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{{Campaignbox 2011 Libyan uprising}}
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The '''Libyan no-fly zone''' refers to the [[no-fly zone]] over [[Libya|Libyan]] airspace established by the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]] on 17 March 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |title=Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary Measures’ to Protect Civilians in [[Libya]], by a vote of ten for, none against, with five abstentions |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=2011-03-19}}</ref> The no-fly zone was proposed during the [[2011 Libyan uprising]] to prevent government forces loyal to [[Muammar Gaddafi]] from carrying out air attacks on [[Anti-Gaddafi forces|rebel forces]].
The '''Libyan no-fly zone''' actually is brutal interference in Libyan local conflict. Forcing legitimate authority not to use any weapon against rebels, by direct NATO operations against Libyan ground and air targets which is really more "no-life zone".on 17 March 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |title=Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary Measures’ to Protect Civilians in [[Libya]], by a vote of ten for, none against, with five abstentions |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=2011-03-19}}</ref> The no-fly zone was proposed during the [[2011 Libyan uprising]] to prevent government forces loyal to [[Muammar Gaddafi]] from carrying out air attacks on [[Anti-Gaddafi forces|rebel forces]].


On 12 March, the [[Arab League]] called on the [[United Nations Security Council]] to impose a no-fly zone.<ref name="ThReut_arableague_nofly_OK" /><ref name="AJE_arableague_nofly_OK" /> On 15 March, [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Ambassador]] [[Nawaf Salam]] tabled this as a [[U.N. resolution|resolution]] which was backed by the U.K. and France.<ref>{{cite web|last=Denslow |first=James |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/16/libya-lebanon-un-security-council-resolution |title=Lebanon's role in a U.N. security council resolution against Libya is evidence of unfinished business between the two countries |publisher=The Guardian |date=16 March 2011 |accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref> On 17 March 2011, the Security Council voted by ten votes to none to approve a no-fly zone through [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|Resolution 1973]]. There were five abstentions: [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[India]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] (who oppose military intervention against a sovereign country) and [[Germany]] (whose official position is that it does not want to participate in any military operation in Libya, but recognizes that ''something'' must be done).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131720311168561.html |title=U.N. authorises no-fly zone over Libya |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=2011-03-17 |accessdate=2011-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Mark Mardell |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12781009 |title=Libya: U.N. backs action against Colonel Gaddafi |publisher=BBC News |date=2011-03-17 |accessdate=2011-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/17/u-n-imposes-no-fly-zone-over-libya/?hpt=T1&iref=BN1 |title=U.N. Security Council approves no-fly zone over Libya |publisher=CNN |date=2011-03-17 |accessdate=2011-03-17}}</ref>
On 12 March, the [[Arab League]] called on the [[United Nations Security Council]] to impose a no-fly zone.<ref name="ThReut_arableague_nofly_OK" /><ref name="AJE_arableague_nofly_OK" /> On 15 March, [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Ambassador]] [[Nawaf Salam]] tabled this as a [[U.N. resolution|resolution]] which was backed by the U.K. and France.<ref>{{cite web|last=Denslow |first=James |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/16/libya-lebanon-un-security-council-resolution |title=Lebanon's role in a U.N. security council resolution against Libya is evidence of unfinished business between the two countries |publisher=The Guardian |date=16 March 2011 |accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref> On 17 March 2011, the Security Council voted by ten votes to none to approve a no-fly zone through [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|Resolution 1973]]. There were five abstentions: [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[India]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] (who oppose military intervention against a sovereign country) and [[Germany]] (whose official position is that it does not want to participate in any military operation in Libya, but recognizes that ''something'' must be done).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131720311168561.html |title=U.N. authorises no-fly zone over Libya |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=2011-03-17 |accessdate=2011-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Mark Mardell |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12781009 |title=Libya: U.N. backs action against Colonel Gaddafi |publisher=BBC News |date=2011-03-17 |accessdate=2011-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/17/u-n-imposes-no-fly-zone-over-libya/?hpt=T1&iref=BN1 |title=U.N. Security Council approves no-fly zone over Libya |publisher=CNN |date=2011-03-17 |accessdate=2011-03-17}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:01, 20 March 2011

