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Unlike [[Chechens]] who fought the [[Caucasian War]] against Russia, Ingush clans resorted mostly to underground resistance.<ref name=berkeley/> The Russians built the fortress [[Vladikavkaz]] ("ruler of the Caucasus") on the place of Ingush village of Zaur.<ref name="Butkov">{{cite book |author= P.G.Butkov |title= Materials of the new history of the Caucasus years 1722-1803 St. Petersburg 1869 (page 165) }}</ref><ref name=" Bronevski">{{cite book |author= E.Bronevski |title= New geographical and historical perspectives of the Caucasus. Moscow, 1823 (vol.2 page 159)}}</ref><ref name="Klaprot">{{cite book |author= U. Klaprot |title= Travel in the Caucasus and Georgia 1807-1808. Berlin 1812 (page 651)}}</ref><ref name="Grabovski">{{cite book |author= N.Grabovski |title= Ingush nation (their life and traditions) Tiflis 1876 (page 2)}}</ref><ref name="Raisov">{{cite book |author= K.Raisov |title= New illustrated guide in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Odessa 1897 (page 295)}}</ref><ref name="Moskvitch">{{cite book |author= G.G. Moskvitch |title= Illustrated practical guide in the Caucasus. Odessa 1903 (pages.161-162)}}</ref><ref name="Suetin">{{cite book |author= N.M. Suetin |title= Geodesy of the Vladikavkaz. Vladikavkaz 1928 (page 12)}}</ref><ref name="Khristianovich">{{cite book |author= V.P. Khristianovich |title= Mountainous Ingushetia Rostov-on-Don 1928 (page 65)}}</ref><ref name="Krupnov">{{cite book |author= E.I.Krupnov |title= Middle age Ingushetia Moscow, 1971 (page 166)}}</ref> Russian General [[Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov]] in his letter to [[Tsar of Russia]] wrote: "It would be a grave mistake for Russia to alienate such a militaristic nation as the Ingush." He suggested the separation of the Ingush and Chechens in order for Russia to win the war in the Caucasus. In another letter from General Ermolov to Lanski on the impossibility of forceful Christianization of the Ingush (dated 12 January 1827) he wrote: "This nation, the most courageous and militaristic among all the highlanders, cannot be allowed to be alienated. . . ." The last organized rebellion (the so-called "Nazran insurrection") in Ingushetia occurred in 1865 when 5,000 Ingush started a fight but lost to superior Russian forces. The rebellion signalled the end of the First Russo-Caucasian War. The same year Russian Tsar offered help in deportation of Ingush and Chechens to [[Turkey]] and the [[Middle East]] by claiming that "Muslims need to live under Muslim rulers". It seems that he wanted to liberate the land for [[Ossetians]] and [[Cossaks]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information |accessdate=2007-02-10 |author=Johanna Nichols |year=1997 |month=February |work=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref>. Some Ingush willingly went into exile to deserted territory in the Middle East where many of them died and the rest were [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]]. It was estimated that 80% of the Ingush left Ingushetia for the Middle East in 1865<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~bsp/caucasus/newsletter/2003-04ccan.pdf |title=Caucasus and central Asia newsletter. Issue 4 |year=2003| work=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=479 |title=Chechnya: Chaos of Human Geography in the North Caucasus, 484 BC - 1957 AD |year=2007 |month=November |work=[[www.semp.us]]}}</ref>.
Unlike [[Chechens]] who fought the [[Caucasian War]] against Russia, Ingush clans resorted mostly to underground resistance.<ref name=berkeley/> The Russians built the fortress [[Vladikavkaz]] ("ruler of the Caucasus") on the place of Ingush village of Zaur.<ref name="Butkov">{{cite book |author= P.G.Butkov |title= Materials of the new history of the Caucasus years 1722-1803 St. Petersburg 1869 (page 165) }}</ref><ref name=" Bronevski">{{cite book |author= E.Bronevski |title= New geographical and historical perspectives of the Caucasus. Moscow, 1823 (vol.2 page 159)}}</ref><ref name="Klaprot">{{cite book |author= U. Klaprot |title= Travel in the Caucasus and Georgia 1807-1808. Berlin 1812 (page 651)}}</ref><ref name="Grabovski">{{cite book |author= N.Grabovski |title= Ingush nation (their life and traditions) Tiflis 1876 (page 2)}}</ref><ref name="Raisov">{{cite book |author= K.Raisov |title= New illustrated guide in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Odessa 1897 (page 295)}}</ref><ref name="Moskvitch">{{cite book |author= G.G. Moskvitch |title= Illustrated practical guide in the Caucasus. Odessa 1903 (pages.161-162)}}</ref><ref name="Suetin">{{cite book |author= N.M. Suetin |title= Geodesy of the Vladikavkaz. Vladikavkaz 1928 (page 12)}}</ref><ref name="Khristianovich">{{cite book |author= V.P. Khristianovich |title= Mountainous Ingushetia Rostov-on-Don 1928 (page 65)}}</ref><ref name="Krupnov">{{cite book |author= E.I.Krupnov |title= Middle age Ingushetia Moscow, 1971 (page 166)}}</ref> Russian General [[Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov]] in his letter to [[Tsar of Russia]] wrote: "It would be a grave mistake for Russia to alienate such a militaristic nation as the Ingush." He suggested the separation of the Ingush and Chechens in order for Russia to win the war in the Caucasus. In another letter from General Ermolov to Lanski on the impossibility of forceful Christianization of the Ingush (dated 12 January 1827) he wrote: "This nation, the most courageous and militaristic among all the highlanders, cannot be allowed to be alienated. . . ." The last organized rebellion (the so-called "Nazran insurrection") in Ingushetia occurred in 1865 when 5,000 Ingush started a fight but lost to superior Russian forces. The rebellion signalled the end of the First Russo-Caucasian War. The same year Russian Tsar offered help in deportation of Ingush and Chechens to [[Turkey]] and the [[Middle East]] by claiming that "Muslims need to live under Muslim rulers". It seems that he wanted to liberate the land for [[Ossetians]] and [[Cossaks]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information |accessdate=2007-02-10 |author=Johanna Nichols |year=1997 |month=February |work=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref>. Some Ingush willingly went into exile to deserted territory in the Middle East where many of them died and the rest were [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]]. It was estimated that 80% of the Ingush left Ingushetia for the Middle East in 1865<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~bsp/caucasus/newsletter/2003-04ccan.pdf |title=Caucasus and central Asia newsletter. Issue 4 |year=2003| work=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=479 |title=Chechnya: Chaos of Human Geography in the North Caucasus, 484 BC - 1957 AD |year=2007 |month=November |work=[[www.semp.us]]}}</ref>.


