Jump to content

Probiotic: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m →‎Cholesterol: fixing page range dashes using AWB (7751)
SDXL (talk | contribs)
211 edits
Line 53: Line 53:
Some probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in preventing and treating various forms of [[gastroenteritis]].<ref name=MMWR2003>{{cite journal |author=King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C |title=Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=52 |issue=RR-16 |pages=1–16 |year=2003 |month=November |pmid=14627948 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htm}}</ref> They reduce both the duration of illness and the frequency of stools.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF |title=Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=11 |issue= |pages=CD003048 |year=2010 |pmid=21069673 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub3 |url=}}</ref> Fermented milk products (such as [[yogurt]]) also reduce the duration of symptoms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1000 |title=Does yogurt decrease acute diarrhoeal symptoms in children with acute gastroenteritis |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Some probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in preventing and treating various forms of [[gastroenteritis]].<ref name=MMWR2003>{{cite journal |author=King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C |title=Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=52 |issue=RR-16 |pages=1–16 |year=2003 |month=November |pmid=14627948 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htm}}</ref> They reduce both the duration of illness and the frequency of stools.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF |title=Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=11 |issue= |pages=CD003048 |year=2010 |pmid=21069673 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub3 |url=}}</ref> Fermented milk products (such as [[yogurt]]) also reduce the duration of symptoms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1000 |title=Does yogurt decrease acute diarrhoeal symptoms in children with acute gastroenteritis |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
;Antibiotic associated
;Antibiotic associated
[[Antibiotic-associated diarrhea]] (AAD) results from an imbalance in the [[gut flora|colonic microbiota]] caused by [[antibiotic]] therapy. Microbiota alteration changes [[carbohydrate metabolism]] with decreased [[short-chain fatty acid]] absorption and an osmotic diarrhea as a result. Another consequence of antibiotic therapy leading to diarrhea is overgrowth of potentially [[pathogenic]] organisms such as ''[[Clostridium difficile]]''. The Culturelle product contains the strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG, which studies indicate may reduce the risk of antibiotic associated diarrhea, improve stool consistency during antibiotic therapy and enhance the immune response after vaccination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chr-hansen.com/campaign_sites/probiotics_for_human_health/our_probiotic_products/strains/lggr.html |title=Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
[[Antibiotic-associated diarrhea]] (AAD) results from an imbalance in the [[gut flora|colonic microbiota]] caused by [[antibiotic]] therapy. Microbiota alteration changes [[carbohydrate metabolism]] with decreased [[short-chain fatty acid]] absorption and an osmotic diarrhea as a result. Another consequence of antibiotic therapy leading to diarrhea is overgrowth of potentially [[pathogenic]] organisms such as ''[[Clostridium difficile]]''. The Culturelle product contains the strain ''Lactobacillus rhamnosus'' GG, which studies indicate may reduce the risk of antibiotic associated diarrhea, improve stool consistency during antibiotic therapy and enhance the immune response after vaccination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chr-hansen.com/campaign_sites/probiotics_for_human_health/our_probiotic_products/strains/lggr.html |title=Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


Probiotic treatment can reduce the incidence and severity of AAD as indicated in several [[meta-analyses]].<ref name="D’Souza">{{cite journal |author=D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ |title=Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7350 |pages=1361 |year=2002 |month=June |pmid=12052801 |pmc=115209 |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12052801 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1361}}</ref><ref name="pmid12182746">{{cite journal |author=Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Nista EC, ''et al.'' |title=Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=1461–7 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12182746 |doi= 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01318.x}}</ref><ref name="McFarland">{{cite journal | author=Mcfarland LV. |title=Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease |journal= Am J Gastroenterol |date= 2006 Apr |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=812–22 | doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x | pmid=16635227}}</ref><ref name="Szajewska 2005">{{cite journal |author=Szajewska H, Mrukowicz J. |title=Meta-analysis: non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea |journal= Aliment Pharmacol Ther|date= 2005-09-01|volume=22|issue=5 |pages=365–72 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02624.x |pmid=16128673}}</ref><ref name="Szajewska 2006">{{cite journal | author=Szajewska H, Ruszczyński M, Radzikowski A. |title=Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal= J Pediatr |date=2006 Sep |volume=149 |issue=3 |pages=367–372 | pmid=16939749 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.053}}</ref><ref name="Sazawal">{{cite journal | author=Sazawal S, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, Malik P, Deb S, Black RE. |title=Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials |journal= Lancet Infect Dis |date= 2006 June |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=374–82 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70495-9 | pmid=16728323}}</ref> However, further documentation of these findings through [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized]], [[Double-blind#Double-blind_trials|double blind]], [[Placebo-controlled study|placebo-controlled]] trials are warranted.
Probiotic treatment can reduce the incidence and severity of AAD as indicated in several [[meta-analyses]].<ref name="D’Souza">{{cite journal |author=D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ |title=Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7350 |pages=1361 |year=2002 |month=June |pmid=12052801 |pmc=115209 |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12052801 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1361}}</ref><ref name="pmid12182746">{{cite journal |author=Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Nista EC, ''et al.'' |title=Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=1461–7 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12182746 |doi= 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01318.x}}</ref><ref name="McFarland">{{cite journal | author=Mcfarland LV. |title=Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease |journal= Am J Gastroenterol |date= 2006 Apr |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=812–22 | doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x | pmid=16635227}}</ref><ref name="Szajewska 2005">{{cite journal |author=Szajewska H, Mrukowicz J. |title=Meta-analysis: non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea |journal= Aliment Pharmacol Ther|date= 2005-09-01|volume=22|issue=5 |pages=365–72 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02624.x |pmid=16128673}}</ref><ref name="Szajewska 2006">{{cite journal | author=Szajewska H, Ruszczyński M, Radzikowski A. |title=Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal= J Pediatr |date=2006 Sep |volume=149 |issue=3 |pages=367–372 | pmid=16939749 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.053}}</ref><ref name="Sazawal">{{cite journal | author=Sazawal S, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, Malik P, Deb S, Black RE. |title=Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials |journal= Lancet Infect Dis |date= 2006 June |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=374–82 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70495-9 | pmid=16728323}}</ref> However, further documentation of these findings through [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized]], [[Double-blind#Double-blind_trials|double blind]], [[Placebo-controlled study|placebo-controlled]] trials are warranted.

