Jump to content

Peter Kropotkin: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Radical geography: References and further discussion added, mistake corrected.
Qworty (talk | contribs)
13,129 edits
Line 87: Line 87:


His focus on local production led to his view that a country should strive for [[autarky|self-sufficiency]]{{spaced ndash}}manufacture its own goods and grow its own food, lessening dependence on imports. To these ends he advocated irrigation and growing under glass to boost local food production ability.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
His focus on local production led to his view that a country should strive for [[autarky|self-sufficiency]]{{spaced ndash}}manufacture its own goods and grow its own food, lessening dependence on imports. To these ends he advocated irrigation and growing under glass to boost local food production ability.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

===Radical geography===
Kropotkin has continued to have a major impact on contemporary radical human geography, where his work has shown significant resonance with concerns for social justice. Drawing on Kropotkin's most well known geographical essay [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/whatgeobe.html "What geography ought to be"], Simon Springer has brought Kropotkin's thinking into a contemporary light with his "Anarchism! What geography ought to be", which can be read as a manifesto for anarchist geographies. <ref>Springer, S. (2012) [http://www.academia.edu/587264/Anarchism_What_geography_still_ought_to_be Anarchism! What geography still ought to be]. Antipode 44 (5), 1605–1624.</ref> Federico Ferretti has also engaged with Kropotkin's work, demonstrating its historical importance as a source for inspiring contemporary geographical thought. <ref>Ferretti, F. (2011). "The correspondence between Élisée Reclus and Pëtr Kropotkin as a source for the history of geography". Journal of Historical Geography 37 (2): 216.</ref> The impact and importance of Kropotkin on radical geography has also been taken up by [[Richard Peet]]. <ref>Peet, R. (1975). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1975.tb00619.x/abstract "For Kropotkin"]. Antipode 7: 42-43.</ref><ref>Peet, R. (1978) [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1978.tb00121.x/abstract "The Geography of Human Liberation"] Antipode 10-11: 119-134.</ref>


==Works==
==Works==
Line 159: Line 156:
* {{cite journal |author=Gould, S.J.|title=Kropotkin was no crackpot|url=http://www.marxists.org/subject/science/essays/kropotkin.htm|work=Natural History|volume=106|date=June 1997)|pages=12–21}}
* {{cite journal |author=Gould, S.J.|title=Kropotkin was no crackpot|url=http://www.marxists.org/subject/science/essays/kropotkin.htm|work=Natural History|volume=106|date=June 1997)|pages=12–21}}
*[http://www.afed.org.uk/ace/kropotkin_history_of_anarchism.html ''Basic Kropotkin: Kropotkin and the History of Anarchism''] by Brian Morris, Anarchist Communist Editions pamphlet no.17 (The Anarchist Federation, October 2008).
*[http://www.afed.org.uk/ace/kropotkin_history_of_anarchism.html ''Basic Kropotkin: Kropotkin and the History of Anarchism''] by Brian Morris, Anarchist Communist Editions pamphlet no.17 (The Anarchist Federation, October 2008).
* [http://uvic.academia.edu/SimonSpringer/Papers/590303/Anarchism_What_geography_still_ought_to_be ''Anarchism! What Geography Still Ought to Be''] by [[Simon Springer]]. Antipode.


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 20:33, 19 March 2013

"Kropotkin" redirects here. For other uses, see Kropotkin (disambiguation).

Template:Eastern Slavic name

Peter Kropotkin
Kropotkin by Nadar.
Born
Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin

(1842-12-09)9 December 1842
Moscow, Russian Empire
Died8 February 1921(1921-02-08) (aged 78)
Dmitrov, Russian SFSR
Era
Region
SchoolAnarchist communism
Main interests
Notable ideas
Part of a series on
Anarchist communism
Concepts
People
Organizational forms
Theoretical works
Related topics

Prince Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин; 9 December 1842 – 8 February 1921) was a Russian zoologist, evolutionary theorist, philosopher, scientist, revolutionary, philologist, economist, activist, geographer, writer and prominent anarcho-communist.