After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] the Ingush were promised that their villages and towns would be returned. The [[Soviets]] lied and confiscated the remaining Ingush properties by [[collectivization]] and [[dekulakization]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetiya.ru/article/134.html#5 |title=Spetspereselentsi: history of mass repressions and deportations of Ingushes in 20th century |year=2005 |month=March |work=[[Ingushetiya news agency]]}}</ref> and unified [[Chechnya]] and Ingushetia into Chechen-Ingush ASSR. In 1944 near the end of World War II Ingush and [[Chechens]] were falsely accused of collaborating with the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations were deported to [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Siberia]] with great loss of life, estimated at up to two thirds of their populations. They were [[rehabilitate (Soviet)|rehabilitate]]d in the 1950s, after the death of [[Stalin]], and were allowed to return home in 1957. However, much of Ingushetia's territory had been settled by [[Ossetians]] and part of the region had been transferred to [[North Ossetia-Alania|North Ossetia]]. The returning Ingush faced considerable animosity from the Ossetians. The Ingush were forced to buy their homes back from the Ossetians and Russians. It all led to a peaceful Ingush protest in Grozny in 16 January 1973, crushed by the Soviet troops<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetiya.ru/news/12884.html |title=35 years later. Ingush protest of 1973 |accessdate=2008-01-16 |author=Ingushetia.ru news agency |year=2008 |month=January |work=[[www.ingushetiya.ru]]}}</ref>
After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] the Ingush were promised that their villages and towns would be returned. The [[Soviets]] lied and confiscated the remaining Ingush properties by [[collectivization]] and [[dekulakization]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetiya.ru/article/134.html#5 |title=Spetspereselentsi: history of mass repressions and deportations of Ingushes in 20th century |year=2005 |month=March |work=[[Ingushetiya news agency]]}}</ref> and unified [[Chechnya]] and Ingushetia into Chechen-Ingush ASSR. In 1944 near the end of World War II [[Ingush]] and [[Chechens]] were falsely accused of collaborating with the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations on the orders of Joseph Stalin, an '''[[Ossetian]]'''<ref name="Simon Sebag Montefiore ">{{cite book |author= Simon Sebag Montefiore |title= Young Stalin |ISBN= 978-0-297-85068-7 |page= 19)}}</ref><ref name="I.V.Tylenev ">{{cite book |author= I.V.Tylenev |title= Krakh operatsii «Edelveis», Ordzhonikidze |year= 1975 |page= 136)}}</ref><ref name="Osip Mandelshtam">{{cite web |url=http://www.litera.ru/stixiya/authors/mandelshtam/my-zhivem-pod.html |title= Mi zhivem pod soboyu … |year=1933}}</ref><ref name=" Dmitrij Voskobojnikov">{{cite web |url=http://www.ogoniok.com/5064/16/
|title= Kak Stalin vnov’ stal osetinom}}</ref><ref name="Eduard Kokoiti">{{cite web |url=http://region15.ru/articles/1751/ |title=Stalin osetin |year=2008}}</ref><ref name=" Deni Baksan">{{cite book |author= Deni Baksan |title= Sled Satani na tajnih tropah istorii, Groznij, Chechnya |year= 2008}}</ref>'''[[national]]''', were deported to [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Siberia]] with great loss of life, estimated at up to two thirds of their populations. The 'deportation' was classified by European Parliament in 2006 as '''[[genocide]]'''. They were [[rehabilitate (Soviet)|rehabilitate]]d in the 1957, after the death of [[Stalin]], and were not allowed to return home in 1957. However some of them did return back without permission. Majority of Ingushetia's territory had been settled by [[Ossetians]] and part of the region had been transferred to [[North Ossetia-Alania|North Ossetia]]. The returning Ingush faced considerable animosity from the Ossetians. The Ingush were forced to buy their homes back from the Ossetians and Russians. It all led to a peaceful Ingush protest in Grozny in 16 January 1973, crushed by the Soviet troops<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetiya.ru/news/12884.html |title=35 years later. Ingush protest of 1973 |accessdate=2008-01-16 |author=Ingushetia.ru news agency |year=2008 |month=January |work=[[www.ingushetiya.ru]]}}</ref>