Revision as of 12:17, 14 June 2011

Probiotics are live microorganisms thought to be beneficial to the host organism. According to the currently adopted definition by FAO/WHO, probiotics are: "Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host".[1] Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria are the most common types of microbes used as probiotics; but certain yeasts and bacilli may also be helpful. Probiotics are commonly consumed as part of fermented foods with specially added active live cultures; such as in yogurt, soy yogurt, or as dietary supplements.

Etymologically, the term appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition pro ("for") and the Greek adjective βιωτικός (biotic), the latter deriving from the noun βίος (bios, "life").[2]

At the start of the 20th century, probiotics were thought to beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance, thus inhibiting pathogens and toxin producing bacteria.[3] Today, specific health effects are being investigated and documented including alleviation of chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases,[4] prevention and treatment of pathogen-induced diarrhea,[5] urogenital infections,[6] and atopic diseases.[7]

History

The original observation of the positive role played by certain bacteria was first introduced by Russian scientist and Nobel laureate Élie Metchnikoff, who in the beginning of the 20th century suggested that it would be possible to modify the gut flora and to replace harmful microbes with useful microbes.[3] Metchnikoff, at that time a professor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, produced the notion that the aging process results from the activity of putrefactive (proteolytic) microbes producing toxic substances in the large bowel. Proteolytic bacteria such as clostridia, which are part of the normal gut flora, produce toxic substances including phenols, indols and ammonia from the digestion of proteins. According to Metchnikoff these compounds were responsible for what he called "intestinal auto-intoxication", which caused the physical changes associated with old age.

It was at that time known that milk fermented with lactic-acid bacteria inhibits the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low pH produced by the fermentation of lactose. Metchnikoff had also observed that certain rural populations in Europe, for example in Bulgaria and the Russian steppes who lived largely on milk fermented by lactic-acid bacteria were exceptionally long lived. Based on these facts, Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk would "seed" the intestine with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal pH and that this would suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet sour milk fermented with the bacteria he called "Bulgarian Bacillus" and found his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour milk diet for their patients.[8]

Bifidobacteria were first isolated from a breast-fed infant by Henry Tissier who also worked at the Pasteur Institute. The isolated bacterium named Bacillus bifidus communis[9] was later renamed to the genus Bifidobacterium. Tissier found that bifidobacteria are dominant in the gut flora of breast-fed babies and he observed clinical benefits from treating diarrhea in infants with bifidobacteria. The claimed effect was bifidobacterial displacement of proteolytic bacteria causing the disease.

During an outbreak of shigellosis in 1917, German professor Alfred Nissle isolated a strain of Escherichia coli from the feces of a soldier who was not affected by the disease.[10] Methods of treating infectious diseases were needed at that time when antibiotics were not yet available, and Nissle used the Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 strain in acute gastrointestinal infectious salmonellosis and shigellosis.

In 1920, Rettger demonstrated that Metchnikoff's "Bulgarian Bacillus", later called Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, could not live in the human intestine,[11] and the fermented food phenomena petered out. Metchnikoff's theory was disputable (at this stage), and people doubted his theory of longevity.

After Metchnikoff's death in 1916, the centre of activity moved to the United States. It was reasoned that bacteria originating from the gut were more likely to produce the desired effect in the gut, and in 1935 certain strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus were found to be very active when implanted in the human digestive tract.[12] Trials were carried out using this organism, and encouraging results were obtained especially in the relief of chronic constipation.

The term "probiotics" was first introduced in 1953 by Werner Kollath (see Hamilton-Miller et al. 2003). Contrasting antibiotics, probiotics were defined as microbially derived factors that stimulate the growth of other microorganisms. In 1989 Roy Fuller suggested a definition of probiotics which has been widely used: "A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance".[13] Fuller's definition emphasizes the requirement of viability for probiotics and introduces the aspect of a beneficial effect on the host.

In the following decades intestinal lactic acid bacterial species with alleged health beneficial properties have been introduced as probiotics, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus johnsonii.[14]

Indications

Experiments into the benefits of probiotic therapies suggest a range of potentially beneficial medicinal uses for probiotics. For many of the potential benefits, research is limited and only preliminary results are available. It should be noted that the effects described are not general effects of probiotics. Recent research on the molecular biology and genomics of Lactobacillus has focused on the interaction with the immune system, anti-cancer potential, and potential as a biotherapeutic agent in cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, travellers' diarrhoea, pediatric diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.[15]

All effects can only be attributed to the individual strain(s) tested. Testing of a supplement does not indicate benefit from any other strain of the same species, and testing does not indicate benefit from the whole group of LAB (or other probiotics).[16]

Diarrhea

Infectious

Some probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in preventing and treating various forms of gastroenteritis.[17] They reduce both the duration of illness and the frequency of stools.[18] Fermented milk products (such as yogurt) also reduce the duration of symptoms.[19]

Antibiotic associated

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. Microbiota alteration changes carbohydrate metabolism with decreased short-chain fatty acid absorption and an osmotic diarrhea as a result. Another consequence of antibiotic therapy leading to diarrhea is overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Clostridium difficile. The Culturelle product contains the strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, which studies indicate may reduce the risk of antibiotic associated diarrhea, improve stool consistency during antibiotic therapy and enhance the immune response after vaccination.[20]

Probiotic treatment can reduce the incidence and severity of AAD as indicated in several meta-analyses.[21][22][23][24][25][26] However, further documentation of these findings through randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trials are warranted.

