Jump to content

World population: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverting possible vandalism by 68.15.1.107 to version by Nø. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot NG. (423635) (Bot)
Line 42: Line 42:
The [[Plague of Justinian]] caused [[Medieval demography|Europe's population]] to drop by around 50% between 541 and the 8th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/plague-article.html |title=Plague, Plague Information, Black Death Facts, News, Photos{{–}} National Geographic |publisher=Science.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/276190/Demographic-and-agricultural-growth#ref=ref994290 History of Europe – Demographic and agricultural growth]". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] in the 14th century may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html |title=Historical Estimates of World Population |publisher=Census.gov |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> It took roughly 200 years for Europe's population to regain its 1340 level.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/2000/0717/peter.html Europe's Black Death is a history lesson in human tragedy — and economic renewal]". TIME Europe. July 17, 2000, VOL. 156 NO. 3</ref> China experienced a population decline from an estimated 123 million around 1200 to an estimated 65 million in 1393,<ref>Horst R. Thieme (2003). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cHcjnkrMweYC&pg=PA285&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Mathematics in population biology]''". Princeton University Press. p.285. ISBN 0691092915</ref> which was presumably due to a combination of [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] invasions and plague.<ref>Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nmgNXoiAiU4C&pg=RA2-PA34&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population]''". Academic Press. p.34. ISBN 012765660X</ref> Although McNeill clearly states that China's population decline is better explained by bubonic plague than by Mongol ferocity.
The [[Plague of Justinian]] caused [[Medieval demography|Europe's population]] to drop by around 50% between 541 and the 8th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/plague-article.html |title=Plague, Plague Information, Black Death Facts, News, Photos{{–}} National Geographic |publisher=Science.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/276190/Demographic-and-agricultural-growth#ref=ref994290 History of Europe – Demographic and agricultural growth]". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] in the 14th century may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html |title=Historical Estimates of World Population |publisher=Census.gov |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> It took roughly 200 years for Europe's population to regain its 1340 level.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/2000/0717/peter.html Europe's Black Death is a history lesson in human tragedy — and economic renewal]". TIME Europe. July 17, 2000, VOL. 156 NO. 3</ref> China experienced a population decline from an estimated 123 million around 1200 to an estimated 65 million in 1393,<ref>Horst R. Thieme (2003). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cHcjnkrMweYC&pg=PA285&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Mathematics in population biology]''". Princeton University Press. p.285. ISBN 0691092915</ref> which was presumably due to a combination of [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] invasions and plague.<ref>Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nmgNXoiAiU4C&pg=RA2-PA34&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population]''". Academic Press. p.34. ISBN 012765660X</ref> Although McNeill clearly states that China's population decline is better explained by bubonic plague than by Mongol ferocity.


At the founding of the [[Ming Dynasty]] in 1368, [[China]]'s population was reported to be close to 60 million, and toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 it might have approached 150 million.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580643/ming_dynasty.html Ming Dynasty]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.</ref><ref>"[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1750_demographic.htm Qing China's Internal Crisis: Land Shortage, Famine, Rural Poverty]". Asia for Educators, Columbia University.</ref> [[England]]'s population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics#ref=ref310375 History of Europe – Demographics]". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> New crops that had come to [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] from the Americas via the Spanish colonizers in the 16th century contributed to the population growth.<ref>"[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/china/geog/population.htm China's Population: Readings and Maps]". Columbia University, East Asian Curriculum Project.</ref><ref>[http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-twoworlds/1866 The Columbian Exchange]. The University of North Carolina.</ref> Since being introduced by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,<ref>[http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/suprtubr.htm Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa]. The Ohio State University</ref> [[maize]] and [[manioc]] have replaced traditional [[Africa]]n crops as the continent’s most important staple food crops.<ref>"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zOm0iqkRsYEC&pg=PA242&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Albert Schweitzer: a biography]''". James Brabazon (2000). [[Syracuse University Press]]. p.242. ISBN 0815606753</ref> [[Alfred W. Crosby]] speculated that increased production of maize, manioc, and other
At the founding of the [[Ming Dynasty]] in 1368, [[China]]'s population was reported to be close to 60 million, and toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 it might have approached 150 million.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580643/ming_dynasty.html Ming Dynasty]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.</ref><ref>"[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1750_demographic.htm Qing China's Internal Crisis: Land Shortage, Famine, Rural Poverty]". Asia for Educators, Columbia University.</ref> However many recent scholars such as Jonathan Spence and Brian Hoffert argue that these figures are incorrect. Hoffert claims that a newer, more persuasive, calculation revises the census of 1393 upward to 85 million and proposes 310 million for 1650. [[England]]'s population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics#ref=ref310375 History of Europe – Demographics]". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> New crops that had come to [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] from the Americas via the Spanish colonizers in the 16th century contributed to the population growth.<ref>"[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/china/geog/population.htm China's Population: Readings and Maps]". Columbia University, East Asian Curriculum Project.</ref><ref>[http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-twoworlds/1866 The Columbian Exchange]. The University of North Carolina.</ref> Since being introduced by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,<ref>[http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/suprtubr.htm Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa]. The Ohio State University</ref> [[maize]] and [[manioc]] have replaced traditional [[Africa]]n crops as the continent’s most important staple food crops.<ref>"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zOm0iqkRsYEC&pg=PA242&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Albert Schweitzer: a biography]''". James Brabazon (2000). [[Syracuse University Press]]. p.242. ISBN 0815606753</ref> [[Alfred W. Crosby]] speculated that increased production of maize, manioc, and other
American crops "...enabled the [[slave trader]]s [who] drew many, perhaps most, of their cargoes from the rain forest areas, ''precisely'' those areas where American crops enabled heavier settlement than
American crops "...enabled the [[slave trader]]s [who] drew many, perhaps most, of their cargoes from the rain forest areas, ''precisely'' those areas where American crops enabled heavier settlement than
before."<ref>"[http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/HALLRL-1.ART Savoring Africa in the New World by Robert L. Hall]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}". Millersville University.</ref>
before."<ref>"[http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/HALLRL-1.ART Savoring Africa in the New World by Robert L. Hall]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}". Millersville University.</ref>