In 1991 the Chechens declared independence from the Soviet Union as the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]]. The Ingush's choice was to secede from the Chechen-Ingush Republic and in 1992 they joined the newly-created Russian Federation to peacefully resolve the conflict with Ossetia; they were also hoping that Russians would return their land back for their loyalty to Russia. However, the ethnic tensions in North Ossetia led to the outbreak of the [[Ossetian-Ingush conflict]] in late October, when another [[ethnic cleansing]] of the Ingush population started and over 60,000 Ingush civilians were forced from their homes in the [[Prigorodny District, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania|Prigorodny District]] of North Ossetia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information |accessdate=2007-02-10 |author=Johanna Nichols |year=1997 |month=February |work=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref> As the result of the conflict [[Ruslan Aushev]] was appointed the first president of Ingushetia and partial stability returned under his rule in Ingushetia.
In 1991 the Chechens declared independence from the Soviet Union as the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]]. The Ingush's choice was to secede from the Chechen-Ingush Republic and in 1992 they joined the newly-created Russian Federation to peacefully resolve the conflict with Ossetia; they were also hoping that Russians would return their land back for their loyalty to Russia. However, the ethnic tensions in North Ossetia led to the outbreak of the [[Ossetian-Ingush conflict]] in late October, when another [[ethnic cleansing]] of the Ingush population started and over 60,000 Ingush civilians were forced from their homes in the [[Prigorodny District, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania|Prigorodny District]] of North Ossetia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information |accessdate=2007-02-10 |author=Johanna Nichols |year=1997 |month=February |work=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref> As the result of the conflict [[Ruslan Aushev]] was appointed the first president of Ingushetia and partial stability returned under his rule in Ingushetia.