Efficacy of probiotic AAD prevention is dependent on the probiotic strain(s) used and on the dosage.[27][28] Up to a 50% reduction of AAD occurrence has been found.[26] No side-effects have been reported in any of these studies. Caution should, however, be exercised when administering probiotic supplements to immunocompromised individuals or patients who have a compromised intestinal barrier.[citation needed]

Lactose intolerance

As lactic acid bacteria actively convert lactose into lactic acid, ingestion of certain active strains may help lactose intolerant individuals tolerate more lactose than they would have otherwise.[29]

Colon cancer

In laboratory investigations, some strains of LAB (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) have demonstrated anti-mutagenic effects thought to be due to their ability to bind with heterocyclic amines, which are carcinogenic substances formed in cooked meat.[30] Animal studies have demonstrated that some LAB can protect against colon cancer in rodents, though human data is limited and conflicting.[31] Most human trials have found that the strains tested may exert anti-carcinogenic effects by decreasing the activity of an enzyme called β-glucuronidase[31] (which can generate carcinogens in the digestive system). Lower rates of colon cancer among higher consumers of fermented dairy products have been observed in one population study.[29]

Cholesterol

Animal studies have demonstrated the efficacy of a range of LAB to be able to lower serum cholesterol levels, presumably by breaking down bile in the gut, thus inhibiting its reabsorption (which enters the blood as cholesterol).[29]

A meta-analysis that included five double blind trials examining the short term (2-8weeks) effects of probiotic yoghurt on serum cholesterol levels found an overall decrease of 8.5 mg/dL (0.22mmol/L) (~4% decrease) in total cholesterol concentration, and a decrease of 7.7 mg/dL (0.2mmol/L) (~5% decrease) in serum LDL concentration. [32]

A slightly longer study evaluating the effect of probiotic yoghurt on twenty-nine subjects over six months found no statistically significant differences in total serum cholesterol or LDL values. However, the study did note a significant increase in serum HDL from, 50 mg/dL (1.28mmol/L) to 62 mg/dL (1.6mmol/L) following treatment. This corresponds to an improvement of LDL/HDL ratio from 3.24 to 2.48, with a 95% confidence interval of ± 0.33. [33]

Studies specifically on hyper-lipidemic subjects are still needed.

Blood pressure

Several small clinical trials have indicated that consumption of milk fermented with various strains of LAB may result in modest reductions in blood pressure. It is thought that this is due to the ACE inhibitor-like peptides produced during fermentation.[29]

Immune function and infections

LAB are thought to have several presumably beneficial effects on immune function. They may protect against pathogens by means of competitive inhibition (i.e., by competing for growth) and there is evidence to suggest that they may improve immune function by increasing the number of IgA-producing plasma cells, increasing or improving phagocytosis as well as increasing the proportion of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells.[34][35] Clinical trials have demonstrated that probiotics may decrease the incidence of respiratory tract infections[36] and dental caries in children.[37] LAB foods and supplements have been shown to aid in the treatment and prevention of acute diarrhea, and in decreasing the severity and duration of rotavirus infections in children and travelers' diarrhea in adults.[34][35]

A 2010 study suggested that the anecdotal benefits of probiotic therapies as beneficial for preventing secondary infections, a common complication of antibiotic therapy, may be because keeping the immune system primed by eating foods enhanced with "good" bacteria may help counteract the negative effects of sickness and antibiotics. It was thought that antibiotics may turn the immune system "off" while probiotics turns it back on "idle", and more able to quickly react to new infections.[38]

Helicobacter pylori

LAB are also thought to aid in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections (which cause peptic ulcers) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments. [39]

Inflammation

LAB and supplements have been found to modulate inflammatory and hypersensitivity responses, an observation thought to be at least in part due to the regulation of cytokine function.[34] Clinical studies suggest that they can prevent reoccurrences of inflammatory bowel disease in adults,[34] as well as improve milk allergies.[40] They are not effective for treating eczema, a persistent skin inflammation.[41] How probiotics counteract immune system overactivity remains unclear, but a potential mechanism is desensitization of T lymphocytes, an important component of the immune system, towards pro-inflammatory stimuli .[42]

Mineral absorption

It is hypothesized that probiotic lactobacilli may help correct malabsorption of trace minerals, found particularly in those with diets high in phytate content from whole grains, nuts, and legumes.[43]

Bacterial growth under stress

In a study done to see the effects of stress on intestinal flora, rats that were fed probiotics had little occurrence of harmful bacteria latched onto their intestines compared to rats that were fed sterile water.[44]

Irritable bowel syndrome and colitis

B. infantis 35624, sold as Align, was found to improve some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in women in a recent study.[45] Another probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, was also found to be effective in reducing IBS symptoms.[46] Additionally, a probiotic formulation, VSL#3, was found to be safe in treating ulcerative colitis, though efficacy in the study was uncertain.[47] Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 may help.[48] For maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis, Mutaflor (E.coli Nissle 1917) there are 3 controlled, randomized, double blind clinical studies which have proven equivalence of Mutaflor and mesalazine (5-ASAs).[49]

Other

A study in 2004 testing the immune system of students given either milk or Actimel over a 6 week exam period (3 weeks of studying, 3 weeks of exams) tested 19 different biomarkers. Of these 19 biomarkers only 2 were shown to be different between the two groups, increased production of lymphocytes and increased production of CD56 cells. The tests were not blind and show that certain probiotic strains may have no overall effect on the immune system or on its ability.[50]

A 2007 study at University College Cork in Ireland showed that a diet including milk fermented with Lactobacillus bacteria prevented Salmonella infection in pigs.[51]

A 2007 clinical study at Imperial College London showed that preventive consumption of a commercially available probiotic drink containing L casei DN-114001, L bulgaricus, and S thermophilus can reduce the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and C difficile-associated diarrhea.[52]