Revision as of 20:37, 19 May 2011

World population from 1800 to 2100, based on UN 2004 projections (red, orange, green) and US Census Bureau historical estimates (black).

The world population is the total population of humans on the planet Earth, currently estimated to be 8.12 billion by the United States Census Bureau.[1] The world population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Bubonic Plague, Great Famine and Hundred Years Wars in 1350, population 300 million.[2] The highest rates of growth—increases above 1.8% per year—were seen briefly during the 1950s, for a longer period during the 1960s and 1970s; the growth rate peaked at 2.2% in 1963, and declined to 1.1% by 2009. Annual births have reduced to 140 million since their peak at 173 million in the late 1990s, and are expected to remain constant, while deaths number 57 million per year and are expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040. Current projections show a continued increase of population (but a steady decline in the population growth rate) with the population expected to reach between 7.5 and 10.5 billion in the year 2050.[3][4][5]

Population by region

Population statistics for 6 continents and 10 countries

Asia accounts for over 60% of the world population with more than 4 billion people. China and India together have about 37 percent of the world's population. Africa follows with 1 billion people, 15% of the world's population. Europe's 733 million people make up 11% of the world's population. Latin America and the Caribbean region to 589 million (9%), Northern America is home to 352 million (5%) and Oceania to 35 million (less than 1%).[6]

Milestones by the billions

World population estimates milestones
Population
(in billions) 		1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Year 1804 1927 1960 1974 1987 1999 2011 2025-30 2045–50
Years elapsed 123 33 14 13 12 12 15-20 20–25

It is estimated that the population of the world reached one billion in 1804, two billion in 1927, three billion in 1960, four billion in 1974, five billion in 1987, and six billion in 1999. It is projected to reach seven billion in October 2011, and around eight billion by 2025–2030. By 2045–2050, the world's population is currently projected to reach around nine billion, with alternative scenarios ranging from 7.4 billion to 10.6 billion.[7][8][9][10][11] Projected figures vary depending on such things as the underlying assumptions and which variables are manipulated in projection calculations, especially the fertility variable. Such variations give long-range predictions to 2150, ranging from population decline to 3.2 billion in the 'low scenario', to high scenarios of 24.8 billion, or soaring to 256 billion assuming fertility remains at 1995 levels.[12]

There is no estimation on the exact day or month the world's population surpassed both the one and two billion marks. The day of three and four billion were not officially noted, but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau places them in July 1959 and April 1974. The United Nations did determine, and celebrate, the "Day of 5 Billion" (11 July 1987), and the "Day of 6 Billion" (12 October 1999). The International Programs division of the United States Census Bureau estimated that the world reached six billion on 21 April 1999 (several months earlier than the official United Nations day). The "Day of 7 Billion" has been targeted by the United States Census Bureau to be in July 2012,[13] while the Population Division of the United Nations suggests 26 August 2011.[14]

Regional Billion Milestones

Regionally, the first region to hit a billion people was the Northern Hemisphere, followed shortly by the Eastern Hemisphere, not too long after the world hit a billion. Next in coming was Asia, then East Asia and South Asia, followed by China in 1980, India in 1999, Western Hemisphere in the 2000's and Africa in 2010. The next billion people milestones expected by demographers are the Americas, with a current population of around 920 million, the Southern Hemisphere and Subsaharan Africa with each around 850 million people. It is not known if the current next contenders, Europe, Southeast Asia, and North America in that order, will ever surpass 1 billion people.

As for 2, 3, and 4 billion, only the Northern Hemisphere, Eastern Hemisphere, and Asia have surpassed these figures.

History

Further information: World population estimates and History of the world

Antiquity and Middle Ages

A dramatic population bottleneck is theorized for the period around 70,000 BC (see Toba catastrophe theory). After this time and until the development of agriculture, it is estimated that the world population stabilized at about one million people whose subsistence entailed hunting and foraging, a lifestyle that by its nature ensured a low population density. The total world population probably never exceeded 15 million inhabitants before the invention of agriculture.[15] By contrast, it is estimated that more than 55 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire (AD 300–400).[16]

The Plague of Justinian caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between 541 and the 8th century.[17] The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340.[18] The Black Death pandemic in the 14th century may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400.[19] It took roughly 200 years for Europe's population to regain its 1340 level.[20] China experienced a population decline from an estimated 123 million around 1200 to an estimated 65 million in 1393,[21] which was presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions and plague.[22] Although McNeill clearly states that China's population decline is better explained by bubonic plague than by Mongol ferocity.

