Trieste

For other uses, see Trieste (disambiguation).

Trieste
Comune
Comune di Trieste
Piazza Unità d'Italia
Coat of arms
Location of Trieste
Trieste Location of Trieste in Italy Trieste Trieste (Friuli-Venezia Giulia)
Coordinates: 45°38′N 13°48′E
Country	Italy
Region	Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Province	Trieste (TS)
Frazioni	Banne (Bani), Barcola (Barkovlje), Basovizza (Bazovica), Borgo San Nazario, Cattinara (Katinara), Conconello (Ferlugi), Contovello (Kontovel), Grignano (Grljan), Gropada (Gropada), Longera (Lonjer), Miramare (Miramar), Opicina (Opčine), Padriciano (Padriče), Prosecco (Prosek), Santa Croce (Križ), Servola (Škedenj), Trebiciano (Trebče), Trieste (Trst)
Government
• Mayor	Roberto Dipiazza (since 2001)
Area
• Total	84 km2 (32 sq mi)
Elevation	2 m (7 ft)
Population  (October 31, 2008)
• Total	205,374
• Density	2,400/km2 (6,300/sq mi)
Demonym	Triestini
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	34100
Dialing code	040
Patron saint	San Giusto
Saint day	November 3
Website	www.comune.trieste.it

Trieste (Template:Lang-it; Template:Lang-sl; Template:Lang-sr; Template:Lang-hr; Template:Lang-de) is a city and port in northeastern Italy near the Slovenian border, to the North, East, and South. Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste on the Adriatic Sea. Throughout its history, it has been influenced by its geographic position at the crossroads of Germanic, Latin and Slavic culture. With a population of 208,614 as of 2007, it is the capital of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trieste province.

Trieste gained importance under the noble Barbaro family, serving as the House's post-Roman residence prior to the 9th century, before the family became Patricians of Venice for the Republic of Venice. After, Trieste flourished as part of Austria, from 1382 (the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867) until 1918 when it was one of the few seaports in what was one of the Great Powers of Europe. It was among the most prosperous Mediterranean seaports as well as a capital of literature and music. However, the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Trieste's annexation to Italy after World War I led to a decline of its economic and cultural importance.

Today, Trieste is a border town. The population is an ethnic mix of the neighbouring regions; The dominant local Venetian dialect of Trieste is called Triestine ("Triestin" - IPA: [triɛsˈtin], in Italian "Triestino"). This dialect and the official Italian language are spoken in the city centre, while Slovene is spoken in several of the immediate suburbs. The Venetian and the Slovene languages are considered autochthonous of the area. There are also small numbers of Serbian, Croatian, German, Hungarian speakers.

The economy depends on the port and on trade with its neighbouring regions. Throughout the Cold War Trieste was a peripheral city, but it is rebuilding some of its former influence.

History

Ancient era

The area of what is now Trieste was settled by the Carni, an Indo-European tribe (hence the name Carso) in about the 3rd millennium BC. Subsequently the area was populated by the Histri, an Illyrian people, who remained the main civilization until the 2000 BC, when the Palaeo-Veneti arrived.

By 177 BC, the city was under the rule of the Roman republic. Trieste was granted the status of colony under Julius Caesar, who recorded its name as Tergeste in his Commentarii de bello Gallico (51 BC). After the end of the Western Roman Empire (in 476), Trieste remained a Byzantine military centre. In 788 it became part of the Frank kingdom, under the authority of their count-bishop. From 1081 the city came loosely under the Patriarchate of Aquileia, developing into a free commune by the end of the 12th century.

Habsburg rule

See also: Austrian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire

The Austrian Littoral in 1897.

After two centuries of war against the nearby major power, the Republic of Venice (which occupied it briefly from 1369 to 1372), the burghers of Trieste petitioned Leopold III of Habsburg, Duke of Austria to become part of his domains. (The agreement of cessation was signed in October 1382, in St. Bartholomew's church in the village of Šiška (apud Sisciam), today one of the city quarters of Ljubljana.) The citizens, however, maintained a certain degree of autonomy up until the 17th century.