The efficacy and safety of a daily dose of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 in the prevention of AAD was demonstrated by Montreal’s Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, in a clinical study of hospitalized patients.[53]

Current research is focusing on the molecular biology and genomics of Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria. The application of modern whole genome approaches is providing insights into bifidobacterial evolution, while also revealing genetic functions that explain their presence in the particular ecological environment of the gastrointestinal tract.[54][55]

Probiotics are used in industry to improve yields of pork and chicken production.[56]

Side effects

In some situations, such as where the person consuming probiotics is critically ill, probiotics could be harmful. In a therapeutic clinical trial conducted by the Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group, the consumption of a mixture of six probiotic bacteria increased the death rate of patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis.[57]

In a clinical trial conducted at the University of Western Australia, aimed at showing the effectiveness of probiotics in reducing childhood allergies, Dr Susan Prescott and her colleagues gave 178 children either a probiotic or a placebo for the first six months of their life. Those given the good bacteria were more likely to develop a sensitivity to allergens.[58]

Some hospitals have reported treating lactobacillus septicaemia, which is a potentially fatal disease caused by the consumption of probiotics by people with lowered immune systems or who are already very ill.[58][59]

There is no published evidence that probiotic supplements are able to replace the body's natural flora when these have been killed off; indeed bacterial levels in feces disappear within days when supplementation ceases.[60]

Probiotics taken orally can be destroyed by the acidic conditions of the stomach. A number of micro-encapsulation techniques are being developed to address this problem. [61]

Recent studies indicate that probiotic products such as yogurts could be a cause for obesity trends.[62] However, this is contested as the link to obesity and other health related issues with yogurt may link to its dairy attributes.[63][64]

Some experts are skeptical on the efficacy of many strains and believe not all subjects will benefit from the use of probiotics. A criticism of probiotic supplements is the cost and value of probiotics products.[65]

Strains

Live probiotic cultures are available in fermented dairy products and probiotic fortified foods. However, tablets, capsules, powders and sachets containing the bacteria in freeze dried form are also available.

Probiotic Research and Producer Information[66]
Strain Brandname Producer Potential effect in humans
Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 GanedenBC30 Ganeden Biotech Improves abdominal pain and bloating in IBS patients.[67] Increases immune response to viral challenge.[68]
Bifidobacterium LAFTI B94 Bifidobacterium sp LAFTI B94 Institut Rosell-Lallemand Protects against Salmonella typhimurium in mice. Uses prebiotics for improved colonization. Facilitates apoptotic response when used in combination with resistant starch in a colon cancer model. Reduces inflammation and incidence of diarrhea in an IBS model. Reduces allergic responses in an allergy model. Reduces the severity of H.pylori infection of the stomach mucosa. Inhibits pathogenic bacteria, including H. pylori, monocytogenes, E. coli, and salmonella typhimurium. Survives in the conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract. Adheres to human intestinal cells. Synthesizes folate from yogurts.[citation needed]
Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10 Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10 Institut Rosell-Lallemand Enhances clearance of Candida albicans by induction of an immune response. Reduces allergic responses in an allergy model. Protects against Listeria monocytogenes in the gastro- intestinal tract of mice. Reduces the incidence of tumor formation and the size of intestinal tumors in rats. Uses prebiotics for improved colonization. Reduces inflammation in an IBS model. Inhibits pathogenic bacteria, including H. pylori, monocytogenes, E. colim, and Salmonella typhimurium. Superior survival in the conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract compared to other probiotics. Adheres to human intestinal cells. Produces anti-microbial substances like H202.[citation needed]
Lactobacillus casei LAFTI L26 Lactobacillus casei LAFTI L26 Institut Rosell-Lallemand Protects against Salmonella typhimurium in mice. Uses prebiotics for improved colonization. Reduces inflammation in an IBS model. Reduces allergic responses in an allergy model. Reduces the severity of H.pylori infection of the stomach mucosa. Inhibits pathogenic bacteria, including H. pylori, monocytogenes, E. coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Survives in the conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract. Adheres to human intestinal cells.[citation needed]
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 Probio-Tec Bifidobacterium BB-12 Chr. Hansen Human studies have shown that BB-12® alone or in combinations has a beneficial effect within gastrointestinal health and immune health. [69] This claim has been rejected by EFSA ([70]
Bifidobacterium breve Yakult Bifiene Yakult [citation needed]
Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 Align Procter & Gamble Showed significant improvement for abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating/distention, and bowel movement difficulty.[71]
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 (DR10) Howaru Bifido Danisco [citation needed]
Bifidobacterium longum BB536 Morinaga Milk Industry [citation needed]
Escherichia coli M-17 ProBactrix BioBalance [citation needed]
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Mutaflor Ardeypharm [citation needed]
Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 Nebraska Cultures[72] [citation needed]
Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 Chr. Hansen Human studies have shown that LA-5® has a beneficial effect within gastrointestinal health. The LA-5 strain and its clinical documentation[citation needed]
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM Danisco Shown to reduce the side effects of antibiotic therapy.[73]
Lactobacillus casei DN114-001 (Lactobacillus casei Immunitas(s)/Defensis) Actimel/DanActive Danone [citation needed]
Lactobacillus casei 431 Chr. Hansen Human studies have shown that L. casei 431® alone or in combinations has a beneficial effect within gastrointestinal health Clinical documentation on L. casei 431[citation needed]
Lactobacillus casei F19 Cultura Arla Foods [citation needed]
Lactobacillus casei Shirota Yakult Yakult [citation needed]
Lactobacillus paracasei St11 (or NCC2461)[74] Lactobacillus fortis Nestlé [citation needed]
Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 (= Lactobacillus LC1, Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533) Nestlé Reduces incidences of H pylori-caused gastritis and reduces inflammation [75]
Lactococcus lactis L1A Norrmejerier Immune stimulation, improves digestive health, reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea[76]
Lactobacillus plantarum 299v GoodBelly / ProViva/ TuZen/ Bion Transit / ProbiMage Probi Shown to improve symptoms of IBS.[77]
Lactobacillus reuteri ATTC 55730 (Lactobacillus reuteri SD2112) BioGaia Diarrhea prevention and mitigation in children,[78][79] eradication of H. pylori infection,[80] amelioration of gingivitis,[81] general illness prevention in children[82] and adults.[83]
Lactobacillus reuteri Protectis (DSM 17938, daughter strain of ATCC 55730)[84] BioGaia
Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53013 (Also strain number GG, discovered by Gorbach & Goldin) LGG, Gefilus, Vifit and others Valio [citation needed]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus LB21 Verum Norrmejerier Immune stimulation, improves digestive health, reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea[76]
Saccharomyces boulardii DiarSafe and others Wren Laboratories and others Protects against antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and infections of Clostridium difficile and other clostridial species; helps treat acute diarrhoea in adults & children.[85][86][87]
tested as mixture:
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 & Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14		 Bion Flore Intime Jarrow Fem-Dophilus Chr. Hansen Oral ingestion results in vaginal colonisation and prevention of vaginitis.Clinical studies on RC-14 and GR-1[88]
tested as mixture:
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM & Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-12		 Florajen3 American Lifeline, Inc Reduction of C. difficile–associated disease (CDAD)[1].
tested as mixture:
Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 & Lactobacillus casei LBC80R		 Bio-K+ CL1285 Bio-K+ International Improves digestive health. Prevents Antiobic Associated Diarrhea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile (C. difficile).[53]