At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, China's population was reported to be close to 60 million, and toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 it might have approached 150 million.[23][24] However many recent scholars such as Jonathan Spence and Brian Hoffert argue that these figures are incorrect. Hoffert claims that a newer, more persuasive, calculation revises the census of 1393 upward to 85 million and proposes 310 million for 1650. England's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500.[25] New crops that had come to Asia and Europe from the Americas via the Spanish colonizers in the 16th century contributed to the population growth.[26][27] Since being introduced by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,[28] maize and manioc have replaced traditional African crops as the continent’s most important staple food crops.[29] Alfred W. Crosby speculated that increased production of maize, manioc, and other American crops "...enabled the slave traders [who] drew many, perhaps most, of their cargoes from the rain forest areas, precisely those areas where American crops enabled heavier settlement than before."[30]

The population of the Americas in 1500 may have been between 50 and 100 million.[31] The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million.[32] Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence.[33] Archaeological evidence indicates that the death of around 90% of the Native American population of the New World was caused by Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.[34] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity.[citation needed]

Modern era

Urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006.
3% of the world's population lived in cities in 1800, rising to 47% at the end of the twentieth century.

During the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.[35] The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730-1749 to 31.8% in 1810-1829.[36][37] Europe’s population doubled during the 18th century, from roughly 100 million to almost 200 million, and doubled again during the 19th century.[38] Altogether, the areas of European settlement comprised 36% of the world's population in 1900.[39]

The population growth became more rapid after the introduction of compulsory vaccination and improvements in medicine and sanitation.[40][41][42] As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, the United Kingdom's population doubled every fifty years.[43] By 1801 the population of England had grown to 8.3 million, and by 1901 had grown to 30.5 million.[44] The first fifty years of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union were marked by a succession of disasters, each accompanied by large–scale population losses.[45] By 1945, therefore, the population was about 90 million less than it could have been otherwise.[46]

The population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.[47] Today, the region is home to 1.18 billion people.[48] The total number of inhabitants of Java increased from about five million in 1815 to more than 130 million in the early 21st century.[49] Mexico's population has grown from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2009.[50] In eighty years, Kenya's population has grown from 2.9 million to 37 million.[51]

Overpopulation

Main article: Overpopulation

The scientific consensus is that the current population expansion and accompanying increase in usage of resources is linked to threats to the ecosystem.[52][53] The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth, which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994, called the growth in human numbers "unprecedented", and stated that many environmental problems, such as rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and pollution, were aggravated by the population expansion.[54] At the time, the world population stood at 5.5 billion, and lower-bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050, a number that current estimates show will be reached around 2030.[55]

Human population control

Main article: Human population control

Human population control is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population.

Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting the population's birth rate, by contraception or by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, religious reasons, and overpopulation.

Largest populations by country

Further information: List of countries by population
File:World population.svg
Map of countries by total population.
The 10 countries with the largest total population:
Rank Country / Territory Population Date % of world
population		 Source
1  People's Republic of China[56] 1,425,160,520 17.5% 12 Aug 2024 Chinese Official Population Clock
2  India 1,210,193,422 March 2011 17% [2]
3  United States 336,789,280 4.15% 12 Aug 2024 United States Official Population Clock
4  Indonesia 238,400,000 May 2010 2.88% SuluhNusantara Indonesia Census report
5  Brazil 217,779,000 February 12, 2011 2.69% Brazilian Official Population Clock
6  Pakistan 238,266,315 2.93% 12 Aug 2024 Official Pakistani Population clock
7  Bangladesh 164,425,000 2010 2.02% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010
8  Nigeria 158,259,000 2010 1.95% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010
9  Russia 141,927,297 January 1, 2010 1.75% Federal State Statistics Service of Russia
10  Japan 127,380,000 June 1, 2010 1.57% Official Japan Statistics Bureau

Approximately 4.03 billion people live in these ten countries, representing 58.7% of the world's population as of November 2010.

Densest populations by country

Population density (people per km2) map of the world in 1994.
Further information: List of countries and dependencies by population density
The 10 most densely populated countries/regions
Rank Country/Region Population Area (km2) Density (Pop per km2) Notes
1  Monaco 32,719 1.95 16,779 [57]
2  Singapore 5,076,700 707.1 6,535
3  Vatican City 824 0.44 1,873 [58]
4  Maldives 385,375 298 1,293
5  Malta 404,032 316 1,279
6  Bahrain 723,967 665 1,089 [59]
7  Bangladesh 157,813,124 147,570 1,069 [60]
8  Palestinian territories 4,223,760 6,020 702
9  Nauru 13,918 21 663
10  Taiwan 22,955,395 36,190 634 [58]
Countries ranking in the top both in terms of total population (more than 15 million people) and population density (more than 250 people per square kilometer):
Rank Country Population Area (km2) Density (Pop. per km2) Notes
1  India Template:Popareadens Growing country
2  Bangladesh 157,813,124 143,998 1,069 Fast growing country
3  Japan 127,170,110 377,873 337 Declining in population
4  Philippines 93,843,460 300,076 313 Fast growing country
5  Vietnam 85,789,573 331,689 259 Growing country
6  United Kingdom 62,041,708 243,610 255 Steady in population
7  South Korea 49,354,980 99,538 493 Steady in population
8  Taiwan 22,955,395 35,980 639 Steady in population
9  Sri Lanka 20,238,000 65,610 309 Growing country
10  Netherlands Template:Popareadens Steady in population

Growth

Main article: Population growth
Population evolution in different continents. The vertical axis is logarithmic and is millions of people.

