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After the success of [[Badr-4]], communication satellite, the [[Arabsat]] led another agreement with SUPARCO on 16 June 2007, in which SUPARCO will developed the another upgrade version of Badr Satellite. The fifth-Generation satellite is to be launched at the 30.5° East orbital location by Q4-2009. The Badr-6 satellite is currently underdeveloped and the satellite is expected to launch in the late of 2009. The programme is sole financed by the Government of Saudia Arabia.
After the success of [[Badr-4]], communication satellite, the [[Arabsat]] led another agreement with SUPARCO on 16 June 2007, in which SUPARCO will develop another upgrade version of Badr Satellite. The fifth-Generation satellite is to be launched at the 30.5° East orbital location by Q4-2009. The Badr-6 satellite is currently underdevelopment and the satellite is expected to launch in late 2009. The programme is solely financed by the Government of Saudi Arabia.


=== PAKSAT-1R Communication Satellite Project ===
=== PAKSAT-1R Communication Satellite Project ===

Revision as of 07:56, 4 August 2009

Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
File:SUPARCO logo.jpg
SUPARCO seal
Agency overview
AbbreviationSUPARCO
Formed16 September, 1961
TypeSpace agency
HeadquartersSpace and Atmospheric Research Center (SPARC), University Road, Karachi, Pakistan
AdministratorMaj. Gen. Raza Hussain
Primary spaceportSonmiani Satellite Launch Center
Annual budgetRs.360 million rupees (2008)
WebsiteSUPARCO homepage

The Pakistan Space Agency or Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) is the Pakistani government space agency responsible for Pakistan's space program. It was formed in September 1961 by the order of President Ayub Khan on the advice of its founding director, Abdus Salam.[1] SUPARCO is an autonomous research and development organization under the Government of Pakistan. It is a semi-civilian controlled space agency of Pakistan. The headquarters of SUPARCO is located in Karachi. The agency also has offices in Lahore and at Karachi (an engineering installation).

Formative History

File:Abdus salam.gif
Dr. Abdus Salam, Founder of Pakistani Space Program.

Pakistan's quest to pursue peaceful purpose space technology began in early 1960s. It was Dr. Abdus Salam's advice to the President of Pakistan, Field Marshall Ayub Khan, to establish a National Space Agency of Pakistan, SUPARCO. In September, 16, 1961, on the advice of dr.Abdus Salam, it was decided to set up a Committee dealing with space sciences. Consequently, a Space Sciences Research Wing of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was established through an Executive Order of the President of Pakistan, Gen. Ayub Khan which was addressed to dr. I. H. Usmani, the Chairman of PAEC. The programme of rocket firings was entrusted to Chairman PAEC.[2] Dr. Abdus Salam was appointed its first Chairman. On June 7, 1961, under the leadership of dr. Abdus Salam and dr. I. H. Usmani, a two-stage rocket, Rehbar-I was launched Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center. Pakistan had the honour of becoming the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct such a launching.

On July, 25,1964, Dr. Abdus Salam arranged a meeting with President Ayub Khan where SUPARCO was placed under the direct control of the President of Pakistan. On 8 March 1966, President Ayub Khan constituted SUPARCO as a separate organisation under the administrative control of Dr. Abdus Salam. [3] Dr. Abdus Salam, along with Dr. I. H. Usmani, led a team of aerospace engineers to design a Rehbar sounding Rocket series. Dr. Abdus Salam also established space centers in different cities of Pakistan, notably in Karachi and Lahore. Abdus Salam also intiated an aerospace engineering program in SUPARCO. He was one of the pioneering figures in 1960s to lead Pakistan in Space Power world. Abdus Salam knew the importance of space technology as well as he knew the importance of nuclear technology. Abdus Salam effort was involved in the development and installation of high-powered astronomical telescope at the Karachi University. Abdus Salam was noted for his theories and its relationship to Islam in SUPARCO, his efforts were involved in inducting an applied physics and an experimental physics laboratories in Karachi University. Abdus Salam also established an aerospace engineering course in Pakistan Airforce Academy.