Revision as of 21:01, 28 December 2008

Ingushetia
CountryRussia
Federal district[1]
Economic region[2]
Population
 • Estimate 
(2018)[3]
488,043
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[4])
ISO 3166 codeRU-IN
OKTMO ID26000000
Official languagesRussian[5]

The Republic of Ingushetia (Russian: Респу́блика Ингуше́тия, Respublika Ingushetiya; Ingush: ГӀалгӀай Мохк, Ğalğaj Moxk;) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), located in the North Caucasus region with its capital at Magas. The republic is the smallest of Russia's federal subjects except two federal cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Ingushetia is home to the indigenous Ingush, a people of Vainakh ancestry.

The name "Ingushetia" is derived from an ancient village of Ongusht (renamed in 1859 to Tarskaya and in 1944 transferred to North Ossetia) and the Georgian ending -eti, all together meaning "(land) where the Ingush live".

Ingushetia remains one of Russia's poorest and most restive regions. The ongoing military conflict in a neighboring Chechnya has occasionally spilled into Ingushetia, and the republic has been destabilized by a number of high-profile crimes, anti-government protests, attacks on soldiers and officers, military excesses and deteriorating human rights situation.[7]

Geography

Ingushetia is situated on the northern slopes of the Caucasus.

Time zone

Ingushetia is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD).

Rivers

Major rivers include:

Mountains

A 150 km stretch of the Caucasus Mountains runs through the territory of the republic.

Natural resources

Ingushetia is rich in marble, timber, dolomite, plaster, limestone, gravel, granite, clay, thermal medical water, rare metals, mineral water, oil (over 60 billion tons), and natural gas reserves.

Climate

Climate of Ingushetia is mostly continental.

The meaning of the word Ingush

The Ingush is the nation indigenous to the Caucasus. They mostly inhabit the Russian republic of Ingushetia. They refer to themselves as Ghalghai (from Ingush: Ghal — fortress, ghai — habitants; another Russian interpretation — citizen). The Ingush speak the Ingush language, which has a very high degree of mutual intelligibility with neighboring Chechen.

Demographics

  • Population: 467,294 (2002)
    • Urban: 198,496 (42.5%)
    • Rural: 268,798 (57.5%)
    • Male: 218,194 (46.7%)
    • Female: 249,100 (53.3%)
  • Females per 1000 males: 1,142
  • Average age: 22.2 years
    • Urban: 22.4 years
    • Rural: 22.1 years
    • Male: 21.4 years
    • Female: 22.9 years
  • Number of households: 64,887 (with 463,532 people)
    • Urban: 28,751 (with 197,112 people)
    • Rural: 36,136 (with 266,420 people)
  • Vital statistics (2005)
    • Births: 6,777 (birth rate 14.0)
    • Deaths: 1,821 (death rate 3.8)

Birth rate was 15.9 in the first half of 2007.[9]

  • Ethnic groups

According to the 2002 Russian Census (2002), ethnic Ingush make up 77.3% of the republic's population. Other groups include Chechens (20.4%), Russians (1.2%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

census 1926 census 1939 census 2002
Ingush 69,930 (93.1%) 79,462 (58.0%) 361,057 (77.3%)
Chechens 2,572 (3.4%) 7,848 (5.7%) 95,403 (20.4%)
Russians 922 (1.2%) 43,389 (31.7%) 5,559 (1.2%)
Others 1,709 (2.3%) 6,368 (4.6%) 5,275 (1.1%)