Different regions have different rates of population growth. According to the above table, the growth in population of the different regions from 2000 to 2005 was:

237.771 million in Asia
92.293 million in Africa
38.052 million in Latin America
16.241 million in Northern America
3.264 million in Europe
1.955 million in Oceania
383.047 million in the whole world

In the 20th century, the world saw the biggest increase in its population in human history due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution.[61][62][63]

In 2000, the United Nations estimated that the world's population was growing at the rate of 1.14% (or about seventy-five million people) per year,[64] down from a peak of eighty-eight million per year in 1989. In the last few centuries, the number of people living on Earth has increased many times over. By 2000, there were ten times as many people on Earth as there were three hundred years ago. According to data from the CIA's 2005–2006 World Factbooks, the world human population increased by an average of 203,800 people every day.[65] The CIA Factbook increased this to 211,090 people every day in 2007, and again to 220,980 people every day in 2009.

A world map showing countries by fertility rate, 2005-2010.[citation needed]

Globally, the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19% in 1963, but growth remains high in Latin America, the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa.[66]

In some countries there is negative population growth (i.e. net decrease in population over time), especially in Central and Eastern Europe (mainly due to low fertility rates). Within the next decade, Japan and some countries in Western Europe are also expected to encounter negative population growth due to sub-replacement fertility rates.

In 2006, the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth is diminishing due to the demographic transition. If this trend continues, the rate of growth may diminish to zero, concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion, in 2050.[67] However, this is only one of many estimates published by the UN. In 2009, UN projections for 2050 range from about 8 billion to 10.5 billion.[68]

  • Population (est.) 10,000 BC–AD 2000.
    Population (est.) 10,000 BC–AD 2000.
  • Population (est.) 10,000 BC–AD 2000 in log y scale
    Population (est.) 10,000 BC–AD 2000 in log y scale
  • World population 1950–2000
    World population 1950–2000
  • Increase rate 1950–2000
    Increase rate 1950–2000

Forecast

Main article: World population estimates
See also: Overpopulation
UN (medium variant, 2010 rev.) and US Census Bureau (December 2010) estimates[69][70]
Year UN est
(millions) 		Diff. US est
(millions) 		Diff.
2000 6,123 - 6,090 -
2010 6,896 773 6,852 763
2020 7,657 761 7,593 740
2030 8,321 665 8,249 656
2040 8,874 553 8,801 552
2050 9,306 432 9,256 456

In the long run, the future population growth of the world is difficult to predict and the UN and US Census Bureau give different estimates. According to the latter, world population will hit seven billion in July 2012[71] or by late 2011, according to UN prediction.[5]

Birth rates are declining slightly on average, but vary greatly between developed countries (where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels), developing countries, and different ethnicities. Death rates can change unexpectedly due to disease, wars and catastrophes, or advances in medicine.

The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population, based on different assumptions. Over the last ten years, the UN has consistently revised these projections downward, until the 2006 revision issued March 14, 2007 revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million.

In some scenarios, disasters triggered by the growing population's demand for scarce resources will eventually lead to a sudden population crash, or even a Malthusian catastrophe (also see overpopulation and food security).

UN 2008 estimates and medium variant projections (in millions).[72]
Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America Northern America Oceania
2000 6,115 3,698 (60.5%) 819 (13.4%) 727 (11.9%) 521 (8.5%) 319 (5.2%) 31 (0.5%)
2005 6,512 3,937 (60.5%) 921 (14.1%) 729 (11.2%) 557 (8.6%) 335 (5.1%) 34 (0.5%)
2010 6,909 4,167 (60.3%) 1,033 (15.0%) 733 (10.6%) 589 (8.5%) 352 (5.1%) 36 (0.5%)
2015 7,302 4,391 (60.1%) 1,153 (15.8%) 734 (10.1%) 618 (8.5%) 368 (5.0%) 38 (0.5%)
2020 7,675 4,596 (59.9%) 1,276 (16.6%) 733 (9.6%) 646 (8.4%) 383 (5.0%) 40 (0.5%)
2025 8,012 4,773 (59.6%) 1,400 (17.5%) 729 (9.1%) 670 (8.4%) 398 (5.0%) 43 (0.5%)
2030 8,309 4,917 (59.2%) 1,524 (18.3%) 723 (8.7%) 690 (8.3%) 410 (4.9%) 45 (0.5%)
2035 8,571 5,032 (58.7%) 1,647 (19.2%) 716 (8.4%) 706 (8.2%) 421 (4.9%) 46 (0.5%)
2040 8,801 5,125 (58.2%) 1,770 (20.1%) 708 (8.0%) 718 (8.2%) 431 (4.9%) 48 (0.5%)
2045 8,996 5,193 (57.7%) 1,887 (21.0%) 700 (7.8%) 726 (8.1%) 440 (4.9%) 50 (0.6%)
2050 9,150 5,231 (57.2%) 1,998 (21.8%) 691 (7.6%) 729 (8.0%) 448 (4.9%) 51 (0.6%)

Population by region

Below is a table with historical and predicted population figures shown in millions.[72][73][74][75]
The availability of historical population figures varies by region.