Trieste became an important port and trade hub. It was made a free port within the Habsburg Empire by Emperor Charles VI and remained a free port from 1719 until July 1 1891. The reign of his successor, Maria Theresa of Austria, marked the beginning of a flourishing era for the city.

Trieste was occupied by French troops three times during the Napoleonic Wars, in 1797, 1805 and 1809. In the latter it was annexed to the Illyrian Provinces by Napoleon, during which period Trieste lost its autonomy (even when it was returned to the Austrian Empire in 1813), and the status of free port was interrupted.

Following the Napoleonic Wars, Trieste continued to prosper as the Imperial Free City of Trieste (Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest) and it became capital of the Austrian Littoral region.

A view of Trieste in 1885.

The city's role as main Austrian trading port and shipbuilding centre was later emphasized with the foundation of the merchant shipping line Austrian Lloyd in 1836, whose headquarters stood at the corner of the Piazza Grande and Sanità. By 1913 Austrian Lloyd had a fleet of 62 ships comprising a total of 236,000 tons.

The particular Friulian dialect, called Tergestino, spoken until the beginning of the 19th century, was gradually overcome by the Triestine (the local variant of the Venetian dialect) and other languages, including standard Italian, Slovene, and German. While Triestine was spoken by the largest part of the population, German was the language of the Austrian bureaucracy and Slovene was predominant in the surrounding villages. From the last decades of the 19th century, Slovene language speakers grew steadily, reaching 25% of the overall population of Trieste in 1911 (30% of the Austro-Hungarian citizens in Trieste). A small number of the population spoke Croatian (around 1% in 1911), and the city also counted several other smaller ethnic communities, namely Czechs, Serbs and Greeks, which mostly assimilated either to the Italian or Slovene-speaking community. The city also had a relatively large and prosperous Jewish community, numbering around 6,000 people at the eve of World War One.

The modern Austro-Hungarian Navy used Trieste's shipbuilding facilities and as a base. The construction of the first major trunk railway in the Empire, the Vienna-Trieste Austrian Southern Railway, was completed in 1857, a valuable asset for trade and the supply of coal.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Trieste was a buzzing cosmopolitan city frequented by artists such as James Joyce, Italo Svevo, Sigmund Freud, Dragotin Kette, Ivan Cankar and Umberto Saba. The city was part of the so-called Austrian Riviera and a very real part of Mitteleuropa.

Viennese architecture and coffeehouses still dominate the streets of Trieste to this day.

Annexation to Italy

See also: Battles of the Isonzo and Julian March

Together with Trento, Trieste was a main focus of the irredentist movement, which aimed for the annexation to Italy of all the lands they claimed were inhabited by an Italian speaking population. After the end of World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved, and many of its border areas, including the Austrian Littoral, were disputed among its successor states. On November 3, 1918, Trieste was occupied by the Italian Army, but was officially annexed to the Kingdom of Italy only with the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920. The region was reorganized under a new administrative unit, known as the Julian March (Venezia Giulia).

The annexation, however, brought a loss of importance for the city, with the new state border depriving it of its former hinterland. The Slovene ethnic group (around 25% of the population according to the 1911 census) suffered persecution by rising Italian Fascism. The period of violent persecution of Slovenes began on April 13, 1920, when a group of Italian Fascists burnt the Narodni dom ("National House"), the community hall of Trieste's Slovenes. After the emergence of the Fascist regime in 1922, a policy of Italianization began: public use of Slovene language was prohibited, all Slovene associations were dissolved, names and surnames of Slavic and German origin were Italianized. Several thousand Slovenes from Trieste, especially intellectuals, emigrated to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and to South America, where many became prominent in their field. Among the notable Slovene emigés from Trieste were the writers Vladimir Bartol and Josip Ribičič, the legal theorist Boris Furlan, and the architect Viktor Sulčič.

In the late 1920s, Yugoslav irredentism started to appear, and the Slovene militant anti-fascist organization TIGR carried out several bomb attacks in the city centre. In 1930 and 1941, two trials against hundreds of Slovene activists were held in Trieste by the Special Tribunal for the Security of the State.

