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| gpu = [[Intel_HD_Graphics|HD Graphics 2000]]<br>[[Intel_HD_Graphics|HD Graphics 3000]]<br>[[Intel_HD_Graphics|HD Graphics P3000]] (Xeon)
| gpu = [[Intel_HD_Graphics|HD Graphics 2000]]<br>[[Intel_HD_Graphics|HD Graphics 3000]]<br>[[Intel_HD_Graphics|HD Graphics P3000]] (Xeon)
| arch = [[Intel 64]], [[MMX (instruction set)|MMX]], [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]], [[SSE2]], [[SSE3]], [[SSSE3]], [[SSE4.1]], [[SSE4.2]], [[Advanced Vector Extensions|AVX]], [[SpeedStep]], [[Trusted Execution Technology|TXT]], [[Intel VT-x]], [[Intel VT-d]], [[Hyper-threading]], [[Turbo Boost]], [[AES instruction set|AES-NI]], Smart Cache.''
| arch = [[Intel 64]], [[MMX (instruction set)|MMX]], [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]], [[SSE2]], [[SSE3]], [[SSSE3]], [[SSE4.1]], [[SSE4.2]], [[Advanced Vector Extensions|AVX]], [[SpeedStep]], [[Trusted Execution Technology|TXT]], [[Intel VT-x]], [[Intel VT-d]], [[Hyper-threading]], [[Turbo Boost]], [[AES instruction set|AES-NI]], Smart Cache.''
| socket = [[LGA 1155]]<br>[[LGA 1155]]<br>[[rPGA988B]]<br>[[BGA-1023]]<br>[[BGA-1224]]
| socket = [[LGA 1155]]<br>[[LGA 2011]]<br>[[rPGA988B]]<br>[[BGA-1023]]<br>[[BGA-1224]]
| predecessor = [[Nehalem (microarchitecture)|Nehalem]]
| predecessor = [[Nehalem (microarchitecture)|Nehalem]]
| successor = [[Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)|Ivy Bridge]]
| successor = [[Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)|Ivy Bridge]]

Revision as of 04:28, 20 August 2012

Template:IntelCPU

Bottom view of the same CPU

Sandy Bridge is the codename for a microarchitecture developed by Intel beginning in 2005 for central processing units in computers to replace the Nehalem microarchitecture. Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor in 2009, and released first products based on the architecture in January 2011 under the Core brand.[1][2]

Originally, implementations targeted a 32 nanometer manufacturing process based on planar double-gate transistors.[3] Subsequent products, codenamed Ivy Bridge, use a 22 nanometer process. The Ivy Bridge die shrink, known in the Intel Tick-Tock model as the "tick", is based on 3D tri-gate transistors. Intel demonstrated Ivy Bridge processors in 2011.[4]

Technology

Developed primarily by the Israel branch of Intel, the codename was originally "Gesher" (meaning "bridge" in Hebrew). The name was changed to avoid being associated with the defunct Gesher political party;[5] the decision was led by Ron Friedman, vice president of Intel managing the group at the time.[1] Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor with A1 stepping at 2 GHz during the Intel Developer Forum in September 2009.[6]

Upgraded features from Nehalem include:

Models and steppings

All Sandy Bridge processors with one, two, or four cores report the same CPUID model 0206A7h[7] and are closely related. The stepping number can not be seen from the CPUID but only from the PCI configuration space. The later Sandy Bridge-E processors with up to eight cores and no graphics are using CPUIDs 0206D6h and 0206D7h.[8]

Die Code Name CPUID Stepping Sockets Die size Transistors Max. Cores Max. GPU EUs Max. L3 Cache
Sandy Bridge-HE-4 0206A7h D2 LGA 1155, rPGA988B, BGA-1224, BGA-1023 216 mm² 1.16 billion 4 12 8 MB
Sandy Bridge-H-2 J1 LGA 1155, rPGA988B, BGA-1023 149 mm² 624 million 2 4 MB
Sandy Bridge-M-2 Q0 131 mm² 504 million 6 3 MB
Sandy Bridge-EP-8 0206D6h C1 LGA 2011 435 mm² 2.27 billion 8 N/A 20 MB
0206D7h C2
Sandy Bridge-EP-4 0206D6h M0 LGA 2011 294 mm² 1.27 billion 4 N/A 10 MB
0206D7h M1

Performance

  • The average performance increase, according to IXBT Labs and Semi Accurate as well as many other benchmarking sites, at clock to clock is 11.3% Average compared to the Nehalem Generation, which includes Bloomfield, Clarkdale, and Lynnfield processors.[9]
  • Around twice the integrated graphics performance compared to Clarkdale's (12 EUs comparison).