In vitro inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and L. innocua, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium.[89]
Reduction of symptoms of lactose intolerance and immune stimulation.[90]

Lactobacillus plantarum HEAL 9 & Lactobacillus paracasei 8700:2 Bravo Friscus/ ProbiFrisk Probi Reduces the risk of acquiring common cold infections.[91]
Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis (L. reuteri DSM 17938 & ATCC PTA 5289) GUM PerioBalance BioGaia
Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 & Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 A'Biotica and others Institut Rosell [citation needed]
Lactobacillus casei var. rhamnosus MG001 & Lactobacillus acidophilus MG002 & Lactobacillus plantarum MG003 & Enterococcus faecium MG004 Symprove Probiotic Symprove Ltd. [citation needed]

Some additional forms of yogurt bacteria include:

Some fermented products containing similar lactic acid bacteria include:

EFSA opinions of probiotics

The European Food Safety Authority has so far rejected most claims on probiotics in Europe due to insufficient research and thus no conclusive proof. This includes:

  • Lactobacillus paracasei LMG P 22043 does not decrease potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms or reduce gastro-intestinal discomfort.
  • Lactobacillus johnsonii BFE 6128 . Immunity and skin claims all too general for consideration under the NHCR.
  • Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 not shown to decrease potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms.
  • Lactobacillus plantarum BFE 1685. Immunity claim deemed too general for NHCR.
  • Bifidobacterium longum BB536 does not improve bowel regularity; does not resist cedar pollen allergens; does not decrease pathogens.
  • Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12 does not help maintain normal LDL-blood cholesterol; does not decrease pathogens or boost immunity.
  • Lactobacillus plantarum 299v does not reduce flatulence and bloating or protect DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage.
  • Lactobacillus rhamnosus LB21 NCIMB 40564 does not help maintain individual intestinal microbiota in subjects receiving antibiotic treatment.

[99]

Multi-probiotic

Research is emerging on the potential health benefits of multiple probiotic strains as a health supplement as opposed to a single strain.[100][101] The human gut is home to some 400-500 types of microbes. It is thought that this diverse environment may benefit from multiple probiotic strains; different strains populate different areas of the digestive tract, and studies are beginning to link different probiotic strains to specific health benefits.

Incomplete list of supplement products that contain more than one strain.

Company Product Strains Strain Qty
EMD Canada Inc. Multibionta Lactobacillus gasseri PA16/8, Bifidobacterium bifidum MF20/5, Bifidobacterium longum SP07/3 3
OptiBac Probiotics For daily wellbeing Bifidobacterium longum Rosell-175, Lactococcus lactis Rosell-1058, Bifidobacterium breve Rosell-70, Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosell-11, Lactobacillus acidophilus Rosell-52, Bifidobacterium bifidum rosell-71 6
Symprove Ltd. UK Symprove Probiotic Lactobacillus casei var. rhamnosus MG001, Lactobacillus acidophilus MG002, Lactobacillus plantarum MG003, Enterococcus faecium MG004 4

