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[[Category:Operations involving Israeli special forces]]
[[Category:Operations involving Israeli special forces]]


[[ar:أسطول الحرية]]
[[ar:مجزرة أسطول الحرية‏]]
[[cs:Izraelský útok na humanitární konvoj plující do Pásma Gazy]]
[[cs:Izraelský útok na humanitární konvoj plující do Pásma Gazy]]
[[cy:Ymateb rhyngwladol i ymosodiad Israel ar longau dyngarol Gaza 2010]]
[[cy:Ymateb rhyngwladol i ymosodiad Israel ar longau dyngarol Gaza 2010]]

Revision as of 08:18, 1 June 2010

Gaza flotilla clash
File:Gaza-flotilla-boarded.jpg
Israeli commandos aboard the MV Mavi Marmara. On the lower-right the Flag of Turkey is visible.
LocationInternational waters of the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Israel, North-West of Gaza
Date31 May 2010 (2010-05-31)
04:00[1] (UTC+3)
Deathsbetween 9 and 19 passengers[2]
Injuredup to 60 passengers and 10 Israel Defense Forces (IDF) soldiers wounded.[3]

Template:Campaignbox Arab-Israeli conflict

The Gaza flotilla clash occurred on 31 May 2010, when a flotilla of pro-Palestinian activists, known as the "Gaza freedom flotilla", attempted to breach the Gaza blockade and was intercepted by Israeli naval forces in the international waters of the Mediterranean Sea. According to Israeli sources, their forces boarded the flotilla after it had declined to change its route to the port of Ashdod, where they intended to inspect the cargo before its delivery to Gaza.[4]

Five of the six ships were seized without the use of force. However, between 9 and 19 passengers of the Turkish-flagged MV Mavi Marmara were reported killed by Israeli soldiers who landed on the ship,[5][6][7] with up to 60 passengers and 10 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) soldiers wounded.[3][8] The international reaction has varied from strong criticism of Israel to deep regret for the loss of life and requests for inquiries.

Background

The six-ship flotilla, also called as the "Gaza freedom flotilla", composed of Turkish, Irish, American, Swedish and Greek flagged ships,[9][10] was organized to ship humanitarian aid, including building materials such as cement which Israel classifies as "banned materials", to the Gaza Strip, in violation of the Blockade of Gaza. The passengers included intellectuals and journalists from all around the world, especially Sweden, Germany and United Kingdom. The ships were owned or chartered by a number of non-governmental organizations, including the Free Gaza Movement (FGM), the Turkish Foundation for Human Rights and Freedom and Humanitarian Relief (IHH) and the Greek Boat for Gaza.[11]

It was the ninth time that the FGM had tried to ship aid to Gaza. Five aid shipments had been allowed through prior to the Gaza war of 2008–09 but all shipments following the war were blocked by Israeli forces. The latest flotilla was the largest to date, carrying 10,000 tons of humanitarian aid and supplies. It also carried journalists, European parliamentarians and 700 pro-Palestinian activists, including the Northern Irish Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mairead Corrigan Maguire,[3] and the head of the Israeli Islamic Movement in Israel Raed Salah.[12] Many of those aboard were Turkish citizens,[13] though the flotilla also included activists from Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Kuwait, Malaysia, Norway, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Israeli spokesmen stated that the flotilla would not be permitted to reach Gaza but would be redirected to the port of Ashdod, where a special detention facility had been set up for the activists. Israeli officials also claimed that all non-banned cargo would be transferred to Gaza after undergoing a security inspection.[14] Foreigners would be deported or, if they did not willingly agree to be deported, detained.[3] Activists aboard the ships repeatedly said they would not respond with violence to the navy's interception of their flotilla prior to the boarding.[15] An Egyptian offer was also made to transfer humanitarian aid to the people of Gaza, but the organizers rejected it.[16]

Ships in the flotilla

Events leading up to the clash

The flotilla began its journey on Sunday 30 May 2010 from international waters off the coast of Cyprus,[3] after the government of Cyprus refused to cooperate with the Free Gaza Movement, or allow activists to sail from its harbors, with the Cyprus Police stating that "anything related to the trip to Gaza is not permitted".[20] The flotilla sailed after two days of delays, aiming to reach Gaza on Monday afternoon.[3] The Israeli Navy made initial contact with the flotilla at 11 p.m. on 30 May, 200 kilometres (120 mi) offshore in international waters, ordering the ships to follow them to port or otherwise be boarded.[21]