List of Sandy Bridge processors

1Processors featuring Intel's HD 3000 graphics are set in bold. Other processors feature HD 2000 graphics or no graphics core (Graphics Clock rate indicated by N/A).


Desktop platform

[10] [11] [12] [13]

Target
segment 		Cores
(Threads) 		Processor
Branding & Model 		CPU Clock rate Graphics Clock rate L3
Cache 		TDP Release
Date (Y-M-D) 		Price
(USD) 		Motherboard
Normal Turbo Normal Turbo Socket Interface Memory
Extreme /
High-End 		6 (12) Core i7
Extreme 		3960X 3.3 GHz 3.9 GHz — 15 MB 130 W 2011-11-14 $999 LGA
2011 		DMI 2.0
PCIe 2.0[14] 		Up to quad
channel
DDR3-1600[15]
Core i7 3930K 3.2 GHz 3.8 GHz 12 MB $583
4 (8) 3820 3.6 GHz 10 MB 2012-02-13[16] $294
Performance 2700K 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 850 MHz 1350 MHz 8 MB 95 W 2011-10-24 $332 LGA
1155 		DMI 2.0
PCIe 2.0 		Up to dual
channel
DDR3-1333
2600K 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz 2011-01-09 $317
2600 $294
2600S 2.8 GHz 65 W $306
4 (4) Core i5 2550K 3.4 GHz — 6 MB 95 W 2012-01-30 $225
2500K 3.3 GHz 3.7 GHz 850 MHz 1100 MHz 2011-01-09 $216
2500 $205
2500S 2.7 GHz 65 W $216
2500T 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 650 MHz 1250 MHz 45 W
2450P 3.2 GHz 3.5 GHz — 95 W 2012-01-30 $195
2400 3.1 GHz 3.4 GHz 850 MHz 1100 MHz 2011-01-09 $184
2405S 2.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 65 W 2011-05-22 $205
2400S 2011-01-09 $195
2380P 3.1 GHz 3.4 GHz — 95 W 2012-01-30 $177
2320 3.0 GHz 3.3 GHz 850 MHz 1100 MHz 2011-09-04
2310 2.9 GHz 3.2 GHz 2011-05-22
2300 2.8 GHz 3.1 GHz 2011-01-09
Mainstream 2 (4) 2390T 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz 650 MHz 3 MB 35 W 2011-02-20 $195
Core i3 2120T 2.6 GHz — 2011-09-04 $127
2100T 2.5 GHz 2011-02-20
2130 3.4 GHz 850 MHz 65 W 2011-09-04 $138
2125 3.3 GHz $134
2120 2011-02-20 $138
2105 3.1 GHz 2011-05-22 $134
2102 Q2 2011 $127
2100 2011-02-20 $117
2 (2) Pentium G860 3.0 GHz 2011-09-04 $86
G850 2.9 GHz 2011-05-24
G840 2.8 GHz $75
G632 2.7 GHz Q3 2011 Up to dual
channel
DDR3-1066
G630 2011-09-04 $75
G622 2.6 GHz Q2 2011
G620 2011-05-24 $64
G630T 2.3 GHz 650 MHz 35 W 2011-09-04 $70
G620T 2.2 GHz 2011-05-24
Celeron G540 2.5 GHz 850 MHz 1000 MHz 2 MB 65 W 2011-09-04 $52
G530 2.4 GHz $42
G530T 2.0 GHz 650 MHz 35 W $47
1 (2) G460 1.8 GHz 1.5 MB 2011-12-11 $37
1 (1) G440 1.6 GHz 1 MB 2011-09-04
Target
segment 		Cores
(Threads) 		Processor
Branding & Model 		CPU Clock rate Graphics Clock rate L3
Cache 		TDP Release
Date (Y-M-D) 		Price
(USD) 		Motherboard
Normal Turbo Normal Turbo Socket Interface Memory

