Olympic symbols

The Olympic symbols are the icons, flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee to promote the Olympic Movement. Some — such as the flame, fanfare, and theme — are more prevalent during Olympic competition, but others, such as the flag, can be seen throughout the year. The IOC has been criticised for its aggressive protection of the symbols, such as the rings and the use of the word "Olympic".

Motto

The motto of the Olympic movement is "Citius, Altius, Fortius" (Faster, Higher, Stronger). The motto was installed in 1896, at the first modern Olympic Games. IOC states that De Coubertin got it from a friend, a sporting teacher.

An more informal well known motto, also introduced by De Coubertin, is "The most important thing is not to win but to take part!". De Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania, during the 1908 London Games.

Olympic emblem

The five Olympic rings were designed in 1913, adopted in 1914 and debuted at the Games at Antwerp, 1920.

The emblem of the Olympic Games is composed of five interlocking rings (blue, yellow, black, green, and red respectively) on a white field. This was originally designed in 1913 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games. Upon its initial introduction, de Coubertin stated the following in the August, 1913 edition of Revue Olympique:

The emblem chosen to illustrate and represent the world Congress of 1914 ...: five intertwined rings in different colours - blue, yellow, black, green, red - are placed on the white field of the paper. These five rings represent the five parts of the world which now are won over to Olympism and willing to accept healthy competition.

In his article published in the "Olympic Revue" the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992, the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA (Union des Sociétés Française de Sports Athlétiques) an association founded by the union of a two French sports associations and until 1925, responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France: The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings (like the typical interlaced marriage rings)(see image link below) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung because for him the ring meant continuity and the human being.

The 1914 Congress had to be suspended due to the outbreak of World War I, but the emblem (and flag) were later adopted. They would first officially debut at the VIIth Olympiad in Antwerp, Belgium in 1920.

The emblem's popularity and widespread use began during the lead-up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Carl Diem, president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics, wanted to hold a torchbearers' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi, site of the famous oracle, where the Pythian Games were also held. For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides, and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin. The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed. Later, two British authors Lynn and Gray Poole when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s saw the stone and reported in their "History of the Ancient Games" that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece. This has become known as "Carl Diem's Stone". This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin. The rings would subsequently be featured prominently in Nazi images in 1936 as part of an effort to glorify the Third Reich.

The current view of the International Olympic Committee is that the emblem "reinforces the idea" that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join. As can be read in the Olympic Charter, the Olympic symbol represents the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. However, no continent is represented by any specific ring. Though colourful explanations about the symbolism of the coloured rings exist, the only connection between the rings and the continents is that the number five refers to the number of continents. In this scheme, the Americas are viewed as a single continent, and Antarctica is omitted.

Flag

The Olympic flag has the emblem: "The Olympic flag [...] has a white background, with five interlaced rings in the centre : blue, yellow, black, green and red [...] This design is symbolic ; it represents the five continents of the world, united by Olympism, while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time." (1931) Textes choisis II, p.470.

Use of the Olympic flag

An Olympic flag is raised during the opening ceremonies of each Olympic Games, and lowered during the closing ceremonies. A second flag is used for the Olympic Oath. Special flags are kept in the city halls of cities organizing the Olympic Games. At the closing ceremonies of each Olympic Games, the mayor of the city that organized the Games returns the flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the mayor of the next city to host the Olympic Games. (This ceremony is known as the "Antwerp Ceremony" because it started there). There are three such flags, differing from all other copies in that they have a six-colored fringe around the flag, and are tied with six colored ribbons to a flagstaff.

Specific flags

Antwerp flag

Was presented to the IOC at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp, Belgium, and at the Closing Ceremony of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired. The Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Oslo flag

Was presented to the IOC at the 1952 Winter Olympics by the city of Oslo, Norway, and is passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Olympics.

Seoul flag

Was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul, South Korea, and is passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics.

Fanfare and theme

Template:Sample box start variation 2 Template:Multi-listen start Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen end Template:Sample box end Many composers have had their music used by, or have written for the Olympics. Often, they title their pieces "Olympic Fanfare and Theme." One such notable "Olympic Fanfare and Theme" is a piece of music written by John Williams for the 1984 Olympic Games, which were held in Los Angeles. It was released in its entirety to the public on the albums "The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984" and "The Official Music of the 1984 Games." The premiere recording, as performed by an orchestra comprised of Los Angeles-area musicians under the baton of the composer has not yet been publicly made available on any form of digital media. The piece eventually made its way onto CD (as a re-recording) with the release on Philips entitled "By Request: The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra," and has a slightly different arrangement than the original recording.