See also

References

  1. ^ Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria (October 2001). "Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  2. ^ Hamilton-Miller, Professor J. M. T. "Some insights into the derivation and early uses of the word 'probiotic'". British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 (90): 845. doi:10.1079/BJN2003954. Retrieved 19 November 2009. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Metchnikoff, E. 1907. Essais optimistes. Paris. The prolongation of life. Optimistic studies. Translated and edited by P. Chalmers Mitchell. London: Heinemann, 1907.
  4. ^ Mach T (2006). "Clinical usefulness of probiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases" (PDF). Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology : an Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society. 57 Suppl 9: 23–33. PMID 17242485. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Yan F, Polk DB (2006). "Probiotics as functional food in the treatment of diarrhea". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 9 (6): 717–21. doi:10.1097/01.mco.0000247477.02650.51. PMID 17053425. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Reid G (2008). "Probiotic Lactobacilli for urogenital health in women". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 42 (Suppl 3 Pt 2): S234–6. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e31817f1298. PMID 18685506. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Vanderhoof JA (2008). "Probiotics in allergy management". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 47 Suppl 2: S38–40. doi:10.1097/01.mpg.0000338810.74933.c1. PMID 18931598. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Vaughan RB (1965). "The romantic rationalist: A study of Elie Metchnikoff". Medical History. 9: 201–15. PMC 1033501. PMID 14321564. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Tissier, H. 1900. Recherchers sur la flora intestinale normale et pathologique du nourisson. Thesis, University of Paris, Paris, France.
  10. ^ Die antagonistische Behandlung chronischer Darmstörungen mit Colibakterien (1918). Med Klin. 2: 29–30. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ Cheplin HA, Rettger LF (1920). "Studies on the Transformation of the Intestinal Flora, with Special Reference to the Implantation of Bacillus Acidophilus: II. Feeding Experiments on Man". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 6 (12): 704–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.6.12.704. PMC 1084701. PMID 16576567. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Rettger, L.F., W.N. Levy, L. Weinstein, and J.E. Weiss. 1935. Lactobacillus acidophilus and its therapeutic application. Yale University Press, New Haven.
  13. ^ Fuller R (1989). "Probiotics in man and animals". The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 66 (5): 365–78. PMID 2666378. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Tannock GW (2003). "Probiotics: time for a dose of realism". Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology. 4 (2): 33–42. PMID 14503687. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Ljungh A, Wadstrom T (editors) (2009). Lactobacillus Molecular Biology: From Genomics to Probiotics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-41-7. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |isbn-status= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Gilliland SE, Walker DK (1990). "Factors to consider when selecting a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct to produce a hypocholesterolemic effect in humans". Journal of Dairy Science. 73 (4): 905–11. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78747-4. PMID 2111831. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C (2003). "Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy". MMWR Recomm Rep. 52 (RR-16): 1–16. PMID 14627948. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF (2010). "Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11: CD003048. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub3. PMID 21069673.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ "Does yogurt decrease acute diarrhoeal symptoms in children with acute gastroenteritis".
  20. ^ "Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG".
  21. ^ D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ (2002). "Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis". BMJ. 324 (7350): 1361. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1361. PMC 115209. PMID 12052801. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Nista EC; et al. (2002). "Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16 (8): 1461–7. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01318.x. PMID 12182746. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Mcfarland LV. (2006 Apr). "Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease". Am J Gastroenterol. 101 (4): 812–22. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x. PMID 16635227. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ Szajewska H, Mrukowicz J. (2005-09-01). "Meta-analysis: non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea". Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 22 (5): 365–72. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02624.x. PMID 16128673.
  25. ^ Szajewska H, Ruszczyński M, Radzikowski A. (2006 Sep). "Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". J Pediatr. 149 (3): 367–372. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.053. PMID 16939749. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ a b Sazawal S, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, Malik P, Deb S, Black RE. (2006 June). "Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials". Lancet Infect Dis. 6 (6): 374–82. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70495-9. PMID 16728323. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Doron SI, Hibberd PL, Gorbach SL. (2008 Jul). "Probiotics for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea". J Clin Gastroenterol. 42 (Suppl 2): S58–63. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181618ab7. PMID 18542041. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Surawicz CM. (2008 Jul). "Role of probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, and recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea". J Clin Gastroenterol. 42 (Suppl 2): S64–70. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181646d09. PMID 18545161. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ a b c d Sanders ME (2000). "Considerations for use of probiotic bacteria to modulate human health". The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (2S Suppl): 384S–390S. PMID 10721912. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ^ Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G, Pool-Zobel BL (2001). "Protective role of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 73 (2 Suppl): 451S–455S. PMID 11157356. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ a b Brady LJ, Gallaher DD, Busta FF (2000). "The role of probiotic cultures in the prevention of colon cancer". The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (2S Suppl): 410S–414S. PMID 10721916. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Agerholm-Larsen, L (2002). "The effect of a probiotic milk product on plasma cholesterol: a meta-analysis of short term intervention studies". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 54: 856–860. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Kiessling, G (2002). "Long term consumption of fermented dairy products over 6 months increases HDL cholesterol". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56: 843–849. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ a b c d Reid G, Jass J, Sebulsky MT, McCormick JK (2003). "Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16 (4): 658–72. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.4.658-672.2003. PMC 207122. PMID 14557292. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ a b Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E (2002). "Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects" (PDF). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 82 (1–4): 279–89. doi:10.1023/A:1020620607611. PMID 12369194. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Pönkä A; et al. (2001). "Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial". BMJ. 322 (7298): 1327. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7298.1327. PMC 32161. PMID 11387176. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ Näse L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E; et al. (2001). "Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children". Caries Research. 35 (6): 412–20. doi:10.1159/000047484. PMID 11799281. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (February 3, 2010). "'Good' bacteria keep immune system primed to fight future infections". ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 13, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help); soft hyphen character in |url= at position 28 (help)