Kropotkin advocated a communist society free from central government and based on voluntary associations between workers. He wrote many books, pamphlets and articles, the most prominent being The Conquest of Bread and Fields, Factories and Workshops, and his principal scientific offering, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. He also contributed the article on anarchism to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition.[1]

Biography

Early life

Peter Kropotkin was born in Moscow, into the second-highest level of the Russian aristocracy. His mother was the daughter of a Cossack general.[2] His father, Alexei Petrovich Kropotkin, was a prince in Smolensk,[3] of the Rurik dynasty which had ruled Russia before the rise of the Romanovs. Kropotkin's father owned large tracts of land and nearly 1,200 male serfs in three provinces.[2]

"[U]nder the influence of republican teachings," Kropotkin dropped his princely title at the age of twelve, and "even rebuked his friends, when they so referred to him."[4]

In 1857, at age 14, Kropotkin enrolled in the Corps of Pages at St. Petersburg. Only 150 boys — mostly children of nobility belonging to the court — were educated in this privileged corps, which combined the character of a military school endowed with special rights and of a court institution attached to the Imperial Household. Kropotkin's memoirs detail the hazing and other abuse of pages for which the Corps had become notorious.[5]

In Moscow, Kropotkin had developed an interest in the condition of the peasantry, and this interest increased as he grew older. Although his work as a page for Tsar Alexander II made Kropotkin sceptical about the tsar's "liberal" reputation,[6] Kropotkin was greatly pleased by the tsar's decision to emancipate the serfs in 1861.[7] In St. Petersburg, he read widely on his own account, and gave special attention to the works of the French encyclopædists and to French history. The years 1857-1861 witnessed a growth in the intellectual forces of Russia, and Kropotkin came under the influence of the new liberal-revolutionary literature, which largely expressed his own aspirations.[citation needed]

In 1862, Kropotkin was promoted from the Corps of Pages to the army. The members of the corps had the prescriptive right to choose the regiment to which they would be attached. For some time, he was aide de camp to the governor of Transbaikalia at Chita. Later he was appointed attaché for Cossack affairs to the governor-general of East Siberia at Irkutsk.[citation needed]

Geographical expeditions in Siberia

Kropotkin circa 1870

Administrative work was scarce, and in 1864 Kropotkin accepted charge of a geographical survey expedition, crossing North Manchuria from Transbaikalia to the Amur, and soon was attached to another expedition which proceeded up the Sungari River into the heart of Manchuria. The expeditions yielded valuable geographical results. The impossibility of obtaining any real administrative reforms in Siberia now induced Kropotkin to devote himself almost entirely to scientific exploration, in which he continued to be highly successful.[citation needed]

In 1866, Kropotkin began reading the works of the French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, and other political thinkers such as John Stuart Mill and Alexander Herzen. These readings, along with his experiences amongst the peasantry in Siberia, led him to declare himself an anarchist by 1872.[8]

In 1867, Kropotkin quit the army and returned to St. Petersburg, where he entered the university to study mathematics, becoming at the same time secretary to the geography section of the Russian Geographical Society.[9] This action caused his father to disinherit him, "leaving him a 'prince' with no visible means of support."[10] In 1871, he explored the glacial deposits of Finland and Sweden for the Society.[9] In 1873, he published an important contribution to science, a map and paper in which he showed that the existing maps entirely misrepresented the physical features of Asia; the main structural lines were in fact from southwest to northeast, not from north to south or from east to west as had been previously supposed. During this work, he was offered the secretaryship of the Society, but he had decided that it was his duty not to work at fresh discoveries but to aid in diffusing existing knowledge among the people at large. Accordingly, he refused the offer and returned to St. Petersburg, where he joined the revolutionary party.[citation needed]

