's deep-space crew capsule could take months to fix". The Verge. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  21. ^ @Free_Space (7 December 2020). "Issue with Orion power distribution unit "We really don't think it's going to be a big impact on the final schedule for the Artemis I flight", @NASA's Ken Bowersox tells reporters" (Tweet). Retrieved 9 December 2020 – via Twitter.
  22. ^ Wall, Mike (18 April 2022). "NASA to roll Artemis 1 moon rocket off the launch pad early next week". Space.com. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  23. ^ Sloss, Philip (4 December 2020). "New Artemis 1 schedule uncertainty as NASA EGS ready to continue SLS Booster stacking". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  24. ^ Clark, Stephen (9 March 2021). "Stacking complete for SLS boosters". spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  25. ^ Stephen, Clark (15 January 2021). "NASA proceeds with SLS booster stacking in Florida before core stage arrives". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  26. ^ Sloss, Philip (29 September 2021). "EGS, Jacobs completing first round of Artemis 1 pre-launch integrated tests prior to Orion stacking". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  27. ^ "Public Law 111–267 111th Congress, 42 USC 18322. SEC. 302 (c) (2) 42 USC 18323. SEC. 303 (a) (2)" (PDF). 11 October 2010. pp. 11–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020. 42 USC 18322. SEC. 302 SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM AS FOLLOW-ON LAUNCH VEHICLE TO THE SPACE SHUTTLE ... (c) MINIMUM CAPABILITY REQUIREMENTS (1) IN GENERAL – The Space Launch System developed pursuant to subsection (b) shall be designed to have, at a minimum, the following: (A) The initial capability of the core elements, without an upper stage, of lifting payloads weighing between 70 tons and 100 tons into low-Earth orbit in preparation for transit for missions beyond low Earth orbit ... (2) FLEXIBILITY ... (Deadline) Developmental work and testing of the core elements and the upper stage should proceed in parallel subject to appro-priations. Priority should be placed on the core elements with the goal for operational capability for the core elements not later than December 31, 2016 ... 42 USC 18323. SEC. 303 MULTI-PURPOSE CREW VEHICLE (a) INITIATION OF DEVELOPMENT (1) IN GENERAL — The Administrator shall continue the development of a multi-purpose crew vehicle to be available as soon as practicable, and no later than for use with the Space Launch System ... (2) GOAL FOR OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY. It shall be the goal to achieve full operational capability for the transportation vehicle developed pursuant to this subsection by not later than December 31, 2016. For purposes of meeting such goal, the Administrator may undertake a test of the transportation vehicle at the ISS before that date. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  28. ^ Sloss, Philip (31 May 2021). "NASA evaluating schedule, launch date forecasts for Artemis 2". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  29. ^ Sloss, Philip (29 September 2021). "EGS, Jacobs completing first round of Artemis 1 pre-launch integrated tests prior to Orion stacking". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  30. ^ Clark, Steven (22 October 2021). "NASA targets February launch for Artemis 1 moon mission". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  31. ^ "Artemis I Integrated Testing Update". NASA. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  32. ^ Wall, Mike (24 February 2022). "NASA's Artemis 1 moon mission, 1st flight of new megarocket, won't launch until May". Space.com. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  33. ^ Foust, Jeff (18 March 2022). "SLS rolls out to pad for countdown test". SpaceNews. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  34. ^ "NASA to Study Adding Crew to First Flight of SLS and Orion". NASA. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  35. ^ "NASA Kicks Off Study to Add Crew to First Flight of Orion, SLS". NASA. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  36. ^ King, Ledyard (14 May 2019). "NASA names new moon landing mission 'Artemis' as Trump administration asks for US$1.6 billion". USA Today. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  37. ^ Grush, Loren (18 July 2019). "NASA's daunting to-do list for sending people back to the Moon". The Verge. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  38. ^ Foust, Jeff (13 March 2019). "NASA considering flying Orion on commercial launch vehicles". SpaceNews. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  39. ^ Sloss, Philip (19 April 2019). "NASA Launch Services Program outlines the alternative launcher review for EM-1". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  40. ^ Sloss, Philip (19 June 2020). "EGS begins Artemis 1 launch processing of SLS Booster hardware". NASASpaceFlight.com.
  41. ^ Sloss, Philip (5 August 2020). "LVSA arrives at KSC, NASA EGS readies final pre-stacking preparations for Artemis 1". NASASpaceFlight.com.
  42. ^ "SLS Upper Stage set to take up residence in the former home of ISS modules July 2017". NASASpaceFlight.com. 11 July 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  43. ^ Sloss, Philip (27 November 2020). "EGS, Jacobs begin vehicle integration for Artemis 1 launch". NASASpaceFlight.com.
  44. ^ Sloss, Philip (4 December 2020). "New Artemis 1 schedule uncertainty as NASA EGS ready to continue SLS Booster stacking". NASASpaceFlight.com.