  39. ^ Hamilton-Miller JM (2003). "The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 22 (4): 360–6. doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00153-5. PMID 14522098. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  40. ^ Kirjavainen PV, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E (2003). "Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: underscoring the importance of viability". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 36 (2): 223–7. doi:10.1097/00005176-200302000-00012. PMID 12548058. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Boyle RJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Leonardi-Bee J, Murrell DF, Tang ML (2008). Boyle, Robert John (ed.). "Probiotics for treating eczema". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD006135. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006135.pub2. PMID 18843705.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Braat, H; Van Den Brande, J; Van Tol, E; Hommes, D; Peppelenbosch, M; Van Deventer, S (2004). "Lactobacillus rhamnosus induces peripheral hyporesponsiveness in stimulated CD4+ T cells via modulation of dendritic cell function". The American journal of clinical nutrition. 80 (6): 1618–25. PMID 15585777.
  43. ^ Famularo G, De Simone C, Pandey V, Sahu AR, Minisola G (2005). "Probiotic lactobacilli: an innovative tool to correct the malabsorption syndrome of vegetarians?". Med. Hypotheses. 65 (6): 1132–5. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.09.030. PMID 16095846.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ Hitti, Miranda (April 25, 2006). "Probiotics May Help Stressed Gut". WebMD. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
  45. ^ Whorwell PJ, Altringer L, Morel J; et al. (2006). "Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 (7): 1581–90. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00734.x. PMID 16863564. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ Niedzielin K, Kordecki H, Birkenfeld B (2001). "A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome". Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 13 (10): 1143–7. doi:10.1097/00042737-200110000-00004. PMID 11711768.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ Kerr, Martha (May 21, 2003). "Probiotics Significantly Reduce Symptoms of IBS, Ulcerative Colitis". Retrieved 2006-06-12.
  48. ^ Guyonnet D, Chassany O, Ducrotte P; et al. (2007). "Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on the health-related quality of life and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26 (3): 475–86. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03362.x. PMID 17635382. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ^ Kruis, W; Fric, P; Pokrotnieks, J; Lukás, M; Fixa, B; Kascák, M; Kamm, MA; Weismueller, J; Beglinger, C (November, 2004). "Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine". Gut. 53 (11): 1617–23. doi:10.1136/gut.2003.037747. PMC 1774300. PMID 15479682. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ Marcos A, Wärnberg J, Nova E, Gómez S, Alvarez A, Alvarez R, Mateos JA, Cobo JM (2004). "The effect of milk fermented by yogurt cultures plus Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 on the immune response of subjects under academic examination stress". European Journal of Nutrition. 43 (6): 381–389. doi:10.1007/s00394-004-0517-8. PMID 15309418.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ Probiotics may protect against food poisoning
  52. ^ Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N; et al. (2007). "Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhea associated with [[antibiotics]]: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial". BMJ. 335 (7610): 80. doi:10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55. PMC 1914504. PMID 17604300. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. ^ a b Beausoleil M, Fortier N, Guénette S; et al. (2007). "Effect of a fermented milk combining Lactobacillus acidophilus Cl1285 and Lactobacillus casei in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 21 (11): 732–6. PMC 2658588. PMID 18026577. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ Mayo, B; van Sinderen, D (editor) (2010). Bifidobacteria: Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-68-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ Sonomoto, K; Yokota, A (editor) (2011). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria: Current Progress in Advanced Research. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-82-0. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ Les yaourts font-ils grossir?
  57. ^ Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E; et al. (2008). "Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 371 (9613): 651–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60207-X. PMID 18279948. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ a b Bee, Peta (November 10, 2008). "Probiotics, Not so friendly after all". The Times. London.
  59. ^ "So-called 'friendly' bacteria may be dangerous, according to new research - so which should you be taking?". Daily Mail. 29 January 2008.
  60. ^ "Gut Reactions programme 3". BBC.
  61. ^ Islam MA, Yun CH, Choi YJ, Cho CS (2010). "Microencapsulation of live probiotic bacteria" (PDF). Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 20 (1367–1377): 1367–1377. PMID 21030820.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ Raoult,Didier (2009). "Probiotics and obesity : a link ?". Nature. 9 (9): 616. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2209. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  63. ^ Raoult, Didier (2009). "No link between probiotics and obesity? Author reply" (PDF). Nature Reviews Microbiology. 7 (12): 901. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2209-c3.
  64. ^ Ehrlich, SD (2009). "Probiotics - little evidence for a link to obesity". Nature reviews. Microbiology. 7 (12): 901, author reply 901. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2209-c1. PMID 19915581.
  65. ^ Bee, Peta (November 10, 2008). "Probiotics, not so friendly after all?". The Times. London. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  66. ^ Sanders, ME (2007). "Probiotics, strains matter". . Functional foods & nutraceuticals magazine: 36–41. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  67. ^ Hun, Larysa MD, FAAP, L (2009). "Bacillus coagulans Significantly Improved Abdominal Pain and Bloating in Patients with IBS". Postgraduate Medicine. 121 (2): 119–124. doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.03.1984. PMID 19332970. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |last1= and |last= specified (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. ^ Baron, Mira MD, M (2009). "A patented A Strain of Bacillus coagulans Increased Immune Response to Viral Challenge". Postgraduate Medicine. 121 (2): 114–118. doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.03.1971. PMID 19332969. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |last1= and |last= specified (help)
  69. ^ http://www.chr-hansen.com/fileadmin/user_upload/_temp_/Selected_summaries_BB-12.pdf
  70. ^ http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2047.htm
  71. ^ Brenner DM, Moeller MJ, Chey WD, Schoenfeld PS (2009). "The utility of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 104 (4): 1033–49, quiz 1050. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.25. PMID 19277023. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  72. ^ "About us". Nebraska Cultures. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
  73. ^ http://www.optibacprobiotics.co.uk/images/engelbrektson%202009%20probiotics%20during%20antibiotic%20therapy%20for%20daily%20wellbeing%20extra%20probiotic.pdf
  74. ^ Sarker SA, Sultana S, Fuchs GJ; et al. (2005). "Lactobacillus paracasei strain ST11 has no effect on rotavirus but ameliorates the outcome of nonrotavirus diarrhea in children from Bangladesh". Pediatrics. 116 (2): e221–8. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2334. PMID 15995003. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ "Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 Attenuates Helicobacter pylori-Associated Gastritis and Reduces Levels of Proinflammatory Chemokines in C57BL/6 Mice". December 12, 2005.