Kropotkin circa 1900

Activism in Switzerland and France

Kropotkin visited Switzerland in 1872 and became a member of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA) at Geneva. It was there that he found that he did not like IWA’s style of socialism. Instead, he studied the programme of the more radical Jura federation at Neuchâtel and spent time in the company of the leading members, and adopted the creed of anarchism.[citation needed]

On returning to Russia, Kropotkin's friend Dmitri Klements introduced him to the Circle of Tchaikovsky, a socialist/populist group that had been created in 1872. Kropotkin worked to spread revolutionary propaganda amongst peasants and workers, and acted as a bridge between the Circle and the aristocracy. Throughout this period, Kropotkin maintained his position within the Geographical Society in order to provide cover for his activities.[11]

In 1874 Kropotkin was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for subversive political activity, as a result of his work with the Circle of Tchaikovsky. Because of his aristocratic background, he was granted special privileges while in prison, such as being allowed to continue his geographical work in his cell. He delivered his report on the subject of the Ice Age, where he argued that it had taken place in not as distant a past as originally thought. In 1876, just before his trial, Kropotkin was moved to a low-security prison in St. Petersburg, from which he escaped with the assistance of his friends. On the night of the escape, Kropotkin and his friends celebrated by dining in one of the finest restaurants in St. Petersburg, assuming correctly that the police would not think to look for them there. After this, he boarded a boat, and headed to England.[12] After a short stay there, he moved to Switzerland where he joined the Jura Federation. In 1877 he moved to Paris, where he helped start the socialist movement. In 1878 he returned to Switzerland where he edited the Jura Federation's revolutionary newspaper Le Révolté, and published various revolutionary pamphlets. He was outspoken in his beliefs that the peasants were being treated unfairly and deserved to have the same land as the lords.[citation needed]

In 1881 shortly after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II he was expelled from Switzerland. After a short stay at Thonon (Savoy), he went to London where he stayed nearly a year and returned to Thonon in late 1882. Soon he was arrested by the French government, tried at Lyon, and sentenced by a police-court magistrate (under a special law passed on the fall of the Paris Commune) to five years' imprisonment, on the ground that he had belonged to the IWA (1883). The French Chamber repeatedly agitated on his behalf, and he was released in 1886. He settled near London, living at various times in Harrow – where his daughter, Alexandra, was born – Ealing and Bromley (6 Crescent Road 1886-1914).[13] He also lived for a number of years in Brighton.[14] While living in London, Kropotkin became friends with a number of prominent English-speaking socialists, including William Morris and George Bernard Shaw.[citation needed]

Kropotkin in Haparanda, 1917

Return to Russia

In 1917 after the February Revolution, Kropotkin returned to Russia again after years of exile. Upon his arrival, he was greeted by crowds of tens of thousands of people, cheering his return. He was offered the ministry of education in the provisional government, which he promptly refused, feeling that working with them would be a violation of his anarchist principles.[15]

Kropotkin's friend and comrade, Emma Goldman delivers a eulogy before crowds at his funeral, accompanied by Alexander Berkman.

His enthusiasm for the changes happening in the Russian Empire turned to disappointment when the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution. "This buries the revolution," he said.[10] He thought that the Bolsheviks had shown how the revolution was not to be made; by authoritarian rather than libertarian methods.[10] He had spoken out against authoritarian socialism in his writings (for example The Conquest of Bread), making the prediction that any state founded on these principles would most likely see its own breakup and the restoration of capitalism.[citation needed]

Death

Kropotkin died of pneumonia on 8 February 1921, in the city of Dmitrov, and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. Thousands of people marched in his funeral procession, including, with Vladimir Lenin's approval[citation needed], anarchists carrying banners with anti-Bolshevik slogans. In 1957 the Dvorets Sovetov station of the Moscow Metro was renamed Kropotkinskaya in his honor. [citation needed]