Suffixes to denote:

  • K - Unlocked (adjustable CPU ratio up to 57 bins)
  • P - Versions clocked slightly higher than similar models, but with onboard-graphics deactivated.
  • S - Performance-optimized lifestyle (low power with 65W TDP)
  • T - Power-optimized lifestyle (ultra low power with 35-45W TDP)
  • X - Extreme performance (adjustable CPU ratio with no ratio limit)

NOTE:3960X,3930K and 3820 are actually of Sandy Bridge-E edition.

Server platform

Target
Segment 		Socket Cores
(Threads) 		Processor
Branding & Model 		CPU Clock rate Graphics Clock rate L3
Cache 		Interface Supported
Memory 		TDP Release
Date 		Price
(USD)
Standard Turbo Normal Turbo
4P Server LGA
2011 		8 (16)
6 (12)
4 (4/8)
2 (2/4) 		Xeon E5 46xx — 2× QPI
DMI 2.0
PCIe 3.0 		Up to quad
channel
DDR3-1600 		Q2 2012
2P Server 8 (16) 2687W 3.1 GHz 3.8 GHz 20 MB 4x DDR3-1600 150 W 2012-03-06 $1885
2690 2.9 GHz 3.8 GHz 135 W $2057
2680 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz 130 W $1723
2670 2.6 GHz 3.3 GHz 115 W $1552
2665 2.4 GHz 3.1 GHz $1440
2660 2.2 GHz 3.0 GHz 95 W $1329
2650 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz $1106
2650L 1.8 GHz 2.3 GHz 70 W $1106
6 (12) 2667 2.9 GHz 3.5 GHz 15 MB 130 W $1552
2640 2.5 GHz 3.0 GHz 4x DDR3-1333 95 W $884
2630 2.3 GHz 2.8 GHz $612
2620 2.0 GHz 2.5 GHz $406
2630L 2.0 GHz 2.5 GHz 60 W $662
4 (8) 2643 3.3 GHz 3.5 GHz 10 MB 4x DDR3-1600 130 W $884
4 (4) 2609 2.4 GHz 4x DDR3-1066 80 W $246
2603 1.8 GHz $202
2 (4) 2637 3.0 GHz 3.5 GHz 5 MB 4x DDR3-1600 $884
LGA
1356 		8 (16) 2470 2.3 GHz 20 MB 1× QPI
DMI 2.0
PCIe 3.0 		3x DDR3-1600 95 W Q2 2012 $1440
2450 2.1 GHz $1106
2450L 1.8 GHz 70 W $1106
6 (12) 2440 2.4 GHz 15 MB 3x DDR3-1333 95 W $834
2430 2.2 GHz $551
2420 1.9 GHz $388
2430L 2.0 GHz 60 W $662
4 (4) 2407 2.2 GHz 10 MB 3x DDR3-1066 80 W $250
2403 1.8 GHz $192
1P Server LGA
2011 		6 (12) 1660 3.3 GHz 3.9 GHz 15 MB 2× QPI
DMI 2.0
PCIe 3.0 		Up to quad
channel
DDR3-1600 		130 W 2012-03-06 $1080
1650 3.2 GHz 3.8 GHz 12 MB $583
4 (8) 1620 3.6 GHz 3.8 GHz 10 MB $294
LGA
1155 		4 (8) Xeon E3 1290 4.0 GHz 8 MB DMI 2.0
PCIe 2.0 		Up to dual
channel
DDR3-1333 		95 W 2011-05-29 $885
1280 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 2011-03-15 $612
1275 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz 850 MHz 1350 MHz $339
1270 — 80 W $328
1260L 2.4 GHz 3.3 GHz 650 MHz 1250 MHz 45 W $294
1245 3.3 GHz 3.7 GHz 850 MHz 1350 MHz 95 W $262
1240 — 80 W $250
1235 3.2 GHz 3.6 GHz 850 MHz 1350 MHz 95 W $240
1230 — 80 W $215
4 (4) 1225 3.1 GHz 3.4 GHz 850 MHz 1350 MHz 6 MB 95 W $194
1220 — 8 MB 80 W $189
2 (4) 1220L 2.2 GHz 3 MB 20 W