Enforcement of the Libyan no-fly zone
Part of 2011 Libyan uprising

The American destroyer USS Barry launches one of around 110 Tomahawk missiles fired initially in support of the no-fly zone
DateMarch 19, 2011 – ongoing
Location
Libya
Status No-fly zone and blockade in effect
Belligerents

Countries enforcing UN Resolution 1973


Co-belligerent ground forces

Libya Libyan Jamahiriya
Commanders and leaders

France Nicolas Sarkozy
France Édouard Guillaud
United Kingdom David Cameron
Canada Stephen Harper
United States Barack Obama
United States Carter Ham

United States Sam Locklear

Libya Muammar Gaddafi
Libya Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi
Libya Khamis al-Gaddafi

Libya Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
Casualties and losses

14 soldiers, 14 tanks, 20 armored personnel carriers, 40 vehicles[1], 2 multiple rocket launchers, dozens of pick-ups[2]

Parts of air defense systems and general military infrastructure[3]
48 killed and 150 wounded (Pro-Gaddafi claim)*[4]
*No independent confirmation on mentioned casualties and losses.

The Libyan no-fly zone actually is brutal interference in Libyan local conflict. Forcing legitimate authority not to use any weapon against rebels, by direct NATO operations against Libyan ground and air targets which is really more "no-life zone".on 17 March 2011.[5] The no-fly zone was proposed during the 2011 Libyan uprising to prevent government forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi from carrying out air attacks on rebel forces.

On 12 March, the Arab League called on the United Nations Security Council to impose a no-fly zone.[6][7] On 15 March, Lebanese Ambassador Nawaf Salam tabled this as a resolution which was backed by the U.K. and France.[8] On 17 March 2011, the Security Council voted by ten votes to none to approve a no-fly zone through Resolution 1973. There were five abstentions: Brazil, Russia, India, China (who oppose military intervention against a sovereign country) and Germany (whose official position is that it does not want to participate in any military operation in Libya, but recognizes that something must be done).[9][10][11]

The full list of participating nations and their roles in applying these measures have not yet been specified, although France and the U.K. have stated their intention to uphold them as a matter of urgency, and Lebanon and the United States heavily backed the resolution.[12][13]

On 18 March, the Libyan foreign minister, Mussa Kussa, declared a ceasefire, attributing the U.N. resolution.[14] Artillery shelling on Misurata and Ajdabiya continued, and government soldiers continued approaching Benghazi.[15][16] Government troops and tanks entered the city on 19 March.[17] Artillery and mortars were also fired into the city.[18]

The U.N. resolution authorized air-strikes against Libyan ground troops and "warships" posing a threat to civilians.[19] On March 19, the coalition began Operation Odyssey Dawn.[20] On 19 March, the no-fly zone enforcement began, with French aircraft undertaking sorties across Libya and a naval blockade by the Royal Navy.[21] Air strikes against Libyan Army tanks and vehicles by French jets[22] have since been confirmed. Eventually, the aircraft carriers USS Enterprise and Charles de Gaulle will arrive off the coast and provide the enforcers with a rapid-response capability. US forces named their part of the enforcement action Operation Odyssey Dawn, meant to, "Deny the Libyan regime from using force against its own people," said US Vice Admiral William E. Gortney. 114 "Tomahawk" cruise missiles have reportedly been fired in an initial assault by U.S. warships and a British submarine against Libyan air defenses.[23] The military activities of some participating countries have been named individually.[20]

Proposal

Politicians, diplomats and organisations both Libyan and international called for a no-fly zone over Libya in light of airstrikes against Libyan rebels conducted by Muammar Gaddafi's military in the 2011 Libyan uprising.

Libya

On 21 February 2011, Libyan deputy Permanent Representative to U.N. Ambassador Ibrahim Dabbashi "[called] on the U.N. to impose a no-fly zone on all Tripoli to cut off all supplies of arms and mercenaries to the regime."[24]

On March 9, 2011, the head of the Libyan National Transitional Council, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, "pleaded for the international community to move quickly to impose a no-fly zone over Libya, declaring that any delay would result in more casualties".[25] Three days later, he stated that if pro-Gaddafi forces reached Benghazi, then they would kill "half a million" people. He stated, "If there is no no-fly zone imposed on Gaddafi's regime, and his ships are not checked, we will have a catastrophe in Libya."[26] On March 12, thousands of Libyan women marched in the streets of the rebel-held town of Benghazi, calling for the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya. One of the protesters, Nada el-Turki, stated, "We don't want foreign intervention, we just want a no-fly zone and our boys will do the rest. But they have light weapons in the face of air strikes."[27]