  45. ^ Sloss, Philip (27 March 2021). "EGS synchronizing Artemis 1 Orion, SLS Booster preps with Core Stage schedule". NASASpaceFlight.com.
  46. ^ Bergin, Chris (29 March 2021). "Following troubled childhood, Orion trio preparing for flight". NASASpaceFlight.com.
  47. ^ Sloss, Philip (6 May 2021). "NASA EGS, Jacobs preparing SLS Core Stage for Artemis 1 stacking". NASASpaceFlight.com.
  48. ^ Clark, Stephen (12 October 2021). "Adapter structure with 10 CubeSats installed on top of Artemis moon rocket". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  49. ^ Josh Dinner (6 June 2022). "NASA's Artemis 1 moon rocket returns to launch pad for crucial tests". Space.com. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  50. ^ Harbaugh, Jennifer (27 April 2021). "Path to the Pad: NASA Moon Rocket Comes Together for Artemis". NASA. Retrieved 26 May 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  51. ^ Sloss, Philip (11 June 2021). "EGS starts Artemis 1 SLS Core Stage lift". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  52. ^ McMahan, Tracy (1 July 2021). "Nasa Moon Rocket Adapters Progress Through Stacking, Assembly". NASA. Retrieved 14 July 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  53. ^ Berger, Eric (31 August 2021). "NASA's big rocket misses another deadline, now won't fly until 2022". Ars Technica.
  54. ^ Margetta, Robert (10 March 2022). "Coverage, Activities Set for First Rollout of NASA's Mega Moon Rocket". NASA. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  55. ^ Pasztor, Andy (17 April 2018). "U.S., Israeli Space Agencies Join Forces to Protect Astronauts From Radiation". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  56. ^ Berger, Thomas (2017). Exploration Missions and Radiation (PDF). International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight 11–12 October 2017 Las Cruces, New Mexico. ISPCS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  57. ^ "ISPCS 2017 - Thomas Berger 'Exploration Missions and Radiation'". International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight. 2017 – via YouTube.
  58. ^ International Science Aboard Orion EM-1: The Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE) Payload Gaza, Razvan, 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly Held 14–22 July 2018, in Pasadena, California, USA, Abstract id. F2.3-20-18
  59. ^ "Future Engineers: Moon Pod Essay Contest". Retrieved 24 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  60. ^ Healy, Angel (4 February 2016). "Boeing-Built Rocket to Carry Lockheed Martin's Skyfire CubeSat". GovConWire. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  61. ^ Foust, Jeff (8 August 2019). "NASA seeking proposals for cubesats on second SLS launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 August 2020. Unlike Artemis 1, which will fly six-unit cubesats only...
  62. ^ a b c d Ohana, Lavie (3 October 2021). "Four Artemis I CubeSats miss their ride". Space Scout. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  63. ^ "NASA Space Launch System's First Flight to Send Small Sci-Tech Satellites into Space". NASA. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  64. ^ a b "BioSentinel: DNA Damage-and-Repair Experiment Beyond Low Earth Orbit" (PDF). NASA Ames Research Center. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  65. ^ a b c "International Partners Provide CubeSats for SLS Maiden Flight". NASA. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  66. ^ Frazier, Sarah (2 February 2016). "Heliophysics CubeSat to Launch on NASAs SLS". NASA. Retrieved 5 February 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  67. ^ LunaH-Map - Homepage at the Arizona State University.
  68. ^ Harbaugh, Jennifer, ed. (2 February 2016). "LunaH-Map: University-Built CubeSat to Map Water-Ice on the Moon". NASA. Retrieved 10 February 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  69. ^ a b McNutt, Leslie; et al. (2014). Near-Earth Asteroid Scout (PDF). AIAA Space 2014 Conference 4–7 August 2014 San Diego, California. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. M14-3850. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  70. ^ Hernando-Ayuso, Javier; et al. (2017). Trajectory Design for the JAXA Moon Nano-Lander OMOTENASHI. 31st Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites 5–10 August 2017 Logan, Utah. SSC17-III-07.
  71. ^ "Lunar Flashlight". Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute. NASA. 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  72. ^ Wall, Mike (9 October 2014). "NASA Is Studying How to Mine the Moon for Water". Space.com. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  73. ^ Clark, Stephen (8 April 2015). "NASA adding to list of CubeSats flying on first SLS mission". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  74. ^ Steitz, David E. (24 November 2014). "NASA Opens Cube Quest Challenge for Largest-Ever Prize of US$5 Million". NASA. Retrieved 27 May 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  75. ^ Anderson, Gina; Porter, Molly (8 June 2017). "Three DIY CubeSats Score Rides on NASA's First Flight of Orion, Space Launch System". NASA. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  76. ^ "NASA: Artemis". NASA. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artemis_I&oldid=1095618213"