World historical and predicted populations (in millions)[76][77][citation needed]
Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2050 2150
World 458 580 682 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 5,978 6,707 8,909 9,746
Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 767 973 1,766 2,308
Asia 243 339 436 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,634 4,054 5,268 5,561
Europe 84 111 125 163 203 276 408 547 729 732 628 517
Latin America and the Caribbean[Note 1] 39 10 10 16 24 38 74 167 511 577 809 912
Northern America[Note 1] 3 3 2 2 7 26 82 172 307 337 392 398
Oceania 3 3 3 2 2 2 6 13 30 34 46 51
World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution [76][77][citation needed]
Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2050 2150
World 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Africa 18.8 19.7 15.5 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 12.8 14.5 19.8 23.7
Asia 53.1 58.4 63.9 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 60.8 60.4 59.1 57.1
Europe 18.3 19.1 18.3 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 12.2 10.9 7.0 5.3
Latin America and the Caribbean[Note 1] 8.5 1.7 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 9.1 9.4
Northern America[Note 1] 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.1
Oceania 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Estimated world population at various dates (in millions) [citation needed]
Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America[Note 1] Northern America Oceania Notes
70,000 BC < 0.015 [78]
10,000 BC 1
9000 BC 3
8000 BC 5 [79]
7000 BC 7
6000 BC 10
5000 BC 15
4000 BC 20
3000 BC 25
2000 BC 35
1000 BC 50 [79]
500 BC 100 [79]
AD 1 200 [80]
1000 310
1750 791 106 502 163 16 2 2
1800 978 107 635 203 24 7 2
1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 2
1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6
1950 2,519 221 1,398 547 167 172 12.8
1955 2,756 247 1,542 575 191 187 14.3
1960 2,982 277 1,674 601 209 204 15.9
1965 3,335 314 1,899 634 250 219 17.6
1970 3,692 357 2,143 656 285 232 19.4
1975 4,068 408 2,397 675 322 243 21.5
1980 4,435 470 2,632 692 361 256 22.8
1985 4,831 542 2,887 706 401 269 24.7
1990 5,263 622 3,168 721 441 283 26.7
1995 5,674 707 3,430 727 481 299 28.9
2000 6,070 796 3,680 728 520 316 31.0
2005 6,454 888 3,917 725 558 332 32.9
2008 6,707 973 4,054 732 577 337 34.3 [3]
Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America Northern America Oceania Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America: Canada, the United States, Greenland, Bermuda, and St. Pierre and Miquelon. Latin America comprises Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America.

The figures for North America only refer to post-European contact settlers, and not native populations from before European settlement.

World population by continent (2011)

Continent name Density (inhab./km2) Population (2011) Most populous country Most populous city
Asia 129.93 4,140,336,501 inhab. Increase high  People's Republic of China (1,341,403,687 inhab.) Tokyo (37,730,064 inhab.)
Africa 32.7 994,527,534 inhab. Decrease low  Nigeria (152,217,341 inhab.) Cairo (19,439,541 inhab.)
Europe 70 738,523,843 inhab. Increase low  Russia (142,905,200 inhab.) Moscow (14,837,510 inhab.)
North America 22.9 528,720,588 inhab. Increase medium  United States of America (308,745,538 inhab.) Mexico City (21,163,226 inhab.)
South America 21.4 385,742,554 inhab. Increase medium  Brazil (190,732,694 inhab.) São Paulo (19,672,582 inhab.)
Oceania 4.25 36,102,071 inhab. Decrease low  Australia (22,612,355 inhab.) Sydney (4,575,532 inhab.)
Antarctica 0 3,687 inhab. (nonpermanent)  Antarctica (3,687 inhab., nonpermanent) No cities

Mathematical approximations

Hoerner (1975) proposed a formula for population growth[81] which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025.

According to Kapitsa (1997),[82] the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the formula:

where

  • N is current population
  • T is the current year
  • C = (1.86±0.01)•1011
  • T0 = 2007±1
  • = 42±1

The transition from hyperbolic to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition.

Years for world population to double

Using linear interpolation of the UNDESA estimates, the world population has been doubled or will double in the following years (with two different starting points). Note how, during the 2nd millennium, each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling, fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above. However, it is unlikely that there will be another doubling in the current century.[83]

Years for Population to Double
Starting at 500 million
Population
(in billions) 		0.5 1 2 4 8
Year 1500 1804 1927 1974 2025
Years elapsed 304 123 47 51
Starting at 375 million
Population
(in billions) 		0.375 0.75 1.5 3 6
Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999
Years elapsed 544 166 79 39

Demographics

Ethnicity

Main articles: Race (classification of humans) and Lists of ethnic groups

The world is made up of thousands of ethnic groups. Han Chinese represent about 19% of the global population.[84]

Youth

Main articles: Population pyramid and List of countries by median age
Median age by country. A youth bulge is evident for Africa, and to a lesser extent for South and Southeast Asia and Central America.