Despite the decline of the city's economic importance, the demise of its traditional multicultural and pluri-linguistic character, and emigration of many Slovene and German speakers, the overall population continued to grow. The Fascist Regime built several new infrastructures and public buildings, including the almost 70 m high Victory Lighthouse (Faro della Vittoria), which became one of the city's landmarks. The University of Trieste was also established in this period.

A further blow for the city came with the promulgation of the Fascist racial laws in 1938, when the city's well-integrated Jewish population was banned from all public activity.

World War II and its aftermath

Risiera di San Sabba concentration camp in Trieste.

File:Trst 1maj.JPG

Allied armored columns of the Yugoslav Partisans entering Trieste on May 1 1945

File:Foiba basovizza2.jpg

A foibe memorial at Basovizza near Trieste

See also: List of Nazi-German concentration camps

After the constitution of the Italian Social Republic, on 23 September 1943, Trieste was nominally absorbed into this entity. The Germans, however, annexed it to the Operation Zone of the Adriatic Littoral, which included the whole Julian March, Friuli, the Province of Ljubljana, Gorski Kotar and the islands of Krk and Rab. The new administrative entity was headed by Friedrich Rainer. Under the German occupation, the only concentration camp on Italian soil was built in a suburb of Trieste, at the Risiera di San Sabba (Rižarna), on 4 April 1944. The city saw a strong Italian and Yugoslav partisan activity, and suffered from Allied bombings.

On April 30 1945, the Italian anti-Fascist National Liberation Committee (Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale, or CLN) of don Marzari and Savio Fonda, constituted of approximately 3,500 volunteers, incited a riot against the Germans. On May 1, Allied forces of the Yugoslav Partisans' 8th Corps arrived and took over most of the city from the Germans, except for the courts and the castle of San Giusto, the garrisons here refusing to surrender to any force other than New Zealanders. The 2nd New Zealand Division continued to advance towards Trieste along Route 14 around the northern coast of the Adriatic sea and arrived in the city the next day. The German forces capitulated on the evening of May 2, following their arrival, but were then turned over by the New Zealanders to the Yugoslav forces. The Yugoslav forces held full control of the city until June 12, a period known in the Italian historiohraphy as the "forty days of Trieste" During this period, hundreds of locals were arrested by the Yugoslav authorities, and some of them disappeared. These included former Fascists and Nazi collaborators, as well as Italian nationalists, and other real or potential opponents of Yugoslav Communism. Some of them were interned in Yugoslav concentration camps (mostly in Borovnica, Slovenia), while others were allegedly thrown into the potholes ("foibe") on the Kras plateau.

After an agreement between the Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito and the British Field Marshal Harold Alexander, the Yugoslav forces withdrew from Trieste, which came under a joint British-U.S. military administration. The Julian March was divided between Anglo-American and Yugoslav military adiministration until September 1947, when the Paris Peace Treaty established the Free Territory of Trieste.

Zone A of the Free Territory of Trieste (1947-54)

File:Confine TLT.gif

Boundary between Free Territory of Trieste and Italy west of Duino.

In 1947, Trieste was declared an independent city state under the protection of the United Nations as the Free Territory of Trieste. The territory was divided into two zones, A and B, along the Morgan Line, established in 1945.

From 1947 to 1954, the A Zone was governed by the Allied Military Government, composed of the American "Trieste United States Troops" (TRUST), commanded by Major General Bryant E. Moore, the commanding general of the American 88th Infantry Division, and the "British Element Trieste Forces" (BETFOR), commanded by Sir Terence Airey, who were the joint forces commander and also the military governors. The Zone A covered almost the same area of the current Italian Province of Trieste, except for four small villages south of Muggia which were given to Yugoslavia after the dissolution of the Free Territory in 1954. The Zone B, which remained under the military administration of the Yugoslav People's Army, was composed of the north-westernmost portion of the Istrian peninsula, roughly between the coastal towns of Ankaran and Novigrad.

In 1954, the Free Territory of Trieste was dissolved. The vast majority of the Zone A, including the city of Trieste, was ceded to Italy. The B Zone became part of Yugoslavia, along with four villages from the Zone A (Plavje, Spodnje Škofije, Hrvatini, and Jelarji), and was divided among the Socialist Republic of Slovenia and Croatia. The annexation of Trieste to Italy was officially announced on 26 October 1954.