The establishing of SUPARCO, Pakistan was the first South Asian country to start its Space Program[4]. However, the Pakistani Space Program has been freezed by time by time. In 1970s, under the Governments of President of Pakistan, General Yahya Khan and the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the Space program was freezed for more than a decade. In 1993, both Pakistan's Nuclear and Space Programmes were freezed for 4 years due to economic depression. However, the Programme was unfreezed by then-President of Pakistan General Pervaiz Musharraf and a satellite development programme was developed rapidly.

Furthermore, Suparco faced strict sanctions on the import of several materials required to launch and manufacture rockets during the early 90’s from the United States and the Russia. The delay of the Russian launch vehicle also resulted in a long delay for the launch of Pakistan’s second satellite (Badar-B). These tragedies had an immense impact on Suparco’s plan to launch and place its own satellite in orbit. Despite of its talented nuclear and space scientists, Pakistan has followed a Policy of deliberate ambiguity for many decades. That is why it is still unclear about the plans and operation as well as capabilities of SUPARCO and its space facilities[5].

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Main article: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
File:General braz.JPG
Air. Comm. Wladyslaw Turowicz, Founder of Pakistani Rocket-Missile Program.

In 1961, Pakistan set up the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) with the announced goal, not yet reached, of launching Pakistani satellites aboard Pakistani rockets. In June 1962, the United States launched the first rocket from Pakistani soil. The launch used a combination of two U.S. rocket motors the Nike-Cajun. Fired from Sonmiani Beach, 50 kilometers west of Karachi, the rocket reached an altitude of almost 130 kilometers. The U.S. space agency NASA hailed the launch as the beginning of "a program of continuing cooperation in space research of mutual interest[6]."

The NASA-SUPARCO cooperation agreement called for the training of Pakistani scientists and technicians at NASA space science centers. Before the June 1962 launch, NASA had begun to train Pakistani scientists at Wallops Island and the Goddard Space Flight Centers. NASA also set up fellowships and research associate programs at American universities for "advanced training and experience."

In 1981, SUPARCO also planned a astronautic programme with the coorperation of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). An agreement between SUPARCO and NASA was to send Pakistan's first astronaut into the space. However, after the incident of Space Shuttle Challenger, the program was put on hold. Later, the program was cancelled in 1990[6].

Rehbar Sounding Rocket Project.

Main article: Rehbar-I
Main article: Nike-Cajun
Status: Decommissioned
A Pakistani Rehbar Nike-Cajun in launch position in the 1961.

On June 7, 1962 at 19:53 hours (PST) Rehbar-I was successfully launched from Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center. It soared to about 130 km into the atmosphere, making Pakistan the third country in Asia and the 10th in the world to conduct such a launch. Rehbar-II was also successfully launched from Sonmiani on June 9, 1962. The data received from Rehbar-I and Rehbar-II gave scientists information on wind shear and structure of layers of the upper atmosphere extending beyond the stratosphere. The data collected also helped in the study of cloud formation, cyclones and weather over the Arabian Sea and the coastal areas of Pakistan. Similar tests were done in the years after.[7] The successful launch carried a payload of 80 pounds of sodium and it streaked up about 130 km into the atmosphere. SUPARCO tested its rehbar rocket series for more than a decade. The Program was decommissioned on April 8,1972.

Hypersonic Rocket Launch Vehicle Project (HRLV)

Main article: Hatf-I
Status: Active

Despite of Space program, SUPARCO also intiated in the Pakistan's nuclear and missile development program. In the early 1980s to late 1980s, the scientists of SUPARCO had closely collaborated with KRL scientists in developing of Hatf Missiles series. The program was developed secretly and was finally revealed in 1989. In January 1989 a successful launch of an "indigenous multistage rocket into deep space" was said to have reached an altitude of more than 480 km. Pakistan would like to build satellite launchers and longer-range missiles, but it is unclear how far it has progressed[8]. In 1981, the head of SUPARCO announced plans to test a launcher by 1986, and the Pakistani press reported in early 1989 that a multi-stage rocket had successfully launched a 150-kilogram payload over 600 kilometers into "deep space.[6]"

The HRLV program was developed in secrecy. After the United States Government learned about Pakistan's Military purpose Space Program, The President of United States, George H. W. Bush quickly imposed economic and global sanctions on SUPARCO. However, the CIA also reported that the an upgrade version of HRLV-IV is developed and is believed to be in service of Pakistan's Military Space Division. The Government of Pakistan denied the report; the Government of Pakistan quickly moblized its space facilities as well as its nuclear installations in 1996.