International

On 28 February, British Prime Minister David Cameron proposed the idea of a no-fly zone to prevent Gaddafi from "airlifting mercenaries" and "using his military aeroplanes and armoured helicopters against civilians".[28]

On March 7, U.S. Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder announced that NATO decided to step up surveillance missions of E-3 AWACS aircraft to 24 hours a day. On the same day it was reported that an anonymous U.N. diplomat confirmed to Agence France Presse that France and Britain were drawing up a resolution on the no-fly zone that would be considered by the United Nations Security Council during the same week.[29][30] The Gulf Cooperation Council also on that day called upon the U.N. Security Council to "take all necessary measures to protect civilians, including enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya."[31]

By March 9, the United States had naval forces positioned off the coast of Libya, as well as forces already in the region - including the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise. Canada had dispatched naval frigate HMCS Charlottetown to the area, reinforcing the display of western power. Canadian Defence Minister Peter MacKay stated, "We are there for all inevitabilities. And NATO is looking at this as well... This is taken as a precautionary and staged measure." Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that the Canadian Forces Air Command is ready to contribute to setting up a no-fly zone if the U.N. and NATO decided to do this.

The United States supported the no-fly zone, VOA News reported

On March 12, the Arab League "called on the United Nations Security Council to impose a no-fly zone over Libya in a bid to protect civilians from air attack".[7][6][32] The Arab League's request was announced by Oman's Foreign minister, Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah, who stated that all member states present at the meeting agreed with the proposal.[7]

On March 15, a resolution for a no-fly zone was proposed and tabled by Nawaf Salam, Lebanon's Ambassador to the United Nations. The resolution was immediately backed by the United Kingdom and France.[33]

On March 17, 2011, the United Nations Security Council, acting under the authority of Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter, approved a no-fly zone by a vote of 10 in favor, zero against, and five abstentions, via United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973.[34][35] Less than 24 hours later, Libya announced that it will halt all military operations in the country in response to the Security Council resolution.[36][37]

Criticism

Russia's foreign ministry said that it noted "with regret this armed action, taken in conjunction with the hastily passed UN Security Council resolution 1973".[38] Russia's ambassador to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin, said prior to the passing of the Security Council resolution that: "A ban on the national air force or civil aviation to fly over their own territory is ... a serious interference into the domestic affairs of another country".[39] Chairman of the Russian State Duma International Affairs Committee Konstantin Kosachyov said that air strikes on Libya might "spark a huge conflict between the so-called West and the so-called Arab world."[40]

China's foreign ministry said that it "regrets the military strike against Libya" and that it hopes that "stability could be restored in Libya as soon as possible so as to avoid more civilian casualties caused by the escalation of military conflicts".[41] India's foreign ministry said: "the measures adopted should mitigate and not exacerbate an already difficult situation for the people of Libya".[42]

The Arab League criticised Western military strikes on Libya and said that: "What has happened in Libya differs from the goal of imposing a no-fly zone and what we want is the protection of civilians and not bombing other civilians."[43][44]

President of the Council of Foreign Relations, Richard N. Haass, said that removing Gadaffi's regime could "easily set in motion a chain of events in which a different strongman, with the backing of a different tribe, took over" or create power vacuums exploitable by Al Qaeda and similar groups: "It is one thing to acknowledge Moammar Gadhafi as a ruthless despot ... [but] doing so does not establish the democratic bona fides of those who oppose him. And even if some of those opposing him are genuine democrats, there is no reason to assume that helping to remove the regime would result in the ascendancy of such people."[45]

Enforcement

Initial NATO planning for a possible no-fly zone took place in late February and early March,[46] especially by NATO members United Kingdom and France.[47] The United Kingdom and France were early supporters of a no-fly zone and have sufficient airpower to impose a no-fly zone over the rebel-held areas, although might need additional assistance for a more extensive exclusion zone.