Mobile platform

  • Core i5-2515E and Core i7-2715QE processors have support for ECC memory and PCI express port bifurcation.
  • All mobile processors, except Celeron and Pentium, use Intel's Graphics sub-system HD 3000 (12 EUs).
Target
Segment 		Cores /
Threads 		Processor
Branding & Model 		CPU Clock rate Graphics Clock rate L3
Cache 		TDP Release
Date 		Price
(USD) 		Motherboard
Normal Turbo
(1C/2C/4C) 		Normal Turbo Interface Socket
Extreme 4 (8) Core i7
Extreme 		2960XM 2.7 GHz 3.7/3.6/3.4 GHz 650 MHz 1300 MHz 8 MB 55 W 2011-09-04 $1096 *DMI 2.0
*Memory: Up to
dual channel
DDR3-1600 MHz
*PCIe 2.0 		Socket G2 /
BGA-1224
2920XM 2.5 GHz 3.5/3.4/3.2 GHz 2011-01-05
Performance Core i7 2860QM 2.5 GHz 3.6/3.5/3.3 GHz 45 W 2011-09-04 $568
2820QM 2.3 GHz 3.4/3.3/3.1 GHz 2011-01-05
2760QM 2.4 GHz 3.5/3.4/3.2 GHz 6 MB 2011-09-04 $378
2720QM 2.2 GHz 3.3/3.2/3.0 GHz 2011-01-05
2715QE 2.1 GHz 3.0/2.9/2.7 GHz 1200 MHz OEM
2710QE
2675QM 2.2 GHz 3.1/3.0/2.8 GHz 1200 MHz 2011-10-02 *DMI 2.0
*Memory: Up to
dual channel
DDR3-1333 MHz
*PCIe 2.0
2670QM 1100 MHz
2635QM 2.0 GHz 2.9/2.8/2.6 GHz 1200 MHz 2011-01-05
2630QM 1100 MHz
Mainstream 2 (4) 2640M 2.8 GHz 3.5/3.3 GHz 1300 MHz 4 MB 35 W 2011-09-04 $346 Socket G2 /
BGA-1023
2620M 2.7 GHz 3.4/3.2 GHz 2011-02-20
2649M 2.3 GHz 3.2/2.9 GHz 500 MHz 1100 MHz 25 W
2629M 2.1 GHz 3.0/2.7 GHz $311
2655LE 2.2 GHz 2.9/2.7 GHz 650 MHz 1000 MHz OEM
2677M 1.8 GHz 2.9/2.6 GHz 350 MHz 1200 MHz 17 W 2011-06-20 $317
2637M 1.7 GHz 2.8/2.5 GHz $289
2657M 1.6 GHz 2.7/2.4 GHz 1000 MHz 2011-02-20 $317
2617M 1.5 GHz 2.6/2.3 GHz 950 MHz $289
2610UE 2.4/2.1 GHz 850 MHz OEM
Core i5 2557M 1.7 GHz 2.7/2.4 GHz 1200 MHz 3 MB 2011-06-20 $250
2537M 1.4 GHz 2.3/2.0 GHz 900 MHz 2011-02-20
2467M 1.6 GHz 2.3/2.0 GHz 1150 MHz 2011-06-19 OEM
2540M 2.6 GHz 3.3/3.1 GHz 650 MHz 1300 MHz 35 W 2011-06-20 $266
2520M 2.5 GHz 3.2/3.0 GHz $225
2515E 3.1/2.8 GHz 1100 MHz OEM
2510E
2450M 1300 MHz 2012-01 $225
2435M 2.4 GHz 3.0/2.7 GHz 2011-10-02 OEM
2430M 1200 MHz $225
2410M 2.3 GHz 2.9/2.6 GHz 2011-06-20
Core i3 2370M 2.4 GHz — 1150 MHz 2012-01
2350M 2.3 GHz 2011-10-02
2330E 2.2 GHz 1050 MHz 2011-06-19 OEM
2330M 1100 MHz
2310E 2.1 GHz 1050 MHz 2011-02-20
2310M 1100 MHz
2367M 1.4 GHz 350 MHz 1000 MHz 17 W 2011-10-02
2357M 1.3 GHz 950 MHz 2011-06-19
2340UE 800 MHz
2 (2) Pentium 967 1.3 GHz 1000 MHz 2 MB 2011-10-02
957 1.2 GHz 800 MHz 2011-06-19
B960 2.2 GHz 650 MHz 1100 MHz 35 W 2011-10-02
B950 2.1 GHz 2011-06-19
B940 2.0 GHz
Celeron B840 1.9 GHz 1000 MHz 2011-09-04 $86
B815[17] 1.6 GHz 1050 MHz Q1 2012
B810E 1000 MHz 2011-06-19 OEM
B810 950 MHz 2011-03-13 $86
B800 1.5 GHz 1000 MHz 2011-06-19 $80
877 1.4 GHz 350 MHz 17 W Q3 2012 OEM
857 1.2 GHz 2011-07-03 $134
847 1.1 GHz 800 MHz 2011-06-19
847E OEM
1 (1) 827E 1.4 GHz 1.5 MB 2011-07-03
787 1.3 GHz $107
B720[18] 1.7 GHz 650 MHz 1000 MHz 35 W Q1 2012
B710 1.6 GHz 2011-06-19 $70