Recently, Suparco has already tested two high-altitude hypersonic sounding rockets; Shahpar and Rakhnum. Shahpar is a 7 meter solid-fuel rocket two stage rocket that can carry a payload of 55-70 kilograms to an altitude of 950 kilometers. And Rakhnum, which is a 3 stage liquid-fuel rocket can lift a payload of 38-56 kilograms to an altitude of 1000 kilometers. Shahpar and Rakhnum has crossed the Mach Number of 5.0. Both of rockets have achieved Mach 6.1. According to the SUPARCO, the hypersonic rockets are not program of Pakistani nuclear program instead the hypersonic rockets are part of Pakistani civilian space program.

Communication satellites

Pakistan's first satellite, the badr-1, was launched by the Chinese in 1990. At presents, Pakistan controls 2 satellites in the space.

Badr-1 Digital Communication Satellite

Status: Decommissioned
Main article: Badr-1
Badr-1 digital communication satellite, Pakistan's domestically built satellite.

SUPARCO started its first digital communication satellite in 1986. According to the plan, the satellite was launch from the Pakistani Satellite launch Centers, notebaly Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center. But the programme was changed due to political and economic reasons. The Government of Pakistan held talks with United States but the U.S Government did not show any motives in Pakistan's space Program. Instead China offers Pakistan to launch its satellite from its soil. The satellite was shipped to People's Republic of China. Pakistan launched its Badr-1, Pakistan's first indigenously developed Digital Communications Experimental satellite, was launched in 1990 from Xichang Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China aboard a Long March 2E. The satellite successfully completed its designed life. The launch of satellite was the key success to SUPARCO. After badr-1, SUPARCO continued to developed its badr-B satellite after the successfully developed satellite.

PAKSAT-1 Telecommunication Satellite

Status: Active
Main article: PAKSAT

Pakistan's Paksat-1 was originally known as Palapa. It was launched by Hughes Space and Communications Company for Indonesia. Later Indonesia declared the satellite unusable after an electric power anomaly. The insurance claims were paid and the title was transferred to Hughes Space and Communications Company. [9]. HGS-3 was then acquired by Pakistan from M/s Hughes Global Services on "Full Time Leasing " and relocated to Pakistan's reserved slot at 38 Degree. After a series of orbital maneuvers, the Satellite was stabilized at the final location on December 20, 2002 with 0-degree inclination. The satellite is in position at the Pakistani-licensed orbital location, 38° east longitude. Paksat 1 is operational and is ready to offer services. The PAKSAT Satellite will be decommissioned from its services in the late of 2012.

Badr-4 Communication Satellite

Status: Active
Main article: Badr-4

The Saudi Space Agency signed a satellite-development deal with Russian Federal Space Agency. On 21 October 2003, Arabsat held a contract signing ceremony for the manufacture and launch of the fourth generation of Arabsat satellites. The first of these, Arabsat-4A, was lost in space due to a launcher failure. This led to the ordering of BADR-6 (technically: Arabsat-4C) on 31 May 2006. The Satellite was sole financed by the Government of Saudia Arabia.

Due to failure of space launch, Russia offered Saudia Arabia to developed another satellite instead the Arabsat was interested in SUPARCO. On April 10 2005, SUPARCO's official visited Saudia Arabia where they held meeting with the leading Arab Satellite Communications Organization. The Arabsat and SUPARCO signed an agreement in which SUPARCO will designed and developed a communication satellite for Arab Satellite Communications Organization. The Programme was financed by the Saudia Arabia government. The Saudi Government requested Pakistan to launch its satellite from either a Tilla Satellite Launch Center or Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center. However, the Government did not permitted SUPARCO to do so.