Another piece by Williams, The Olympic Spirit, was written for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and the corresponding NBC broadcast. The piece utilizes the brass, wind, and percussion sections heavily.

In 1996, an alternate version of "Olympic Fanfare and Theme" was released on the album "Summon the Heroes" for the Atlanta Olympic Games. In this arrangement, the first part of the piece was replaced with Leo Arnaud's "Bugler's Dream". Written in 1958 for Arnaud's Charge Suite, it is this piece, more than any of the fanfares or Olympic themes written by Williams, that Americans recognize as the Olympic theme, primarily because it was used by ABC beginning with the 1968 Olympics, and by NBC starting in 1992. According to United States Olympic Committee spokesman Mike Moran, many athletes include this piece in the music they listen to while preparing for competition. In 2006 it was again used by NBC. Arnaud's piece is stately, beginning with a timpani cadence that is soon joined by a distinctive theme in brass. Williams's 1984 "Fanfare and Theme" begins with a much faster melody, somewhat reminiscent of Aaron Copland, with brass but no timpani. Although perhaps not as familiar as Arnaud's theme, it is hardly unknown, since it also is still used in network coverage of the Olympics.

"Olympic Fanfare and Theme" (not including the familiar part by Arnaud) was awarded a Grammy in 1985.

Kotinos

The kotinos is an olive branch intertwined to form a circle. To be crowned with this wreath was the award that the athletes of the ancient Olympic Games competed for. However, this was not their only reward; usually the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his hometown.

At Athens, 2004 the kotinos tradition was renewed, although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal. Apart from its use in the awards-ceremonies, the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem.

Olympic salute

The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute: the right arm and hand are stretched and pointing upward, the handpalm is outward/downward. It looks like the Hitler salute, albeit with the arm aiming higher.

The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924 and Berlin 1936. Also famous is the French team entering the Olympic stadium in Berlin, 1936 with their arms raised. In the Leni Riefenstahl picture Olympia this scene was captured, and afterwards led to repeated misinterpretations suggesting that the French delegation was greeting Hitler.

Since the second world war the greeting has been banned because of the Nazi-reference, although no official statement on this is known.

Mascots

File:Misza 1980.jpg

Misha from 1980

File:Torino 2006 Neve e Glitz sciano in Atrium.jpg

The mascots for the 2006 Winter Olympics

Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France the Olympic Games have had a mascot, usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage. The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies, had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products. Nowadays, most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots, rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos.