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Ingushetia

History

10,000-8,000 BC
Migration of the linguistic ancestors of the Ingush people to the slopes of the Caucasus from the Fertile Crescent. Agriculture, irrigation, and the domestication of animals.[10]
6000-4000 BC
Neolithic era. Pottery is known to the region. Old settlements near Ali-Yurt and Magas, discovered in the modern times, revealed tools made out of stone: stone axes, polished stones, stone knives, stones with holes drilled in them, clay dishes etc. Settlements made out of clay bricks discovered in the plains. In the mountains there were discovered settlements made out of stone surrounded by walls some of them dated back 8000 BC.[11]
4000-3000 BC
Invention of the wheel (3000 BC), horseback riding, metal works (copper, gold, silver, iron) dishes, armor, daggers, knives, arrow tips. The artifacts were found near Naser-Kort, Muzhichi, Yi-E-Borz (now Surkhakhi), Abi-Goo (now Nazran).[11]

Modern Ingush history

Ingush are known by the following names: Ghalghai, Gelgai, Kist, Koost, Amazons, Gergar, Narts, Gegar, Dzoordzook, Glivi, Ongusht, Galash, Tsori, Jairakh, Khamhoi, Metshal, Fyappi, and Nyasareth.[12] The history of the Ingush is closely related to that of the Chechens. From the 9th to the 12th centuries, Georgian missionaries partially Christianised the Ingush. The remains of several temples, notably the Tkha-bya-Yer-d (the temple of 2000) and the Al-Bee-Yer-d can be found in Ingushetia. Ingush peacefully converted to Islam in the beginning of the 19th century with the help of a Chechen Islamic scholar Shaikh Kunta-Khadzhi.

Russian historians claim that Ingush willingly came under Russian rule in 1810 (most of the information sources are based on a report of General-Major Delpotso 13 June 1810 No.48). However, Russian Barron Rozen on 29 June 1832 reported in letter No.42 to Count Chernishevski that "on the 23rd of this month I exterminated eight Ingush villages. On the 24th near Targim I exterminated nine more villages." In letter No.560 on 12 November 1836 Barron Rozen claimed that highlanders of Dzheirkah, Kistin, and Ghalghai were "partially subdued". The colonization of Ingush land by Russians and Ossetians started in the middle of the 19th century. Russian General Evdokimov and Ossetian colonel Kundukhov in 'Opis No.436' "gladly reported" that "the result of colonization of Ingush land was successful":

  • Ingush village Ghazhien-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Assinovskaya in 1847
  • Ingush village Ebarg-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Troitskaya in 1847
  • Ingush town Dibir-Ghala was renamed to Stanitsa Sleptsovskaya in 1847
  • Ingush village Magomet-Khite was renamed to Stanitsa Voznesenskaya in 1847
  • Ingush village Akhi-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Sunzhenskaya in 1859
  • Ingush village Ongusht was renamed to Stanitsa Tarskaya in 1859
  • Ingush town Ildir-Ghala was renamed to Stanitsa Karabulakskaya in 1859
  • Ingush village Alkhaste was renamed to Stanitsa Feldmarshalskaya in 1860
  • Ingush village Tauzen-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Vorontsov-Dashkov in 1861
  • Ingush village Sholkhi was renamed to Khutor Tarski in 1867.