According to the 2006 CIA World Factbook, around 27% of the world's population is below 15 years of age.[85]

General

Before adding mortality rates, the 1990s saw the greatest absolute number of births worldwide, especially in the years after 1995, despite the fact that the birth rate was not as high as in the 1960s. In fact, because of the 163 million-per-year births after 1995, the time it took to reach the next billion reached its fastest pace (only twelve years), as world population reached six billion people in 1999; at the beginning of the decade, this figure was only expected to be met in 2000, at the earliest, by most demographers.

1985–1990 marked the period with the fastest yearly population change in world history. Even though the early 1960s had a greater growth rate than in the mid and late 1980s, the population change hovered around eighty-three million people in the five-year period, with an all-time record change of nearly eighty-eight million in 1990. The reason is that the world's population being around 5 billion in the mid- and late-1980s, compared to around 3 billion in the early 1960s, meant that the growth rate (which is a percentage) was not the major factor in the dramatic absolute increase in population.

Forecasts of scarcity

In 1798, Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that population growth would out-run food supply by the mid-19th century. In 1968, Paul R. Ehrlich reprised this argument in The Population Bomb, predicting famine in the 1970s and 1980s. The dire predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists, notably Julian Lincoln Simon. Agricultural research already under way, such as the Green Revolution, led to dramatic improvements in crop yields. Food production has kept pace with population growth, but Malthusians point out the green revolution relies heavily on petroleum-based fertilizers, and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure would be very[clarification needed] widespread. Food prices in the early 21st century are rising sharply on a global scale, and causing serious malnutrition to spread widely.[86]

From 1950 to 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world, grain production increased by over 250%.[87] The world population has grown by about four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution and most believe that, without the Revolution, there would be greater famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents (approximately 850 million people suffering from chronic malnutrition in 2005).[88] The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and hydrocarbon-fueled irrigation.[89]

The peaking of world oil production (Peak oil) may test Malthus and Ehrlich critics.[90][91] As of May 2008, the price of grain had been pushed up by increased farming for use in biofuels,[92] world oil prices at over $140 per barrel ($880/m3),[93] global population growth,[94] climate change,[95] loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development,[96][97] and growing consumer demand in China and India.[98][99] Food riots have recently occurred in some countries across the world.[100][101] However, oil prices then fell sharply, and remained below $100/barrel for about two years before rising again. Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines, but it is unclear whether rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages.

Richard C. Duncan claims the "world population will decline to about 2 billion circa 2050."[102] David Pimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people.[103] Growing populations, falling energy sources and food shortages will create the "perfect storm" by 2030, the UK government chief scientist has warned. He said food reserves are at a fifty-year low but the world will require 50% more energy, food and water by 2030.[104][105] The world will have to produce 70% more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people and as incomes rise, the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) said.[106]

The observed figures for 2007 show an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world, 923 million in 2007 versus 832 million in 1995.;[107] the more recent FAO estimates point out to an even more dramatic increase, to 1.02 billion in 2009.[108]

Number of humans who have ever lived

Further information: Paleodemography

Estimates of "the total number of people who have ever lived" published in the first decade of the 21st century range approximately from 100 to 115 billion (1 E11).

An estimate of the total number of people who have ever lived was prepared by Carl Haub of the Population Reference Bureau in 1995 and subsequently updated in 2002; the updated figure was approximately 106 billion.[109][110] Haub characterized this figure as an estimate that required "selecting population sizes for different points from antiquity to the present and applying assumed birth rates to each period".[110] Given an estimated global population of 6.2 billion in 2002, it could be inferred that about 6% of all people who had ever existed were alive in 2002.[109]

In the 1970s there was a belief that 75% of all the people who had ever lived were alive in the 1970s, which would have put the total number of people who ever lived as of the 1970s as less than the number of people alive today. This view was eventually debunked.[111]

The number is difficult to estimate for the following reasons:

  • The set of specific characteristics that define a human is a matter of definition, and it is open to debate which members of early Homo sapiens and earlier or related species of Homo to include. See in this regard also Sorites paradox. Even if the scientific community reached wide consensus regarding which characteristics distinguished human beings, it would be nearly impossible to pinpoint the time of their first appearance to even the nearest millennium because the fossil record is simply too sparse. However, the limited size of population in early times compared to its recent size makes this source of uncertainty of limited importance.
  • Robust statistical data only exist for the last two or three centuries. Until the late 18th century, few governments had ever performed an accurate census. In many early attempts, such as Ancient Egypt and in the Persian Empire the focus was on counting merely a subset of the people for purposes of taxation or military service.[112] All claims of population sizes preceding the 18th century are estimates, and thus the margin of error for the total number of humans who have ever lived should be in the billions, or even tens of billions of people.
  • A critical item for the estimation is life expectancy. Using a figure of twenty years and the population estimates above, one can compute about fifty-eight billion. Using a figure of forty yields half of that. Life expectancy varies greatly when taking into account children who died within the first year of birth, a number very difficult to estimate for earlier times. Haub states that "life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about ten years for most of human history"[110] His estimates for infant mortality suggest that around 40% of those who have ever lived did not survive beyond one year.