The communication satellite was shipped to Russia. On November 8, 2006, SUPARCO launched its BADR4 on a Proton Breeze M rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Russia. Badr 4 is located at 26.0°E.[10] BADR-4 was developed by Pakistani space agency, SUPARCO. The Project manager was SUPARCO's former Administrator, dr. Abdul Majid (Physicist).

Badr-6 Telecommunication Satellite

Status: Underdeveloped

After the success of Badr-4, communication satellite, the Arabsat led another agreement with SUPARCO on 16 June 2007, in which SUPARCO will develop another upgrade version of Badr Satellite. The fifth-Generation satellite is to be launched at the 30.5° East orbital location by Q4-2009. The Badr-6 satellite is currently underdevelopment and the satellite is expected to launch in late 2009. The programme is solely financed by the Government of Saudi Arabia.

PAKSAT-1R Communication Satellite Project

Status: Underdeveloped

By the end of 2011, Pakistan plans to replace PAKSAT-1 with a new high-tech powered communication satellite, PAKSAT-1R, which will be manufactured exclusively for Pakistan in People's Republic of China. The satellite will support all conventional and modern Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) applications. The satellite will have a total of up to 30 transponders: 18 in Ku-band and 12 in C-band. To ensure high degree of reliability / availability of the system, two (02) fully redundant Satellite Ground Control Stations (SGCS) would be established in Karachi and Lahore, one to act as the Main and the other as Backup respectively[11].

The satellite is indigenously being developed by Pakistan's SUPARCO scientists. SUPARCO also stated that Pakistani scientists and engineers, under the supervision of Chinese scientists, are working in the PAKSAT-IR in China. SUPARCO also included that the satellite will be launch from either a Pakistan-build Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) or a Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV). The decision is to be made[12].

Earth Observational Satellite

Badr-B (Earth Observational Satellite)

Status: Active
Main article: Badr-B

In 1992, SUPARCO was given ordered to developed its first Low-Earth observation satellite. The project manager was dr. Abdul Majid (physicist). According to the program, the satellite was to launch on June 1996. However, when SUPARCO faced severe global sanctions, the program was put on hold. SUPARCO, however, secretly continued to develop its satellite. The project was completed in 1996. The satellite was planned to launch from the Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center. But it was postponded. On December 10, 2001 at 17:19 hours UT, Pakistan launched its second satellite, Badr-B, an Earth observation satellite from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan aboard a Russian Zenit-2 rocket, Russia. According to the Government of Pakistan, SUPARCO has upgraded the Badr-B Low Earth Observational Satellite. According to the Interior Ministry of Pakistan, the Satellite is being using to monitored Pakistan's western border[13].

Resolution Remote Sensing Satellite (RRSS)

Status: Development

After successful launching and operation of BADR series of experimental Low Earth Observational satellites (BADR-1 and BADR-B) in the 1990s and early 2000s, SUPARCO now plans to launch high resolution Resolution Remote Sensing Satellite System (RRSSS) to meet the national and international user requirements in the field of satellite imagery[14].

A feasibility and system definition study was concluded in January 2007 which recommended the launch of a constellation of Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Satellites to ensure that the domestic and international user requirements are competitively met. In this respect the RFP for RSSS consultancy services was launched in July 2007. Launch of RFP for the manufacturing of the satellite is planned in the third quarter of year 2008[15].

RRSS is planned to be a progressive and sustainable program. Initially, SUPARCO plans to launch an optical satellite with payload of 2.5 meter PAN in 700 km sun-synchronous orbit by the end of year 2011, which will be followed by a series of optical and SAR satellites in future. Necessary infrastructure for ground control and image reception and processing is also planned to be setup[16]. The satellite is underdevelopment process and it is being developed by SUPARCO. However, it is unclear whether the satellite will launch from Pakistan's Satellite launchers or Chinese Satellite Launchers.

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle Project (PSLV)

Status: Unknown

Pakistan began to concentrate to developed its first SLV in 1998. On March 2001, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan announced that Pakistani scientists were in the process of building the country's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and that the project had been assigned to SUPARCO, which also built the Badr satellites.