Unlike Chechens who fought the Caucasian War against Russia, Ingush clans resorted mostly to underground resistance.[13] The Russians built the fortress Vladikavkaz ("ruler of the Caucasus") on the place of Ingush village of Zaur.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Russian General Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov in his letter to Tsar of Russia wrote: "It would be a grave mistake for Russia to alienate such a militaristic nation as the Ingush." He suggested the separation of the Ingush and Chechens in order for Russia to win the war in the Caucasus. In another letter from General Ermolov to Lanski on the impossibility of forceful Christianization of the Ingush (dated 12 January 1827) he wrote: "This nation, the most courageous and militaristic among all the highlanders, cannot be allowed to be alienated. . . ." The last organized rebellion (the so-called "Nazran insurrection") in Ingushetia occurred in 1865 when 5,000 Ingush started a fight but lost to superior Russian forces. The rebellion signalled the end of the First Russo-Caucasian War. The same year Russian Tsar offered help in deportation of Ingush and Chechens to Turkey and the Middle East by claiming that "Muslims need to live under Muslim rulers". It seems that he wanted to liberate the land for Ossetians and Cossaks[23]. Some Ingush willingly went into exile to deserted territory in the Middle East where many of them died and the rest were assimilated. It was estimated that 80% of the Ingush left Ingushetia for the Middle East in 1865[24][25].

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Ingush were promised that their villages and towns would be returned. The Soviets lied and confiscated the remaining Ingush properties by collectivization and dekulakization[26] and unified Chechnya and Ingushetia into Chechen-Ingush ASSR. In 1944 near the end of World War II Ingush and Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations on the orders of Joseph Stalin, an Ossetian[27][28][29][30][31][32]national, were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia with great loss of life, estimated at up to two thirds of their populations. The 'deportation' was classified by European Parliament in 2006 as genocide. They were rehabilitated in the 1957, after the death of Stalin, and were not allowed to return home in 1957. However some of them did return back without permission. Majority of Ingushetia's territory had been settled by Ossetians and part of the region had been transferred to North Ossetia. The returning Ingush faced considerable animosity from the Ossetians. The Ingush were forced to buy their homes back from the Ossetians and Russians. It all led to a peaceful Ingush protest in Grozny in 16 January 1973, crushed by the Soviet troops[33]

In 1991 the Chechens declared independence from the Soviet Union as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. The Ingush's choice was to secede from the Chechen-Ingush Republic and in 1992 they joined the newly-created Russian Federation to peacefully resolve the conflict with Ossetia; they were also hoping that Russians would return their land back for their loyalty to Russia. However, the ethnic tensions in North Ossetia led to the outbreak of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict in late October, when another ethnic cleansing of the Ingush population started and over 60,000 Ingush civilians were forced from their homes in the Prigorodny District of North Ossetia.[34] As the result of the conflict Ruslan Aushev was appointed the first president of Ingushetia and partial stability returned under his rule in Ingushetia.

In 1995, when the first Russo-Chechen war started, the number of refugees in Ingushetia from both conflicts doubled. According to the UN per every citizen of Ingushetia there was one refugee from Ossetia and Chechnya. This created a tremendous problem for the economy. It collapsed after Aushev's success. The second Russo-Chechen war which started in 1999 brought more refugees (at some point there was one refugee per every Ingush citizen: 240,000 from Chechnya plus 60,000 from North Ossetia at the peak in 2000) and misery to Ingushetia. In 2001 President Aushev was forced to leave his presidency and was succeeded by Murat Zyazikov, a former KGB general. The situation worsened under his rule. Numerous young Ingush men were abducted by Russian and Ossetian death squads [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] according to Human rights watchdogs Memorial [43] and Mashr[44]. The Ingush mountains are closed for Ingush nationals [45]. The number of rebel attacks in Ingushetia on the rise especially after the number of Russian security forces were tripled. For example, according to Russian news agency a murder of a ethnic-Russian school teacher in Ingushetia was done by two ethnic-Russian and an ethnic-Ossetian soldiers; Issa Merzhoev the Ingush Police detective who solved the crime was shot at and killed by 'unknown' assailants right after he solved the murder[46] At least four people were injured when a vehicle exploded on March 24, 2008. An upsurge in violence in recent months targeted local police officers and security forces. In January 2008, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation launched a "counter-terrorism" operation in Ingushetia after receiving information that insurgents had been preparing a series of attacks.[47] In the beginning of August 2008 the war between Georgia and South Ossetia broke out, in which the Russian Federation became subsequently involved [48]. Since the beginning of the war the number of attacks and abductions of Ingush civilians by 'unknown' forces is practically nill. Majority of Russian forces were transferred to North and South Ossetias[49] 31 August 2008 Magomed Yevloyev, the head of Ingush opposition and the owner the website ingushetiya.ru, was killed by Russian security forces[50] Shortly before the unrecognised opposition group People's Parliament of Ingushetia Mekhk-Kkhel called for the recognition of the Russian semi-autonomous republic's independence, and opposition activist Magomed Khazbiyev said, "We must ask Europe or America to separate us from Russia." [51] [52]