The Israeli navy contacted the captain of the Mavi Marmara, asking him to identify himself and say where the ship was headed. Shortly after, two Israeli naval vessels flanked the flotilla on either side, but at a distance, and an Israeli aircraft flew overhead.[22]

Just before the raid, the Israeli Navy again contacted the Mavi Marmara, warning it that it was approaching an "area of hostility which is under naval blockade", and telling it that it could instead dock in the Port of Ashdod, where the supplies would be delivered through the "formal land crossings" under the observation of activists, after which the fleet would be allowed to leave to their home ports. The Mavi Marmara replied "Negative, negative. Our destination is Gaza".[23]

Boarding

Mavi Marmara leaving Istanbul for Gaza on 22 May 2010

The flotilla had planned to break through the Gaza blockade, despite Israel's proposal for the activists to dock in Ashdod port and transfer the cargo through there.[3] After the flotilla activists ignored repeated calls to turn back, Israeli soldiers from the Shayetet 13 unit boarded the ships at around 04:00 IST[1] with paintball guns and handguns[3][22] while in international waters 64 kilometres (40 mi) out to sea.[13]

Mavi Marmara boarding

According to the IDF (Israeli Defense Force), activists on the Mavi Marmara responded with violence and soldiers were alleged to have been forced to fire in self-defense.[24] The Israeli military released video footage of the incident, which they claim shows the first soldier being attacked while boarding and thrown to the lower deck; at least one incident in which a stun grenade and fire bomb was thrown at the soldiers; and activists beating one of the soldiers and trying to kidnap him while others are beating the soldiers with a metal pole.[25] According to Major Avital Leibovich of the IDF Spokesperson's Unit, the activists attacked the soldiers with pistols, knives, slingshots, spikes and clubs (for video footage see External links below).[26] A spokesperson for the Free Gaza Movement said in response that the activists were committed not to pose any violent resistance. "The only resistance that there might be would be passive resistance such as physically blocking the steering room, or blocking the engine room downstairs, so that they couldn't get taken over. But that was just symbolic resistance."[13] According to Al Jazeera's journalist Jamal Elshayyal, on board the ship, a white surrender flag was raised from the ship and there was no live fire coming from the activists.[22]

Israeli military's account
File:Activistboatclash.jpg
Snapshot from the Israel Defense Forces footage of the clash

According to the Israeli military, Israeli commandos said they were prepared to encounter political activists seeking to hold a protest, and were armed with paintball guns and handguns as sidearms.[27][28] The soldiers orders were to verbally convince activists to give up, and if not successful, use non-lethal force to commandeer the ship. The commandos were instructed not to use the sidearms except in an emergency, when their lives were at risk.[29][30]

The Israeli military reported that the commandos were immediately attacked after descending from helicopters onto the deck of the ship. Soldiers were reportedly beaten badly, one was stabbed, and one was thrown to a lower deck 30 feet below. [31] An Israeli commando said "There was live fire at some point against us ... They were shooting at us from below deck."[32] Stun grenades and tear gas were used in an attempt to disperse activists. When this proved ineffective, commandos requested and received permission to use live ammunition against resisting activists. The commandos reached the bridge and took over the ship after 30 minutes.[33][34] Some fighting can be seen in videos released by the Israeli military and Free Gaza activists.

Flotilla organizers' and activists' account

Organizers of the convoy have strongly denied the account of Israeli military. Arafat Shoukri, of the Free Gaza Movement (FGM), one the co-organizers of the flotilla convey, said those on board one ship had called them by telephone to say that Israeli helicopters had arrived.[35] "Then we started to hear screams, shouting, shooting everywhere," he said. "We heard some of them shouting 'We are raising the white flag, stop shooting at us'".[35] He dismissed Israel's claims of activists having weapons on board as "cheap propaganda".[35]

Due to a communications blackout after the attack, it has thus far been difficult to get accounts from activists on board.[35]

Weapons found onboard

File:Weapons on Marmaris.jpg
IDF photo showing alleged weapons recovered on the Mavi Marmaris

A statement released by the Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel claimed that violence against the soldiers was pre-planned, and that several pistols and "light weaponry" were found on the ships. Explicitly Israel stated that the naval forces "found weapons prepared in advance and used against our forces"[36][37]

In response, activists denied this saying that would be impossible because "all the boats were carefully inspected by the government before they left the port of departure."[38] Video footage was reported to show slingshots and pipes found on the ship used against boarding Israeli soldiers.[39] Turkish officials denied that weapons were on board, stating that every passenger had been searched with X-ray machines and metal detectors before boarding. Senior officials in the Customs Undersecretariat called the Israeli allegations tantamount to "complete nonsense".[40]