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan also cited the fact that India had made rapid strides in the fields of SLV and satellite manufacture as another motivation for developing an indigenous launch capabilities[17]. Dr. Abdul Majid, then-chairman of SUPARCO, confirmed dr. Khan's statement and said " Pakistan envision a low-cost SLV and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle(PSLV) inroder to launch light-weight satellite into low-earth orbits. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan also added that" Pakistan has very robust IRBMs which can launch geostationary orbiting satellites. All Pakistan has to do is to erase Delhi or Kolkota from the target and point it towards the sky. Instead of Hydrogen bombs and Atomic bombs the missiles can easily carry a payload of a satellite"[18].

In March 2005, President General Musharraf authorized renewed research and development on an indigenous launch capability, which would be able to orbit a planned domestically built satellite, the PAKSAT-IR. During the IDEAS 2002 defense exhibition Pakdef spotted two similar models of Pakistani Satellite Launch Vehicles.

The first model points out a possible three stage of Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV). Judging from other similar SLV's, it is estimated that it can place a payload weighing around 80-100 kilogram to an orbit 450-490 kilometers above Earth's surface. However the exact data remains unknown. The second model of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) seems similar to the first model however, with four extra boosters. Many nations with SLV technology developed boosters based on their missile technology. Therefore it is fair to assume that the boosters on the second model might also be based on one of Pakistan's ballistic missiles[19].

Iran and Pakistan are racing towards space. On January 2004 Iranian authorities reported that their indigenous SLV will soon place a satellite in orbit. While Pakistan, on the other hand, plans to launch an SLV within the next five years. The exact nature of Pakistan’s SLV program remains unknown. However, judging from Pakistan’s ballistic missile technology, it can be said that Pakistan Government and Suparco might just be waiting for the right moment to test Pakistan’s first satellite launch vehicle[20].

On August, 2006, after Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz's official visit to People's Republic of China, Prime Minister Aziz called a meeting of SUPARCO's scientists and engineers, where Prime Minister was briefed by SUPARCO's scientist on the status of the both SLV and PSLV programmes. However, the status of SLV and PSLV are remained unclear[21].

Supersonic aircraft development

Status: Unknown

After developing the sounding Rockets and Missile project, SUPARCO scientists and engineers are reportedly developed supersonice aerodynamical technologies for space probe to be send in deep space. SUPARCO scientists and engineers working at Pakistan Aeronautical Complex have developed the ultra-electronic systems and tubulance engine components. However, the status of other programs are remaining unclear[22]. The China National Space Administration and SUPARCO's scientists are currently working in the supersonic aircraft development. It is also reported that Pakistan and China are heavily investing in the hypersonic and supersonic aircraft development. However, the Pakistani officials haven't confirmed the any ambitions to developed a supersonic aircraft. The program is considered as unclear and unknown[23].

Human Spaceflight Program

Status: Unknown

In 1981, the United States Government agreed to send Pakistan's first astronaut into the space and the selection of an astronaut was almost done. At first, SUPARCO decided to send its first astronaut in space, would be from Pakistan Air Force's general. SUPARCO-NASA also made sure that the astronaut will have strong background in scientific-mathematical experience while surving in Pakistan Air Force. However, in 1986, after the incident of Space Shuttle Challenger, the program was put on hold. Later, the program was cancelled in 1990[6] because of strict sanctions on Pakistan.

After 9/11 disaster and Pakistan's role on war on terror, the United States Government lifted an embrago on SUPARCO, allowing SUPARCO to buy and manucfactured the space-related components. Namira Salim, a Paris-based Pakistani artist who has made her mark on the international scene as a talented and internationally accomplished artist with a strong commitment to the arts and humanity, has bought a ride to go into space in the Virgin Galactic Space Ship in 2008[24] Nimra Salim visited Pakistan where she met with the Tariq Azeem then-Minister of Science and Technology.