The final border line with Yugoslavia, and the status of the ethnic minorities in the eareas, was settled permanently in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo. This line is now the border between Italy and Slovenia.

Transport

The Porto Vecchio, also showing Trieste Centrale railway station

Trieste Centrale railway station

Buses of Trieste Trasporti parked on Piazza Unità d'Italia

A car of the Opicina Tramway

Maritime transport

Trieste's maritime location and its former long term status as part of the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires made its dock the major commercial port for much of the landlocked areas of central Europe. In the 19th century, a new port district known as the Porto Nuovo was built northeast to the city centre.

In modern times Trieste's importance as a port has declined, both due to the annexation to Italy, for Italy's wider choice of better located ports, and the competition with the nearby new port of Koper in Slovenia. However, there is significant commercial shipping to the container terminal, steel works and oil terminal, all located to the south of the city centre. After many years of stagnation, a change in the leadership placed the port on a steady growth path, recording a 40% increase in shipping traffic as of 2007.

Rail transport

Railroads came early to Trieste, due to its port and the need to transport people and goods inland. The first railroad line to reach Trieste was the "Sudbahn" in 1857. This railroad stretched for 1400 km to Lviv, Ukraine, via Ljubljana, Slovenia; Sopron,Hungary; Vienna, Austria; and Kraków, Poland, crossing the backbone of the Alps mountains through the Semmering Pass near Graz. This railroad approaches Trieste through the village of Villa Opicina, a few kilometers from the big city but over 300 meters higher in elevation. Due to this, the line takes a 32 kilometer detour to the north, gradually descending before terminating at the Trieste Centrale railroad station.

A second trans-Alpine railrad was dedicated in 1906, with the opening of the Transalpina Railway from Vienna, Austria via Jesenice and Nova Gorica. This railroad also approached Trieste via Villa Opicina, but it took a rather shorter loop southwards towards Trieste's other main railroad station, the Trieste Campo Marzio railroad station, south of the central station. This line no longer operates, and the Campo Marzio station is now a railway museum.

To facilitate freight traffic between the two stations and the nearby dock areas, a temporary railroad line known as the Rivabahn was built along the waterfront in 1887. This railroad survived until 1981, when it was replaced by the Galleria di Circonvallazione, a 5.7 kilometer railroad tunnel route, to the east of the city. Freight services from the dock area now include container services to northern Italy and to Budapest, Hungary, together with truck piggyback services to Salzburg, Austria and Frankfurt, Germany.

Passenger rail service to Trieste now mostly consists of trains to and from Venice, Italy, connecting there with trains to Rome and Milan at Mestre. These trains reach the Trieste central station via bypassing the Gulf of Trieste, connecting with the Sudbahn's northern loop. International trains between Italy and Slovenia now pass through Villa Opicina, bypassing Trieste.

Air transport

Trieste is served by the nearby Friuli Venezia Giulia Airport, located at Ronchi near Monfalcone at the head of the Gulf of Trieste.

Local transport

Local public transport in Trieste is operated by Trieste Trasporti, which operates a network of around 60 bus routes and two boat services. They also operate the Opicina Tramway, a unique hybrid tramway and funicular railway that provides a more direct link between the city centre and Villa Opicina.

Demographics

ISTAT 2007 [2]
	Trieste,FVG	Italy
Median age	46 years	42 years
Under 18 years old	13.8%	18.1%
Over 65 years old	27.9%	20.1%
Foreign Population	6.2%	5.8%
Births/1,000 people	7.63 b	9.45 b

In 2007, there were 203,356 people residing in Trieste, located in the province of Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, of whom 46.7% were male and 53.3% were female. Minors (children aged 18 and younger) totalled 13.78 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 27.9 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Trieste residents is 46 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Trieste declined by 3.5 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 percent. The birth rate in Trieste is 7.63 per 1,000 one of the lowest in eastern Italy, while the Italian average is 9.45 births.