United Nations and world population

Entities with competencies about population in the United Nations :

See also

Historical:

Lists:

Further resources

  • There is a map that is rescaled in order to display every country according to its population size. It is available at the University of Sheffield Worldmapper.[113]
  • Population patterns and trends can be explored on the GeoHive interactive world atlas.[114]
  • Detailed maps of population distribution across sub-Saharan Africa are available through The AfriPop Project.[115]

References

  1. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau - World POPClock Projection".
  2. ^ World population estimates
  3. ^ "World Population Clock — Worldometers". Worldometers.info. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  4. ^ "International Data Base (IDB) — World Population". Census.gov. 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  5. ^ a b "World Population Prospects:The 2008 Revision" (PDF). Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. June 2009.
  6. ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database". Esa.un.org. 2009-03-11. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
  7. ^ "Ch. 5: Population Size and Composition". World Population Prospects, the 2000 Revision (PDF). Vol. Vol.III. United Nations Population Division. p. 171. Retrieved 3 July 2010. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ "Executive Summary". World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision Volume III: Analytical Report (PDF). 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  9. ^ "World Population to 2300" (Document). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division. 2004. pp. 3, 14. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  10. ^ "World Population: 1950-2050" (Document). U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Update as at June 2010. {{cite document}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "2009 World Population Data Sheet" (Document). Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau. 2009. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  12. ^ "Key Findings". Long-Range Population Projections (PDF). New York: United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2003. Retrieved 3 July 2010. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "World Pop Clock Note".
  14. ^ World Population Prospects, the 2008 Revision Frequently Asked Questions Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat updated 10 November 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011
  15. ^ Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective". PUQ. p.26. ISBN 2760515885
  16. ^ "Population estimates of the Roman Empire", Dr. Kenneth W. Harl
  17. ^ "Plague, Plague Information, Black Death Facts, News, Photos– National Geographic". Science.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  18. ^ "History of Europe – Demographic and agricultural growth". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  19. ^ "Historical Estimates of World Population". Census.gov. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  20. ^ "Europe's Black Death is a history lesson in human tragedy — and economic renewal". TIME Europe. July 17, 2000, VOL. 156 NO. 3
  21. ^ Horst R. Thieme (2003). "Mathematics in population biology". Princeton University Press. p.285. ISBN 0691092915
  22. ^ Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population". Academic Press. p.34. ISBN 012765660X
  23. ^ Ming Dynasty[dead link]. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.
  24. ^ "Qing China's Internal Crisis: Land Shortage, Famine, Rural Poverty". Asia for Educators, Columbia University.
  25. ^ "History of Europe – Demographics". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  26. ^ "China's Population: Readings and Maps". Columbia University, East Asian Curriculum Project.
  27. ^ The Columbian Exchange. The University of North Carolina.
  28. ^ Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa. The Ohio State University
  29. ^ "Albert Schweitzer: a biography". James Brabazon (2000). Syracuse University Press. p.242. ISBN 0815606753
  30. ^ "Savoring Africa in the New World by Robert L. Hall[dead link]". Millersville University.
  31. ^ J. N. Hays (1998). "The burdens of disease: epidemics and human response in western history.". p 72. ISBN 0813525284
  32. ^ "Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations". Science.
  33. ^ Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). "The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology". Cambridge University Press. p.205. ISBN 0521552036
  34. ^ "The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
  35. ^ Population crises and cycles in history. A review of the book Population Crises and Population cycles by Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell.
  36. ^ Mabel C. Buer, Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution, London: George Routledge & Sons, 1926, page 30 ISBN 0-415-38218-1
  37. ^ BBC - History - The Foundling Hospital. Published: 2001-05-01.
  38. ^ "Modernization - Population Change". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  39. ^ Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population". Academic Press. p.42. ISBN 012765660X
  40. ^ "United States People[dead link]". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.
  41. ^ BBC - History - Victorian Medicine - From Fluke to Theory. Published: 2002-02-01.
  42. ^ "19th-Century Medicine[dead link]". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.
  43. ^ A portrait of Britain in 2031. The Independent. October 24, 2007.
  44. ^ "The UK population: past, present and future" (PDF). Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  45. ^ Mark Harrison (2002). "Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940-1945". Cambridge University Press. p.167. ISBN 0521894247
  46. ^ Stephen J. Lee (2000). "European dictatorships, 1918-1945". Routledge. p.86. ISBN 0415230462
  47. ^ Reintegrating India with the World Economy. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  48. ^ [1]. CIA World Fact-book July 2010 est.
  49. ^ Java (island, Indonesia). Encyclopædia Britannica.
  50. ^ "From Traitors to Heroes: 100 Years of Mexican Migration Policies". Jorge Durand, University of Guadalajara. March 2004.
  51. ^ "Kenya's Violence: Exploding population". The New York Times. January 7, 2008. Gunnar Heinsohn
  52. ^ "Ecological Debt Day". Retrieved May 8, 2011.
  53. ^ Planetary Boundaries: Specials|publisher=Nature |date= 2009-09-23|accessdate=2011-05-08
  54. ^ http://www.interacademies.net/?id=3547
  55. ^ http://esa.un.org/unpp/p2k0data.asp
  56. ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only. It excludes the special administrative regions and Taiwan.
  57. ^ The Monaco government uses a smaller surface area figure resulting in a population density of 18,078 per km².
  58. ^ a b Population density calculated using surface area and population figures from the CIA World Factbook.
  59. ^ mohammed al a'ali (April 1, 2008). Population surge 'threat to economy'. gulf Daily News. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