Tariq Azeem said that Pakistani women have potential to make waves in all spheres of life and Namira Salim is one of them who will set a new direction by venturing into space. He said the concept of enlightened moderation given by the president and the idea to make Pakistan an energy corridor of the region as spelled out by the prime minister are the hard facts, which “we need to comprehend.[24]”. The minister also concluded that in May this year the government introduced Adam Khan, a formula-one driver who represents Pakistan in international car racing events, and now “we have a daughter of our country who will take our flag into the space[24].” By profession, the Commercial astronaut is an artist, singer, and a poet. [25] . According to the Media sources, China showed deep interests in Pakistan's motivation in human spaceflight programme and offer Pakistan to send its first astronauts from Chinese spaceflight aircraft[26].

China's Minister of Science and Technology, Dai Langshen, has stated that Chinese scientists are ready to provide training to Pakistani Scientists in Human Spaceflight program. He also included that China and Pakistan has historical relation and China will be honored to provide its full support to SUPARCO. [26]

Planetary Sciences and Astronomy

A number of institutions in Pakistan are engaged in educational/observational astronomy[27]. Karachi University's Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics has one and powerful telescope/Astronomical observatory which is used by SUPARCO. SUPARCO's Institute of Space technology has also one Astronomical observatory which was build and constructed by the United Kingdom.

Research facilities

Facility Location Description
Institute of Space Technology Islamabad is research and development facility. The IST was established and founded by the government of United Kingdom. Institute of Space Technology offers degree programs in Aerospace Engineering, Communication systems engineering and Material Science and Engineering
Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics Karachi University ISPA is the nations leading and one of the oldest astronomical facility that was built and constructed by the United States. The ISPA is responsible for space and plantary science research. A number of foreign scientists have used and research the ISPA facility where they published numerous articles in the field of space sciences. The ISPA has also a powerful telescope and astronomical observatory which was last provided by the United States Government in late 1950s.
Space Science Department University of Punjab The facility carries out the wide variety of research programs in the field of solar physics, plasma physics, astrophysics and planetary sciences[27].

Functions

Revitalization and Research Program of SUPARCO

In 2005, President Musharraf outlined his vision for SUPARCO by laying down a clearly defined agenda for the national space agency to pursue and deliver in minimum time. Musharraf had made it clear that:

"Pakistan would need to catch up to the world space leaders and make up for lost time and neglect in the past and future"[28]

.

In his [Mushrraf] book, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, Musharraf has expressed his desired that "SUPARCO has suffered severe economic and global sanctions but in future Pakistan will send its satellites from its soil". Revitalization, restructuring, reorientation and modernization of SUPARCO are the main objectives outlined by President Musharraf. SUPARCO is to be brought at par with other strategic organizations around the world. Specific objectives include research and development of communication satellites, Remote sensing satellites and satellite launch vehicles, with the objective of bringing rapid growth and socio-economic development in the fields of education, astronomy, Cosmology, Exobiology, Stellar science, Planetary science, Planets,Extrasolar Planet, Dwarf Planets, Comets, Asteroids, astrophysics, astrobiology, astrochemistry, aerospace engineering, rocket propellent engineering, information technology, communications, agriculture sector, mineral excavation and atmospheric sciences.[29][30]

  • Development of state policy concepts in the sphere of research and peaceful uses of space, as well as in the interests of national security
  • Organization and development of space activities in Pakistan and under its jurisdiction abroad
  • Contributing to state national security and defense capability
  • Organization and development of Pakistan's cooperation with other states and international space organizations

Specific programs and missions

  • Scientific space research
  • Remote sensing of Earth
  • Satellite telecommunication systems
  • Geographic Information System
  • Natural Resource Surveying
  • Environmental monitoring
  • Acquisition of data for atmospheric/meteorological studies
  • Development of the ground-based infrastructure for navigation and special information system
  • Space activities in the interests of national security and defense
  • Development of research, test and production base of the space sector