  76. ^ a b "Nyttiga bakterier bringar ordning i oroliga sommarmagar" (in Swedish). Norrmejerier. 2003-07-01. Archived from the original on 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
  77. ^ Niedzielin K, Kordecki H, Birkenfeld B. (2001). "A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome". Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 13 (10): 1135–6. doi:10.1097/00042737-200110000-00004. PMID 11711768. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  78. ^ Ruiz-Palacios G, Guerrero ML, Hilty M. (1996). "Feeding of a probiotic for the prevention of community-acquired diarrhea in young Mexican children" (PDF). Pediatr Res. 39 (4): 184.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. ^ Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Mykkänen H, Salo E, Vesikari T (1997). "Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16 (12): 1103–7. doi:10.1097/00006454-199712000-00002. PMID 9427453. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  80. ^ Saggioro A, Caroli M, Pasini M, Bortoluzzi F, Girardi L, Pilone G. (2005). "Helicobacter pylori eradication with Lactobacillus reuteri. A double blind placebo-controlled study". Dig Liver Dis. 37 (suppl 1): S88, abstr. PO1.49.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ Krasse P, Carlsson B, Dahl C, Paulsson A, Nilsson A, Sinkiewicz G (2006). "Decreased gum bleeding and reduced gingivitis by the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri". Swed Dent J. 30 (2): 55–60. PMID 16878680.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  82. ^ Weizman Z, Asli G, Alsheikh A (2005). "Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents". Pediatrics. 115 (1): 5–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1815. PMID 15629974. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (|doi-broken-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  83. ^ Tubelius P, Stan V, Zachrisson A (2005). "Increasing work-place healthiness with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study". Environ Health. 4: 25. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-4-25. PMC 1298318. PMID 16274475.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  84. ^ Rosander A, Connolly E, Roos S. (2008). "Removal of antibiotic resistance gene-carrying plasmids from Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and characterization of the resulting daughter strain, L. reuteri DSM 17938". Appl Environ Microbiol. 74 (19): 6032–40. doi:10.1128/AEM.00991-08. PMID 18689509. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  85. ^ Hochter, W.; et al. "Saccharomyces boulardii in acute adult diarrhea. Efficacy and tolerance of treatment" (PDF). Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 132 (12): 188–192. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  86. ^ Cetina-Sauri, G. & Basto, S. "Therapeutic evaluation of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhea" (PDF). Annales de Pediatrie. 41 (6): 397–400.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  87. ^ Kurugöl Z, Koturoğlu G (2005). "Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhoea". Acta Paediatrica. 94 (1): 44–7. doi:10.1080/08035250410022521. PMID 15858959. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  88. ^ Anukam K, Osazuwa E, Ahonkhai I; et al. (2006). "Augmentation of antimicrobial metronidazole therapy of bacterial vaginosis with oral probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial". Microbes Infect. 8 (6): 1450–4. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.003. PMID 16697231. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  89. ^ Millette, M; Luquet, FM; Lacroix, M (2007). "In vitro growth control of selected pathogens by Lactobacillus acidophilus- and Lactobacillus casei-fermented milk". Letters of Applied Microbiology. 44 (3): 314–9. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.02060.x. PMID 17309510. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |author= and |last1= specified (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  90. ^ Robinson, R.K., ed. (2007). "Sellars, R.L.". Acidophilus Products (Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Milks). Chapman & Hall, London. pp. 81–116.
  91. ^ Berggren A, Lazou Ahrén I, Larsson N, Onning G. (2010). "Randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled study using new probiotic lactobacilli for strengthening the body immune defence against viral infections". Eur J Nutr. doi:10.1007/s00394-010-0127-6. PMID 20803023. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  92. ^ Seseña, S.; Palop, ML (2007). "An ecological study of lactic acid bacteria from Almagro eggplant fermentation brines". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 103 (5). Blackwell Publishing: 1553–1561. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03387.x. PMID 17953566. Retrieved 7 November 2007. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help); More than one of |last1= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  93. ^ a b Breidt, Jr, Frederick; et al. (2007). "Fermented Vegetables" (PDF). ASM Press. Retrieved 7 November 2007. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  94. ^ Ji, Feng-Di; Ji, B.-P.; Li, B.; Han, B.-Z.; et al. (2007). "Note. Microbial Changes During the Salting Process of Traditional Pickled Chinese Cabbage". Food Science and Technology International. 13 (1). SAGE Publications: 11–16. doi:10.1177/1082013207075952. Retrieved 7 November 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  95. ^ Moreno, M.R.F.; Leisner, JJ; Tee, LK; Ley, C; Radu, S; Rusul, G; Vancanneyt, M; De Vuyst, L; et al. (2002). "Microbial analysis of Malaysian tempeh, and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by isolates of Enterococcus faecium". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 92 (1). The Microbiology Research Foundation: 147–157. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01509.x. PMID 11849339. Retrieved 7 November 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  96. ^ Oh, Chang-Kyung; Oh, MC; Kim, SH; et al. (2004). "The Depletion of Sodium Nitrite by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Kimchi". Journal of Medicinal Food. 7 (1). Mary Ann Liebert: 38–44. doi:10.1089/109662004322984680. PMID 15117551. Retrieved 7 November 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help); More than one of |author2= and |last2= specified (help); More than one of |author3= and |last3= specified (help); More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help); More than one of |last1= and |last= specified (help)
  97. ^ Sybesma, Wilbert; Hugenholtz, Jeroen; De Vos, Willem M.; Smid, Eddy J.; et al. (2006). "Safe use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria in food. Bridging the gap between consumers, green groups, and industry". Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 9 (4). Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso: 0. doi:10.2225/vol9-issue4-fulltext-12. PMC 1463031. PMID 16710463. Retrieved 7 November 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help); More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help); More than one of |last1= and |last= specified (help)
  98. ^ Tanasupawat, Somboon; Thongsanit, J; Okada, S; Komagata, K; et al. (2002). "Lactic acid bacteria isolated from soy sauce mash in Thailand". Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. 48 (4). The Microbiology Research Foundation: 201–209. doi:10.2323/jgam.48.201. PMID 12469319. Retrieved 6 November 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  99. ^ http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/ndaclaims/ndaclaims13.htm
  100. ^ Timmerman HM, Koning CJ, Mulder L, Rombouts FM, Beynen AC (2004). "Monostrain, multistrain and multispecies probiotics—A comparison of functionality and efficacy". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 96 (3): 219–33. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.012. PMID 15454313. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  101. ^ Williams E, Stimpson J, Wang D; et al. (2008). "Clinical trial: a multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 29 (1): 97. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03848.x. PMID 18785988. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probiotic&oldid=434225182"