Examination of the video footage shows the activists attacking soldiers used metal rods and deckchairs as weapons and on 1 june it was revealed that a search of the ship had found no explosives or firearms. The only weapons discovered were several slingshots and a pocket knife.[41]

Fate of participants and cargo

Following the boardings, Israeli naval forces began towing the flotilla's vessels to Ashdod, from where the activists are to be deported.[13] Israel said humanitarian aid confiscated from the ships would be transferred to Gaza, but Israel would not transfer banned items such as cement.[3]

At least 32 activists who had been onboard the ships were arrested and incarcerated by the Israel Prisons Service after refusing to sign deportation orders, including two who were wounded but refused hospital treatment.[42] Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs Micheál Martin called the arrests "kidnapping". [43]

Israel is detaining 480 activists captured in the raid at a prison in Ashdod. Forty-eight others will be expelled and sent back to their home countries via Ben Gurion International Airport. [44]

Deaths and injuries

Full details as to the exact number of injuries and deaths were not immediately available because Israel military censors blocked that information from the press.[45][46][47]

Activists

Reports indicate that at least nine activists have been killed and dozens more injured. Members of the Turkish Red Crescent, the largest humanitarian organization in Turkey will travel to Tel Aviv to assist in the return of the dead and wounded. The Israeli military has said most of the dead were Turks.[48][49]

Israeli

Israeli reports say that 10 soldiers were injured in the clash.[3][8] The Israeli military reported that two soldiers had sustained gunshot wounds, and one soldier sustained a serious head wound and lost consciousness after being tossed from an upper deck by the activists.[50]

International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the Gaza flotilla clash

There have been strong international reactions to the Gaza flotilla clash of 31 May 2010. The Israeli raid was condemned and/or criticized by European countries like Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Norway, France, Spain, Sweden, Portugal and the United Kingdom. Israel was widely condemned in the Arab world. In Asia, Israeli action was condemned by India, Iran, China, Pakistan, Indonesia. In Central and South America, Israel was condemned by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela. Israel was also condemned by Russia, Turkey, South Africa and New Zealand. Australia, United States, Vatican City, New Zealand and Canada expressed regrets over loss of life. Many countries called for an international investigation.

Notable people onboard/planned to be aboard the flotilla

There were 25 EU MPs aboard or who had planned to be aboard the vessels.[citation needed]

Name Country Known for
Kate Geraghty Australia The Sydney Morning Herald photographer[51]
Paul McGeough Australia The Sydney Morning Herald journalist[51]
Iara Lee Brazil Brazilian filmmaker[52]
Annette Groth[53] Germany Member of the German Bundestag
Inge Höger[53] Germany Member of the German Bundestag
Norman Paech[53] Germany Former member of the German Bundestag
Aengus Ó Snodaigh Ireland Member of Oireachtas[54]
Mairead Corrigan[3] Ireland and United Kingdom Nobel Peace Prize laureate from Northern Ireland with Irish citizenship[55]
Haneen Zoubi Israel Israeli-Arab member of Knesset, representing the Balad party. She is the first woman to elected to the Knesset on an Arab party's list.[56][57]
Raed Salah[12] Israel Leader of the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel, previously convicted by Israeli court for raising money for Hamas[58]
Waleed Al-Tabtabaie Kuwait Member of Kuwaiti parliament.[59]
Abbas Nasser Lebanon al-Jazeera news journalist[60]
Raza Agha Pakistan Pakistan's news channel AAJ TV producer[61]
Talat Hussain Pakistan Pakistani journalist and executive director[62]
Hilarion Capucci Syria Retired titular archbishop for the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, previously convicted by an Israeli court of using smuggling arms to the Palestine Liberation Army and sentenced to 12 years in prison.[63][64]
Jamal Elshayyal Qatar News producer for al-Jazeera English[65]
Edda Manga[66] Sweden Swedish historian
Henning Mankell[67] Sweden Swedish author
Dror Feiler[67] Sweden Swedish-Israeli artist
Mattias Gardell[66] Sweden Swedish historian
Mehmet Kaplan Sweden Turkish-born member of the Parliament of Sweden[68]
Sinan Albayrak Turkey Turkish actor[69]
Abbas Al Lawati United Arab Emirates Dubai-based Gulf News journalist[70]
Hassan Ghani United Kingdom Scottish journalist and documentary maker[71]
Theresa McDermott United Kingdom Scottish activist found in Ramleh prison four days after an attempted Gaza aid mission in 2009[71]
Huwaida Arraf[72] United States Co-founder of the International Solidarity Movement
Joe Meadors United States a survivor of the USS Liberty incident[73]
Edward Peck United States Former U.S. Ambassador to Iraq and Mauritania[74]