As of 2006, 93.81% of the population was Italian citizens. The largest autochthonous minority are Slovenes, but there is also a large immigrant group from other Balkan nations (particularly nearby Croatia, but also Serbia, Albania and Romania): 4.95%, Asia: 0.52%, and sub-saharan Africa: 0.2%. Trieste is predominantly Roman Catholic, but also has large numbers of Orthodox Christians due to the city's large migrant population from Eastern Europe and its Balkan influence.

The city's main language is Italian though there are many Slovene, Venetian and Friulian language speakers. There are also groups of German and Hungarian speakers.

Main sights

Trieste seafront.

Castles

The Miramare Castle.

The Trieste Cathedral dedicated to Saint Justus.

Serbian Orthodox Church of Saint Spyridon, mid 19th century.

Trieste City Hall.

The old city stock exchange.

Miramare Castle

The Miramare Castle was built between 1856 and 1860 from a project by Carl Junker working under Archduke Maximilian. The Castle gardens provide a setting of beauty with a variety of trees, chosen by and planted on the orders of Maximilian, that today make a remarkable collection. Features of particular attraction in the gardens include two ponds, one noted for its swans and the other for lotus flowers, the Castle annexe ("Castelletto"), a bronze statue of Maximilian, and a small chapel where is kept a cross made from the remains of the "Novara", the flagship on which Maximilian, brother of Emperor Franz Josef, set sail to become Emperor of Mexico. During the existence of the Free Territory of Trieste, the castle served as headquarters for the United States Army's TRUST force.

Castle of San Giusto

Designed on the remains of previous castles on the site, it took almost two centuries to build. The stages of the development of the Castle's defensive structures are marked by the central part built under Frederick III (1470-1), the round Venetian bastion (1508-9), the Hoyos-Lalio bastion and the Pomis, or "Bastione fiorito" dated 1630.

Churches

• The Cathedral of San Giusto.
• The Serb-Orthodox Temple of Holy Trinity and St. Spiridio (1869). The building adopts the Greek-Cross plan with five cupolas in the Byzantine tradition.
• Basilica of San Silvestro (11th century)
• Church of Santa Maria Maggiore (1682)
• Church of San Nicolò dei Greci (1787). This church by the architect Matteo Pertsch (1818), with bell-towers on both sides of the facade, follows the Austrian late baroque style.
• Israelite Temple (1912)

Archaeological remains

• Arch of Riccardo (33 BC). It is an Augustan gate built in the Roman walls in 33. It stands in Piazzetta Barbacan, in the narrow streets of the old town. It's called Arco di Riccardo ("Richard's Arch") because is believed to have been crossed by King Richard of England on the way back from the Crusades.
• Basilica Forense (2nd century)
• Palaeochristian basilica
• Roman Age Temples" : one dedicated to Athena, one to Zeus, both on the S.Giusto hill.

The temple dedicated to Zeus ruins is next to the Forum , the Athenas is under the basilica, visitors can see his basement .

Roman theatre

Trieste or Tergeste, which probably dates back to the protohistoric period, was enclosed by walls built in 33–32 BC on Emperor Octavian’s orders. The city developed greatly during the 1st and 2nd centuries.

The Roman theatre lies at the foot of the San Giusto hill, facing the sea. The construction partially exploits the gentle slope of the hill, and much of the theatre is made of stone. The topmost portion of the amphitheatre steps and the stage were supposedly made of wood.

The statues that adorned the theatre, brought back to light in the 1930s, are now preserved at the Town Museum. Three inscriptions from the Trajan period mention a certain Q. Petronius Modestus, someone closely connected to the development of the theatre, which was erected during the second half of the 1st century.

Caves

In the whole Trieste province, an amount of 10 speleological groups (24 in Friuli-Venezia Giulia) exist. The Trieste plateau (Altopiano Triestino), called Kras or the Carso and covering an area of about 200 km² within Italy has approximately 1500 caves of various sizes. Among the most famous are the Grotta Gigante, the largest tourist cave in the world, with a single cavity large enough to contain St Peter's in Rome, and the Cave of Trebiciano (350 m deep) at the bottom of which flows the Timavo River. This river dives underground at Škocjan Caves in Slovenia (they are on UNESCO list) and flows about 30 km before emerging about 1 km from the sea in a series of springs near Duino, reputed by the Romans to be an entrance to Hades.