List of mascots

• 1968 Winter Olympics, Grenoble
  • Schuss, a stylized skier. Designed by Mme Lafargue
• 1968 Summer Olympics,Mexico City
  • Unnamed red jaguar
• 1972 Summer Olympics, Munich
  • Waldi, a dachshund dog, popular in Bavaria, which represent the attributes required for athletes - Resistance, Tenacity and Agility. Designed by Otl Aicher
• 1976 Summer Olympics, Montréal
  • Amik, a beaver, one of the national symbols of Canada
• 1976 Winter Olympics, Innsbruck
  • Schneemann, a snowman representing the Games of Simplicity
• 1980 Summer Olympics, Moscow
  • Misha, a bear cub, designed by children's books illustrator Victor Chizhikov
• 1980 Winter Olympics, Lake Placid
  • Roni the raccoon, a raccoon whose face design resembles the hat and goggles used by competitors. Designed by Donald Moss
• 1984 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles
  • Sam the Eagle, a bald eagle, symbol of the United States, designed by Robert Moore from The Walt Disney Company
• 1984 Winter Olympics, Sarajevo
  • Vuchko, a little wolf, symbolizing the desire of humans to befriend animals. According to the IOC, it helped change the common perception in the region of wolves as frightening and blood-thirsty. Designed by Joze Trobec
• 1988 Summer Olympics, Seoul
  • Hodori and Hosuni, two tigers (Hodori is a male cub, Hosuni female), common part in Korean legends. Designed by Hyun Kim
• 1988 Winter Olympics, Calgary
  • Howdy and Hidy, "The welcome bears", two polar bears representing Western Canadian hospitality. The bear siblings were the first dual mascots in the Olympic Games. The Calgary Zoo sponsored a contest to name the bears. Among the nearly 7,000 entries submitted, the names "Hidy" and "Howdy" were eventually chosen. Designed by Sheila Scott
• 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona
  • Cobi, a cubist Catalan Sheepdog designed by Javier Mariscal
• 1992 Winter Olympics, Albertville
  • Magique, a man-star/snow imp. Designed by Philippe Mairesse.
• 1994 Winter Olympics, Lillehammer
  • Haakon and Kristin, two Norwegian children dressed in traditional clothes
• 1996 Summer Olympics, Atlanta
  • Izzy, an abstract figure whose name was changed from Whatizit (i.e. What is it ?). Izzy proved to be a very unpopular mascot. Busch Gardens, a theme park in Williamsburg, Virginia, U.S., named a new Wild Mouse roller coaster after the mascot, but the name was changed within the year.
• 1998 Winter Olympics, Nagano
  • The Snowlets - Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki, four owls, one for each year between Olympic Games. Their names were chosen from public suggestions. The first part of each name can be combined phonetically to create the word "Snowlets".
• 2000 Summer Olympics, Sydney
  • Olly, a kookaburra representing the Olympic spirit of generosity. His name derives from Olympic.
  • Syd, a platypus representing the environment and the energy of the people of Australia. His name derives from Sydney.
  • Millie, an echidna representing the millennium, hence her name.
  • Above Designed by Matthew Hatton from Warner Bros..
  • Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat, an unofficial mascot which upstaged the official mascots. Fatso was a wombat, representing Australians' propensity to take the mickey out of anything. During the Olympics Fatso gained de facto recognition and he appears in the official memorial at Olympic park while Olly, Syd and Millie do not. Designed by Paul Newell, Greig Pickhaver and John Doyle.
  • Lizzie, a Frill-necked Lizard was the mascot for the 2000 Summer Paralympics[4]. Her frill was shaped like the combined islands of Australia and Tasmania.
• 2002 Winter Olympics, Salt Lake City
  • Powder, a snowshoe hare representing Faster
  • Copper, a coyote representing Higher
  • Coal, a black bear representing Stronger
• 2004 Summer Olympics, Athens
  • Athena and Phevos, brother and sister, two modern children resembling ancient Greek dolls. Designed by Spyros Gogos
• 2006 Winter Olympics, Turin
  • Neve, a female ball of snow
  • Gliz, a male block of ice

Designed by Pedro Albuquerque

• 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing
  • The Fuwa consisting of five figures:
    • Bèibei, with a fish design
    • Jīngjing, with a giant panda and lotus design
    • Huānhuan, the Olympic Flame
    • Yingying, with a Tibetan antelope design
    • Nīni, with a swallow design

Designed by Han Meilin. Together the five names form the Chinese phrase "Beijing huan ying ni", which means "Beijing welcomes you".

• 2010 Winter Olympics, Vancouver
  • • Miga - A mythical sea bear, part orca and part kermode bear.
    • Quatchi - A sasquatch.
    • Sumi - An animal guardian spirit with the wings of the Thunderbird and legs of a black bear.
    • Mukmuk - A Vancouver Island marmot, Mukmuk is not an official mascot but acts as their sidekick.

Main article: 2010 Winter Olympics mascots

Criticism

The Olympic Movement is accused of being overprotective of its symbols; among other things, it claims an exclusive, monopolistic copyright on any arrangement of five rings, irrespective of alignment, color or lack thereof, as well as to any use of the word "Olympic." They have taken action against numerous groups seen to have violated this copyright, including the Minneapolis, Minnesota-based band The Hopefuls (formerly The Olympic Hopefuls), and Wizards of the Coast, publisher of the card game Magic: The Gathering and others. But a few companies have been successful in using the Olympic name, such as Olympic Paint[5], which even has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo.

See also

• The Olympic Anthem: played during the opening and closing ceremonies of Olympic Games and on certain other occasions
• The Olympic Flame: a flame burning day and night for the duration of the Olympic Games.
• The Olympic motto, in Latin: "Citius, Altius, Fortius"; which means, "Faster, Higher, Stronger."
• The Olympic Order: an award conferred by the International Olympic Committee
• The Olympic Creed: "The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well."
• The Olympic emblem: the emblem of every edition of the Olympic Games, usually combining the Olympic Rings with some elements representing the host city or country and its culture.
• The three Olympic pillars: sport, environment, culture.

External links

• All Olympic mascots, torches, emblems, medals and posters
• PBS The Real Olympics, 2004. [6]
• Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol
• The Olympic symbols
• Images of all past Olympic mascots
• Olympic Files - Mascots (in Russian)
• Bear Cub Misha Lover's Association, 1980 Summer Olympics mascot Misha's fan page (in Japanese)