Following is the list of Administrators of SUPARCO

Term Name
1961-1967 Dr. Abdus Salam
1967-1970 Air. Comm. Władysław Turowicz
1970-1976 Air. Comm. K. M. Ahmad
1976-1979 Mr. Salim Mehmud
1979-1980 Dr. M. Shafi Ahmed
1980-1989 Mr. Salim Mehmud
1989-1990 Dr. M. Shafi Ahmad
1990-1997 Mr. Sikandar Zaman
1997-2001 Dr. Abdul Majid (Physicist)
2001-Present Maj. Gen. Raza Hussain

International Cooperation

China

In August 2006, China committed to work with Pakistan to launch three Earth-resource satellites over the next five years.[31] In May 2007, China (as a strategic partner) agreed and signed an accord with Pakistan to enhance cooperation in the areas of space science and technology. Pakistan-China bilateral cooperation in the space industry could span a broad spectrum, including climate science, clean energy technologies, atmospheric and earth sciences, and marine sciences.

Turkey

In December 2006, Turkey has showned interests to join Pakistan's space program. Turkish Ambassador to Pakistan signed the Memorandum of understanding (MOU). Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey and Turkish Aerospace Industries's representative signed an accord with SUPARCO to enhance the cooperation in the satellite development program[32] .

  • SUPARCO and the Department of Space have signed formal Memorandum of Understanding agreements with a number of foreign political entities:

See also

References

  1. ^ History of SUPARCO
  2. ^ http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp
  3. ^ Salam.http://tripatlas.com/SUPARCO
  4. ^ http://worldofaerospace.googlepages.com/Aerospace.htm
  5. ^ http://indonesiaarab.wordpress.com/2008/08/24/pakistan-made-submarine-agosta-90b-attracted-some-buyers/
  6. ^ a b c d http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/pakistan/hatf.html
  7. ^ Welcome to SUPARCO - The National Space Agency of Pakistan
  8. ^ http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws0450.html
  9. ^ Palapa-C 1, 2 / HGS 3 / Anatolia 1 / Paksat 1
  10. ^ "Badr 4 at 26.0°E". LyngSat.
  11. ^ http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/paksat1r.asp?satlinksid=1
  12. ^ http://pakistanledger.com/2009/05/14/pakistans-own-slv-and-paksat-launch/
  13. ^ http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://centaur.sstl.co.uk/SSHP/pix/zenit_fitchack.jpg&imgrefurl=http://centaur.sstl.co.uk/SSHP/micro/micro2001.html&usg=__tCbSsWsGjGwA4n8avLSFlKsQ4UE=&h=823&w=904&sz=125&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=Ys7loCNbV-zy2M:&tbnh=134&tbnw=147&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSUPARCO%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
  14. ^ http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/prss.asp
  15. ^ http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/prss.asp
  16. ^ http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/prss.asp
  17. ^ http://www.defence.pk/forums/defence-industry-technology/967-pakistan-space-satellite-developments.html
  18. ^ http://www.zimbio.com/World+Politics/articles/3878/Pakistan+indigenous+Satellite+launch+Vehicle
  19. ^ http://www.pakdef.info/forum/showthread.php?t=5118
  20. ^ http://indonesiaarab.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/pakistan-plans-to-launch-its-own-satellite/
  21. ^ http://indonesiaarab.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/pakistan-plans-to-launch-its-own-satellite/
  22. ^ http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/spas-project10.asp
  23. ^ http://rupeenews.com/2009/05/08/jointly-redesigned-and-upgraded-chinese-j-10s-built-in-pakistan-as-fc-20s-to-be-operationalized-before-2015/
  24. ^ a b c http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=2550
  25. ^ http://www.pakistantimes.net/2007/10/21/top10.htm
  26. ^ a b http://www.dawn.com/weekly/science/archive/050806/science13.htm
  27. ^ a b http://www.suparco.gov.pk/iya2009-pak.html
  28. ^ http://www.defencetalk.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-3538.html
  29. ^ http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/atmospheric-research.asp
  30. ^ Pakistan News Service - PakTribune
  31. ^ Asia Times Online :: South Asia news - China, Pakistan cooperate in space
  32. ^ http://www.defencetalk.com/forums/space-defense-technology/turkey-joins-pakistan-china-joint-efforts-space-technology-5003/

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