Others

• The Risiera di San Sabba (Risiera di San Sabba Museum)', a national monument. It is a testimonial of the only Nazi extermination camp in Italy.
• The Foibe (Fojbe), also sort of national monuments (foiba of "Basovizza" is a national monument). Those are a testimonial of the killings of Italians by Yugoslav partizans after World War II. Yugoslav army took revenge on Italians, often regardless of their personal responsibility, because of the Fascist violence, which lasted from 1920 until 1945, on the Slovene minority of the Trieste region.
• Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste (natural history museum) containing fossils of early man.
• Civico Orto Botanico di Trieste, a municipal botanical garden
• Orto Botanico dell'Università di Trieste, the University of Trieste's botanical garden
• Val Rosandra, a national park on the border between the province of Trieste and Slovenia.

Canal Grande in Trieste at night.

Fauntain and castle Duino.

Culture

Education

File:University of Triest.jpg

The University of Trieste main building.

Literature

Many famous authors lived and created their major works in Trieste. They include:

Italian language authors

• Enzo Bettiza, writer and journalist, born in Split
• Mauro Covacich, writer and journalist
• Virgilio Giotti, poet
• Claudio Magris, writer and essayist
• Biagio Marin, poet (born in Grado)
• Pino Roveredo, writer
• Umberto Saba, poet
• Scipio Slataper, essayist
• Giani Stuparich, writer and essayist
• Italo Svevo, novelist
• Susanna Tamaro, novelist
• Fulvio Tomizza, writer, born in Istria (now in Croatia)
• Giorgio Voghera, writer

Slovene language authors

• Igo Gruden, poet (born in Aurisina near Trieste)
• Vladimir Bartol, writer
• Dušan Jelinčič, writer, essayist, and mountain climber
• Miroslav Košuta, poet
• Marko Kravos, poet
• Jovan Vesel Koseski, poet (born in Carniola, lived in Trieste)
• Boris Pahor, novelist
• Josip Ribičič (born in Baška, lived in Trieste between 1911 and 1925)
• Alojz Rebula, writer and essayist
• Julius Kugy, writer and essayist (born in Gorizia)

German language authors

• Theodor Däubler, writer and poet
• Robert Hamerling
• Veit Heiniken
• Rainer Maria Rilke, poet (stayed in Duino near Trieste)

Other writers

• Richard Francis Burton
• James Joyce
• Jan Morris
• Jules Verne

Sports

Trieste is notable for having had two clubs participating in the championships of two different nations at the same time during the period of the Free Territory of Trieste. Triestina played in the Italian Serie A. Although it faced retrocession after the first season after the Second World War, the FIGC changed the rules to keep it in, as it was seen as important to keep a club of the city in the Italian league, while [Yugoslavia] had its eye on the city. In the championship of next season the club played its best seaon with a 3rd place finish.

Meanwhile, Yugoslavia bought A.S.D. Ponziana, a small team in Trieste, which under a new name, Amatori Ponziana Trst, played in the Yugoslavian league for 3 years. Triestina went broke in the 1990s, but recently (2008) regained the Italian second division Serie B. Ponziana was renamed as "Circolo Sportivo Ponziana 1912" and currently plays in Friuli-Venezia Giulia Group of Promozione, who is 7th level of Italian league.