On 18 October, 2008, a Russian military convoy came under grenade attack and machine gun fire near Nazran. Official Russian reports of the ambush, which has been blamed on local Muslim separatists, said two soldiers were killed and at least seven injured. Other reports according Ingushetian opposition suggested as many as 40 - 50 Russian soldiers were killed. [53] [54]

On October 30, 2008 President Zyazikov was dismissed from his office (he himself claimed he resigned voluntarily) and Yunus-Bek Yevkurov was nominated by Dmitry Medvedev and approved as a President by the People's Assembly of Ingushetia on the next day. This move was endorsed by major Russian political parties and by Ingush opposition.[55][56]

Military history of Ingushetia

According to professor Johanna Nichols in all the recorded history and reconstructable prehistory the Ingush people have never undertaken battle except in defense.[13] However, Ingush were hired in a number of wars. For example, when Persians attacked Georgia, King Alexander and his 100 Roman bodyguards took shelter with his wife's Ingush relatives. Half of the Ingush army was sent and defeated the Persians. II-III BC Georgian kings also received military assistance in their conquest from Ingush people.[57]

During World War I, 500 cavalrymen from an Ingush regiment of the Wild Division boldly attacked German Iron Division. The Russian Emperor Nicholas II, assessing the performance of the Ingush and Chechen regiments during the Brusilov breakthrough on the Russian-German front in 1915 wrote in his telegram to the Governor-General of the Tersky region Fleisher:

The Ingush regiment pounced upon the German "Iron Division" like an avalanche. It was immediately supported by the Chechen regiment. The Russian history, including the history of our Preobrazhensky regiment, does not know a single instance of a horse cavalry attacking an enemy force armed with heavy artillery: 4.5 thousand killed, 3.5 thousand taken prisoner, 2.5 thousand wounded. Less than in an hour and a half the "Iron Division" ceased to exist, the division that had aroused fear in the best armies of our allies. On behalf of me, the royal court and the whole of the Russian army send our best regards to fathers, mothers, sisters, wives and brides of those brave sons of the Caucasus whose heroism paved the way for the destruction of German hordes. Russia bows low to the heroes and will never forget them. I extend my fraternal greetings, Nicholas II, August 25, 1915.[58]

In 1941, when Germans attacked the USSR, the whole Russian front was retreating 40 km a day. Out of 6,500 defenders of Brest Fortress 6,000 Soviet troops capitulated. 500 troops were fresh conscripts of Ingush and Chechen origin. Defenders held the fortress for over a month against the Germans and even managed to stage several attacks from the Fortress. The last defender's name has been unknown for a long time; his documents identified him as a man called Barkhanoyev. Decades later, official records revealed it was Umatgirei Barkhanoyev from the Ingush village of Yandare. Recently, the memoirs of Stankus Antanas, a Lithuanian national and former Waffen SS officer, were published in Ingushetia. He recalls that in July 1941, his regiment was ordered to "finish off" the remaining Soviet soldiers in the fortress. When the Nazis decided that no defenders had been left alive, a Waffen SS general lined up his soldiers on the parade ground to award them with decorations for capturing the fortress. Then a tall and smart Red Army officer came out from the fortress's underground bunker:

He was blind because of his wounds and walked with his left arm extended forward. His right hand rested on a gun holster. He walked along the parade grounds wearing a ragged uniform, but his head was held high. The entire division was shocked at the sight. Approaching a shell-hole, he turned his face toward the west. The German general suddenly saluted this last defender of the Brest Fortress, and the rest of the officers followed suit. The Red Army officer drew a handgun and shot himself in the head. He fell on the ground facing Germany. A deep-drawn sigh aired over the parade grounds. We all stood 'frozen' in awe of this brave man.[59]

In 1994–1996 Ingush volunteers fought alongside Chechens in the Russian-Chechen war. Besides few incidents (including the killings of Ingush civilians by the Russian soldiers), Ingushetia was largely kept out of the war by determined policy of non-violence pursued by President Ruslan Aushev.[60]

This changed after the beginning of the Second Chechen War, and especially since the rule of President Murat Zyazikov in 2002. In the first major rebel attack in the a military convoy was destroyed in May 2000 and 18 soldiers were killed. In the June 2004 Nazran raid, Chechen and Ingush guerillas attacked government targets across Ingushetia, resulting in the deaths of at least 90 people, among them republic's acting interior minister Abukar Kostoyev, his deputy Zyaudin Kotiyev and several other officials. In response to a sharp escalation in attacks by insurgents since the summer of 2007,[61] Moscow sent in an additional 2,500 interior ministry troops, more than tripling the number of special forces in Ingushetia in July.

Ingushetia in books

Politics

The head of government and the highest executive post in Ingushetia is the President.

Recent presidents :

Recent Chairmen of the Government:

The parliament of the Republic is the People's Assembly comprising 34 deputees elected for a four year term. The People's Assembly is headed by the Chairman. As of 2006, the Chairman of the People's Assembly is Makhmud Sultanovich Sakalov.

The Constitution of Ingushetia was adopted on February 27, 1994.

Ingushetia is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation.

The capital was moved from Nazran to Magas in December 2002.

Economy

There are some natural resources in Ingushetia: mineral water in Achaluki, oil and natural gas in Malgobek, forests in Dzheirakh, metals in Galashki. The local government is considering the development of tourism however this is problematic due to the uneasy situation in the republic itself and the proximity of some conflict zones.

Education

Ingush State University, the first institute of higher education in the history of Ingushetia was founded in 1994 in Ordzhonikidzevskaya.[63]

Religion

Most Ingush people are Muslims of Shafii school.

See also

References

  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
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  5. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
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  13. ^ a b Johanna Nichols (1997). "The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2007-02-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  27. ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore. Young Stalin. p. 19). ISBN 978-0-297-85068-7.
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  31. ^ "Stalin osetin". 2008.
  32. ^ Deni Baksan (2008). Sled Satani na tajnih tropah istorii, Groznij, Chechnya.
  33. ^ Ingushetia.ru news agency (2008). "35 years later. Ingush protest of 1973". www.ingushetiya.ru. Retrieved 2008-01-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ^ Johanna Nichols (1997). "The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2007-02-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ^ N.Evloev (2008). "A message of Nazir Evloev Press Secretary of Ingushetia MVD (Police)". www.ingushetiya.ru. Retrieved 2008-20-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  36. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.islamcom.ru/material.php?id=678
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  38. ^ {{cite web |url=http://criminalnaya.ru/news/2008-09-18-6671
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  40. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetia.org/news/16357.html
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  48. ^ war
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  51. ^ Russia faces new Caucasus uprising in Ingushetia
  52. ^ Tension in Ingushetia after journalist’s death
  53. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7677834.stm
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  56. ^ Echo of Moscow, Указом президента России Дмитрия Медведева новым главой Ингушетии стал Юнус-Бек Евкуров, 31.10.2008 Template:Ru icon
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Sources

  • 27 февраля 1994 г. «Конституция Республики Ингушетия», в ред. Закона №1-РЗП от 25 июня 2008 г. (February 27, 1994 Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia, as amended by the Law #1-RZP of June 25, 2008. ).
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