The U.S. has the air assets necessary to enforce a no-fly zone, but was cautious to support such an action prior to obtaining a legal basis for violating Libya's sovereignty. Because of the sensitive nature of military action by the U.S. against an Arab nation, the U.S. has sought Arab participation in the enforcement of a no-fly zone.[29]

At a congressional hearing, United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates explained that "a no-fly zone begins with an attack on Libya to destroy the air defenses ... and then you can fly planes around the country and not worry about our guys being shot down. But that's the way it starts."[48]

On 19 March, the deployment of French fighter jets over Libya began,[21] and other countries began their individual operations.

Operation names

Forces committed

Bases committed

Additional countries

  •  Jordan: U.S. congressional officials have said Jordan may be involved in enforcing the U.N. mission.[66]
  •  Netherlands: Minister of Foreign Affairs Uri Rosenthal said that the Netherlands is prepared to provide as-yet unspecified support to forces enforcing the no-fly zone over Libya.[73]
  •  Sweden: Foreign Minister Carl Bildt announced that Sweden would consider military action in support of a no-fly zone if it is requested by NATO.[74]
  •  Saudi Arabia: has been mentioned as possibly participating in air strikes.[75][76]
  •  Turkey: the foreign ministry released a statement, which said that Turkey will make the "necessary preparations" to implement the no-fly zone.[77]

Action by international forces

The American destroyer USS Barry launches one of around 110 Tomahawk missiles fired by the coalition

BBC News reported at 16:00 GMT 19 March 2011 that the French Air Force had sent 19 fighter planes over an area 100 km by 150 km (60 by 100 miles) over Benghazi to prevent any attacks on the rebel-controlled city.[78] "Our air force will oppose any aggression by Colonel Gaddafi against the population of Benghazi", said French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[79] BBC News reported at 16:59 GMT that at 16:45 GMT a French warplane had fired at and destroyed a Libyan military vehicle - this being confirmed by French defence ministry spokesman Laurent Teisseire.[78]

According to Al-Jazeera, French aircraft destroyed four Libyan tanks in air strikes to the south-west of Benghazi.[23] The French military claimed that their aircraft had also flown reconnaissance missions over "all Libyan territory". On the same day David Cameron confirmed that Royal Air Force jets were also in action and reports suggested that the U.S. Navy had fired the first cruise missile. CBS News' David Martin reported that three B-2 stealth bombers flew non-stop from the United States to drop 40 bombs on a major Libyan airfield. Martin further reported that US fighter jets are searching for Libyan ground forces to attack.

The Pentagon and the British Ministry of Defence confirmed that, jointly, HMS Triumph and U.S. Navy ships (including USS Barry, pictured) and submarines fired at least 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles, supported with air attacks on military installations, both inland and on the coast.[80][81]

Initially, the US element of the operation is under command of United States Africa Command commanded by General Carter Ham.[82] Tactical command of the operation is executed from USS Mount Whitney in the Mediterranean Sea under command of Admiral Sam Locklear, commander United States Naval Forces Europe.[82] U.S. Vice-Admiral William Gortney stated that operational command will be transitioned to a coalition commander in the coming days.[citation needed]

On 20 March 2011, several Storm Shadow missiles were launched by British jets.[83] Nineteen U.S. warplanes, conducted strike operations in Libya. The warplanes included Marine Corps Harrier Jets, Air Force B-2 stealth bombers, and F-15 and F-16 fighter jets.[84] A military convoy was apparently destroyed near Benghazi in eastern Libya by multiple airstrikes, leaving charred bodies, tanks and trucks.[84]

Scale of operations

According to chairman of the American Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Michael Mullen, a no-fly zone would be "an extraordinarily complex operation to set up."[85] U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that more air assets would need to be moved into the vicinity of Libya and that the operation also would require "more airplanes than you would find on a single aircraft carrier ... it is a big operation in a big country." Secretary General of NATO Anders Fogh Rasmussen stressed that "the imposition of a no-fly zone would be quite a complicated undertaking".[86] According to the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, establishing and maintaining a no-fly zone over Libya could cost the U.S. Department of Defense between $30 and $300 million a week under scenarios formulated by the think tank.[87]

On the contrary, Gen. Merrill McPeak, a former U.S. Air Force chief of staff, said: "I can’t imagine an easier military problem." He suggested concentrating flights over those parts of the country that Gaddafi doesn't control. That would remove the need to attack and take out Libyan air defense systems.[88]

See also

References

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