Other notable people

• Luisa Accati, historian and femminist theoretician
• Piero Cappuccilli, Famous Baritone of the 20th Century
• Lidia Bastianich, acclaimed Italian-American chef and TV cooking show host whose family lived in a Triestian refugee camp after their escape from Istria in 1957
• Václav Bělohradský, Czech philosopher
• Florian Biesik, Silesian linguist, Vilamovian language scholar and poet
• Mathilde Bonaparte, Napoleon's niece, daughter of his brother Jerome Bonaparte was born here in 1820 and died in the early 20th century
• Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist
• Demetrio Carciotti, (Dimitrios Karitsiotis), Greek merchant and important patron of Greece
• Leo Castelli, New York art dealer who established one of the world's leading vanguard galleries in the second half of the 20th century
• Avgust Černigoj, Slovene painter
• Lavo Čermelj, Slovene physisicist and public intellectual
• Biaggio Chianese, Italian boxer
• Louis Antoine Debrauz de Saldapenna, Austrian diplomat, journalist and author
• George Dolenz, actor and father of Micky Dolenz of the Monkees
• Josip Ferfolja, Slovenian social-democratic politician and human rights activist
• Boris Furlan, Slovenian legal theorist, translator and politician
• Anton Füster, Austrian revolutionary activist, author and pedagogue
• Almerigo Grilz, journalist, freelance war reporter and politician
• Boris M. Gombač, Slovenian historian
• Margherita Hack, Italian astronomer
• Ernesto Illy, Entrapreneur, founder of coffee empire
• Jurij Japelj, Slovene philologist
• Doro Levi, archaeologist
• Franko Luin, Swedish-Slovene graphic designer
• Cesare Maldini, former AC Milan captain, Italian football team manager.
• Michael Manfredi, architect partner of Marion Weiss in New York-based Weiss/Manfredi
• Edoardo Marzari, priest
• Mauro Maur, Italian trumpet player and composer
• Jože Pirjevec, Slovene historian
• Alberto Randegger, composer
• Ivan Rendić, Croatian sculptor
• Mitja Ribičič, Slovene Communist leader, President of the Yugoslav Government (1969-1971)
• Tanja Romano, world champion artistic roller skater
• Edvard Rusjan, Slovene aircraft constructor and pilot
• Abdus Salam, Pakistani theoretical physicist
• Denis Sciama, British physicist
• Igor Škamperle, sociologist, novelist and mountaineer
• Alex Staropoli, keyboardist of the band Rhapsody of Fire
• Elisa Toffoli, Nationally renowned singer/songwriter, pianist, and guitarist
• Viktor Sulčič, Argentine-Slovene architect (born in the suburb of Santa Croce/Križ)
• Max Tonetto, an Italian winger playing for AS Roma
• Luca Turilli, guitarist of the band Rhapsody of Fire
• Jožef Tominc, Biedermeier painter
• Tone Tomšič, partisan hero
• Primož Trubar, Slovene Protestant reformer
• Marta Verginella, Slovene historian
• Vittorio Vidali (aka Enea Sormenti, Jacobo Hurwitz Zender, Carlos Contreras), Communist agent
• Ivan Vidav, Slovene mathematician
• Boris Ziherl, Slovene Communist leader and Marxist philosopher
• Sigismund Zois, Slovene mecenate and natural scientist
• Jules Verne, French tales author, lived in Trieste several times and write the novela " La congiura di Trieste".
• Sergij Vilfan, Slovenian legal and economic historian

Twin towns

• Como, Italy
• Graz, Austria
• Mykolaiv, Ukraine

See also

• Treaty of peace with Italy (1947)
• University of Trieste
• INFN, (National Institute of Nuclear Physics), the nuclear physics laboratory.
• International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB),
• The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)
• International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA)
• ELETTRA Synchrotron Light Laboratory
• Fincantieri
• Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi
• Habsburg
• Trieste Astronomical Observatory
• U.S. Triestina Calcio, Trieste's soccer club, founded in 1908
• Il Piccolo, Trieste's newspaper
• Goethe Institute

Further reading

• Hametz, Maura (2001). "The Carabinieri stood by: The Italian state and the "Slavic Threat" in Trieste, 1919-1922". Nationalities Papers. 29 (4): 559–574. doi:10.1080/00905990120102093. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |quotes=, |laysource=, |laysummary=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Cary, Joseph (1993). A Ghost in Trieste. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226095282. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

External links

• Municipality of Trieste Template:It icon
• Trieste Chamber of Commerce Template:It icon
• Grotta Gigante official site Template:It icon
• From Mexico to Miramar or, Across the Lake of Oblivion (essay about a journey to Miramar Castle by C.M. Mayo, from Massachusetts Review)