Suffixes to denote:

  • M - Mobile processors
    • XM - Unlocked
    • QM - Quad-core
  • E - Embedded mobile processors
    • QE - Quad-core
    • LE - Performance-optimized
    • UE - Power-optimized

Cougar Point chipset flaw

On January 31, 2011, Intel issued a recall on all 67-series motherboards due to a flaw in the Cougar Point Chipset.[19] A hardware issue, in which the chipset's SATA-II ports may fail over time, cause failure of connection to SATA-II devices, though data is not at risk.[20] Intel claims that this problem will only affect 5% of users over 3 years, however, heavier I/O workloads can exacerbate the problem.

Intel stopped production of flawed B2 stepping chipsets and began producing B3 stepping chipsets with the silicon fix. Shipping of these new chipsets started on 14 February 2011 and Intel estimated full recovery volume in April 2011.[21] Motherboard manufacturers (such as ASUS and Gigabyte Technology) and computer manufacturers (such as Dell and Hewlett-Packard) stopped selling products that involved the flawed chipset and offered support for affected customers. Options ranged from swapping for B3 motherboards to product refunds.[22][23]

Sandy Bridge processor sales were temporarily on hold, as one cannot use the CPU without a motherboard. However, processor release dates were not affected.[24] After two weeks, Intel continued shipping some chipsets, but manufacturers had to agree to a set of terms that will prevent customers from encountering the bug.[25]

Limitations

Overclocking

With Sandy Bridge, Intel has tied the speed of every bus (USB, SATA, PCI, PCI-E, CPU cores, Uncore, memory etc.) to a single internal clock generator issuing the basic 100 MHz Base Clock(BClk).[26] With CPUs being multiplier locked, the only way to overclock is to increase the BClk, which can only be raised up to 5-7% without other hardware components failing. As a work around, Intel made available K/X-series processors which feature unlocked multipliers; multiplier cap of 57 for Sandy Bridge.[27] For the Sandy Bridge E platform, there is alternative method known as the BClk ratio overclock.[28]

During IDF 2010, Intel demonstrated an unknown Sandy Bridge CPU running stably overclocked at 4.9 GHz on air cooling.[29][30]

Chipset

Non-K edition CPUs can overclock up to four bins from its turbo multiplier. Refer here for chipset support.