  60. ^ Latest figure from the World Bank Development Indicators Database is 1,090 per km².
  61. ^ "The limits of a Green Revolution?". BBC News. 2007-03-29. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  62. ^ "The Real Green Revolution". Energybulletin.net. Archived from the original on 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  63. ^ World Population to 2300 Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2004
  64. ^ "census.gov". census.gov. 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  65. ^ "Current world population (ranked)". Xist.org. 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  66. ^ Ron Nielsen, The little green handbook, Picador, New York (2006) ISBN 0-312-42581-3
  67. ^ "UN 2006 report highlights" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  68. ^ "UN population estimates and projections, database query, August 2009". Esa.un.org. 2009-03-11. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  69. ^ "World Population Prospects - The 2010 Revision Population Database". Esa.un.org. 2011-05-03. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  70. ^ "US Census Bureau - Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050". Census.gov. 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  71. ^ "Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events". US Census Bureau.
  72. ^ a b World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database
  73. ^ "The World at". Un.org. 1999-10-12. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  74. ^ "Population Growth over Human History". Globalchange.umich.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  75. ^ "Geo Hive: the population of continents, regions and countries (Jul. 1, 2008)". Xist.org. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  76. ^ a b Figures include the former Soviet Union in Europe. Caselli, Graziella (2005-12-20). Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780127656601. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  77. ^ a b "UN report 2004 data" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  78. ^ fewer than 15,000 individuals according to the Toba catastrophe theory; see also Humans lived in tiny, separate bands for 100,000 years (breitbart.com)
  79. ^ a b c an average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population; see also *Kremer, Michael. 1993. "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990," The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 681-716.
  80. ^ The range of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population put the population at AD 1 between 170 million to 400 million.
  81. ^ Hoerner, von S. Journal of British Interplanetary Society 28691 (1975)
  82. ^ Sergei P Kapitza. The phenomenological theory of world population growth.[dead link] Physics-Uspekhi 39(1) 57-71 (1996).
  83. ^ Letters to Nature: Doubling of world population unlikely Nature, 19 June 1997
  84. ^ "China: People". The World Factbook.
  85. ^ Age structure of the world – 2006 CIA World Factbook
  86. ^ "Assessing the global food crisis". BBC. April 22, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  87. ^ Kindall, Henery W & Pimentel, David (1994). "Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply". Ambio. 23 (3). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  88. ^ The limits of a Green Revolution?. BBC News. March 29, 2007.
  89. ^ "Eating Fossil Fuels". Energy Bulletin.[dead link]
  90. ^ "Peak Oil: the threat to our food security". Soil Association.
  91. ^ "Peak Oil And Famine: Four Billion Deaths". Countercurrents.
  92. ^ "2008: The year of global food crisis". Sunday Herald.
  93. ^ "The global grain bubble". Csmonitor.com. 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  94. ^ James Randerson, science correspondent (2008-03-07). "Food crisis will take hold before climate change, warns chief scientist". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  95. ^ John Vidal, environment editor (2007-11-03). "Global food crisis looms as climate change and fuel shortages bite". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2010-08-01. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  96. ^ Walsoft (2008-02-22). "Experts: Global Food Shortages Could 'Continue for Decades'". Marketoracle.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  97. ^ "Has Urbanization Caused a Loss to Agricultural Land?". Moyak.com. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  98. ^ Walt, Vivienne (2008-02-27). "The World's Growing Food-Price Crisis". Time.com. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  99. ^ The cost of food: Facts and figures. BBC News. October 16, 2008.
  100. ^ Jonathan Watts in Beijing (2007-12-05). "Riots and hunger feared as demand for grain sends food costs soaring". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  101. ^ Julian Borger, diplomatic editor (2008-02-26). "Feed the world? We are fighting a losing battle, UN admits". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2010-08-01. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  102. ^ Steven Stoft (2008). "Carbonomics: how to fix the climate and charge it to OPEC". p.24. ISBN 0981877508
  103. ^ P. Crabbè, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division (2000). "Implementing ecological integrity: restoring regional and global environmental and human health". Springer. p.411. ISBN 0792363515
  104. ^ World faces 'perfect storm' of problems by 2030, chief scientist to warn. The Guardian. March 18, 2009.
  105. ^ Global crisis 'to strike by 2030'. BBC News. March 19, 2009.
  106. ^ Global food production will have to increase 70% for additional 2.3 billion people by 2050. Finfacts.com. September 24, 2009.
  107. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization Economic and Social Development Department. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices and food security - threats and opportunities”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008, p. 2.
  108. ^ “One sixth of humanity undernourished - more than ever before”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009
  109. ^ a b Curtin, Ciara (2007-03-01). "Fact or Fiction?: Living People Outnumber the Dead". Scientific American. Vol. 297, no. 3. Scientific American, Inc. (published September 2007). p. 126. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-126. Retrieved 2008-08-04. Note: text of paper publication slightly different from text of on-line publication
  110. ^ a b c Haub, Carl (November/December 2002). "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" (PDF). Population Today. Vol. 30, no. 8. Population Reference Bureau. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 2008-08-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  111. ^ "Population Reference Bureau". Prb.org. 2002-12-01. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  112. ^ Kuhrt, A. (1995) The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330BC Vol 2 Routledge, London. p. 695.
  113. ^ "Worldmapper image".; "Worldmapper description". University of Sheffield.
  114. ^ Global Statistics interactive atlas, GeoHive.
  115. ^ The AfriPop Project
Population clocks
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_population&oldid=429939971"