Legality of raid

Template:Otheruses-section

Legal arguments for Israel's action

Mark Regev, spokesman for the Prime Minister of Israel, has stated that "the San Remo memorandum[75] states, specifically 67A, that if you have a boat that is charging a blockaded area you are allowed to intercept even prior to it reaching the blockaded area if you've warned them in advance, and that we did a number of times and they had a stated goal which they openly expressed, of breaking the blockade. That blockade is in place to protect our people."[76]

Robbie Sabel of Hebrew University, an international law expert, has claimed that "a state, in a time of conflict, can impose an embargo, and while it cannot carry out embargo activities in the territorial waters of a third party, it can carry out embargo activities in international waters. Within this framework it is legal to detain a civilian vessel trying to break an embargo and if in the course of detaining the vessel, force is used against the forces carrying out the detention then that force has every right to act in self defense."[77]

In justifying its actions, Israel is likely[78] to cite the Gaza-Jericho Agreement (Annex I, Article XI) which vests Israel with the responsibility for security along the coastline and the Sea of Gaza. The agreement stipulates that Israel may take any measures necessary against vessels suspected of being used for terrorist activities or for smuggling arms, ammunition, drugs, goods, or for any other illegal activity. [78]

Legal arguments critical of Israel's action

Turkey, the unofficial sponsor of the mission has said through its Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, "this attack is state terrorism, violating international law." The Turkish government has requested NATO convene in an emergency session to discuss the incident.[79][80]

A group of Israeli lawyers which included Avigdor Feldman, petitioned the Israeli High Court charging that Israel had violated the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea by capturing the boats in international waters. Robbie Sabel, the former legal adviser to the Israeli foreign ministry, told The Jerusalem Post that the state would almost certainly argue that the seizure of the vessels was an executive act with which the court was not authorized to intervene.[81]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Amy Teibel and Tia Goldenberg. "Israeli commandos storm aid flotilla; 9 killed". Associated Press. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "At least 10 activists killed in Israel Navy clashes onboard Gaza aid flotilla". Haaretz. 31 May 2010.
  4. ^ Ravid, Barak (25 May 2010). "Israel: Gaza aid convoy can unload cargo in Ashdod for inspection – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
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  6. ^ Israel attacks Gaza aid fleet "Israel attacks Gaza aid fleet". Al-Jazeera. 31 May 2010. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  7. ^ "9 dead as Israeli forces storm Gaza aid convoy". CNN. 31 May 2010.
  8. ^ a b "More Than 10 Dead After Israel Intercepts Gaza Aid Convoy". Wall Street Journal. 31 May 2010.
  9. ^ Charalambous, Charlie (29 May 2010). "Aid flotilla set for Gaza blockade-busting bid". AFP.
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  11. ^ "US-Israel links at risk over deadly aid convoy attack". The Times. 31 May 2010.
  12. ^ a b Islamic Movement leader Salaach injured in flotilla clashes, Jerusalem Post
  13. ^ a b c d e "Deaths as Israeli forces storm Gaza aid ship". BBC News. 31 May 2010.
  14. ^ "Israel Prime Minister Gives 'Full Support' to Military in Gaza Flotilla Raid". Fox News. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
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  16. ^ "Flotilla Heads for Gaza Blockade". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 28 May 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  17. ^ a b As American as Apple Pie, by Greta Berlin, freegaza.org, 30-05-2010
  18. ^ a b "Έτοιμο να εμποδίσει τον «Στόλο της Ελευθερίας» το Ισραήλ". tvxs.gr. Retrieved 31 May 2010. (Greek)
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  43. ^ "Martin: Irish citizens 'kidnapped' in international waters". Irish Examiner. Thomas Crosbie Holdings. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  44. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100601/wl_afp/israelconflictgazaactivists AFP - Israel holds 480 activists, expelling 48: report
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  64. ^ "Tension builds as flotilla approaches Gaza". Sydney Morning Herald. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  65. ^ "Jamal Elshayyal | Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
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  78. ^ a b "Gaza-Jercho Agreement". Israeli Foreign Ministry. 4 May 1994.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gaza flotilla clash.
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