Intel Insider and remote-control

The processors include a digital rights management service called Intel Insider, which the company claims is "an extra layer of content protection".[31]

Sandy Bridge processors with vPro capability have security features that can remotely disable a PC or erase information from hard drives. This can be useful in the case of a lost or stolen PC. The commands can be received through 3G signals, Ethernet, or Internet connections. AES encryption acceleration will be available, which can be useful for video conferencing and VoIP applications.[32]

Roadmap

Main articles: Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture) and Haswell (microarchitecture)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "The Man Behind 'Sandy Bridge'". December 28, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  2. ^ Brooke Crothers (December 15, 2010). "CES: First Intel next-gen laptops will be quad core". The Circuits Blog. CNET.com. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  3. ^ "Intel Ivy Bridge preview: everything to know about". Retrieved 6 march 2012. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^ "Intel 22nm 3-D Tri-Gate Transistor Technology". News release and press materials. Intel. May 2, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  5. ^ "'Sandy Bridge' Breaks the Mold for Chip Codenames". December 28, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  6. ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (September 22, 2009). "IDF 2009 - Intel Shows off 22nm & 32nm, Sandy Bridge Demoed". AnandTech. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  7. ^ http://www.intel.com/support/processors/corei5/sb/CS-032059.htm?wapkw=%20specification%20update
  8. ^ http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/specification-update/core-i7-lga-2011-specification-update.pdf
  9. ^ AnandTech - The Sandy Bridge Review: Intel Core i7-2600K, i5-2500K and Core i3-2100 Tested
  10. ^ "Intel's Sandy Bridge E-Series in Q4 2011". Tom's Hardware. 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  11. ^ "Additional Details on Sandy Bridge-E Processors, X79, and LGA2011". Anandtech. 2011-04-26. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
  12. ^ "Products (Formerly Sandy Bridge)". Official product web site. Intel. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  13. ^ "Intel i7 3930k and 3960x". Intel. 2011-11-22. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
  14. ^ {{Cite web | url= http://ark.intel.com/products/63697/Intel-Core-i7-3930K-Processor-{12M-Cache-up-to-3_80-GHz} | title=Intel® Core™ i7-3930K Processor (12M Cache, up to 3.80 GHz) | accessdate=29 March 2012 }}
  15. ^ Chris Angelini (September 12, 2011). "Intel Core i7-3960X (Sandy Bridge-E) And X79 Platform Preview". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
  16. ^ Fuad Abazovic (January 6, 2012). "Intel Core i7-3820 comes on February 13". Fudzilla. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  17. ^ http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/Celeron_Dual-Core/Intel-Mobile%20Celeron%20B815.html
  18. ^ http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/Celeron_Dual-Core/Intel-Mobile%20Celeron%20B720.html
  19. ^ Sandy Bridge، راه حل‌ها، بازار ایران
  20. ^ Tom's Hardware,Intel Identifies Cougar Point Chipset Error, Halts Shipments http://www.tomshardware.com/news/cougar-point-sandy-bridge-sata-error,12108.html
  21. ^ "Intel Identifies Chipset Design Error, Implementing Solution" (Press release). Intel Corporation. January 31, 2011.
  22. ^ "Intel chip bug affects HP, Dell, Samsung and Lenovo". BBC News. 2011-02-03.
  23. ^ "HP to offer refund for PCs with flawed Intel chip". Reuters. 2011-02-02.
  24. ^ Intel to Ship Dual-core Sandy Bridge Chips on Feb. 20 | PCWorld
  25. ^ Intel to continue shipping flawed Sandy Bridge chipsets | Expert Reviews
  26. ^ Intel to limit Sandy Bridge Overclocking, Bit-Tech, July 22, 2010
  27. ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (September 14, 2010). "Intel's Sandy Bridge Architecture Exposed". AnandTech. p. 8. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  28. ^ http://benchmarkreviews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=874&Itemid=63&limit=1&limitstart=14
  29. ^ YouTube - ‪Intel demos Sandy Bridge running at 4.9GHz‬‏
  30. ^ "IDF Intel 2010: Intel Overclocks Sandy Bridge CPU to 4.9 GHz, outpaces 12-core AMD Opteron". ZDNet.
  31. ^ Knupffer, Nick. "Intel Insider - What Is It? (IS it DRM? And yes it delivers top quality movies to your PC)". Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  32. ^ Hachman, Mark (2010-09-14). "Intel's 'Sandy Bridge' Chip to Include vPro Business Features". PC Magazine.
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