Philosophy

Critique of capitalism

Kropotkin pointed out what he considered to be the fallacies of the economic systems of feudalism and capitalism, and how he believed they create poverty and artificial scarcity while promoting privilege. He further proposed a more decentralized economic system based on mutual aid, mutual support and voluntary cooperation, asserting that the tendencies for this kind of organization already exist, both in evolution and in human society.[citation needed]

Cooperation and competition

In 1902 Kropotkin published the book Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which provided an alternative view on animal and human survival, beyond the claims of interpersonal competition and natural hierarchy proffered at the time by some "social Darwinists", such as Francis Galton. He argued "that it was an evolutionary emphasis on cooperation instead of competition in the Darwinian sense that made for the success of species, including the human."[16] Kropotkin explored the widespread use of cooperation as a survival mechanism in human societies through their many stages, and animals. He used many real life examples in an attempt to show that the main factor in facilitating evolution is cooperation between individuals in free-associated societies and groups, without central control, authority or compulsion. This was in order to counteract the conception of fierce competition as the core of evolution, that provided a rationalization for the dominant political, economic and social theories of the time; and the prevalent interpretations of Darwinism.[citation needed] In the last chapter, he wrote:[17]

In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense – not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species. The animal species, in which individual struggle has been reduced to its narrowest limits, and the practice of mutual aid has attained the greatest development, are invariably the most numerous, the most prosperous, and the most open to further progress. The mutual protection which is obtained in this case, the possibility of attaining old age and of accumulating experience, the higher intellectual development, and the further growth of sociable habits, secure the maintenance of the species, its extension, and its further progressive evolution. The unsociable species, on the contrary, are doomed to decay.

— Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902), Conclusion.

Kropotkin did not deny the presence of competitive urges in humans, but believed that they were not the driving force of history as capitalists and social Darwinists claimed.[18] He did believe that there were times that it was socially beneficial to seek out conflict, but only during attempts to destroy unjust, authoritarian institutions such as the State or Church, which stifled human creativity and freedom and impeded humans' instinctual drive towards sociality and cooperation.[19]

His observations of cooperative tendencies in indigenous peoples (pre-feudal, feudal and those remaining in modern societies) allowed him to conclude that not all human societies were based on competition, such as those of industrialized Europe, and that in many societies, cooperation was the norm among individuals and groups. He also concluded that most pre-industrial and pre-authoritarian societies (where he claimed that leadership, central government and class did not exist) actively defend against the accumulation of private property by, for example, equally distributing within the community a person's possessions when he died, or by not allowing a gift to be sold, bartered or used to create wealth. See Gift economy.[20]

Mutual aid

In The Conquest of Bread, Kropotkin proposed a system of economics based on mutual exchanges made in a system of voluntary cooperation. He believed that should a society be socially, culturally, and industrially developed enough to produce all the goods and services required by it, then no obstacle, such as preferential distribution, pricing or monetary exchange will stand as an obstacle for all taking what they need from the social product. He supported the eventual abolishment of money or tokens of exchange for goods and services.[citation needed]

Kropotkin believed that Bakunin's collectivist economic model was simply a wage system by a different name,[21] and thought that such a system would breed the same type of centralization and inequality as a capitalist wage system. He stated that it is impossible to determine the value of an individual's contributions to the products of social labor, and thought that anyone who was placed in a position of trying to make such determinations would wield authority over those whose wages they determined.[22] He further developed these ideas in Fields, Factories and Workshops.[citation needed]

According to Kirkpatrick Sale:[16]

With Mutual Aid especially, and later with Fields, Factories, and Workshops, Kropotkin was able to move away from the absurdist limitations of individual anarchism and no-laws anarchism that had flourished during this period and provide instead a vision of communal anarchism, following the models of independent cooperative communities he discovered while developing his theory of mutual aid. It was an anarchism that opposed centralized government and state-level laws as traditional anarchism did, but understood that at a certain small scale, communities and communes and co-ops could flourish and provide humans with a rich material life and wide areas of liberty without centralized control.

His focus on local production led to his view that a country should strive for self-sufficiency – manufacture its own goods and grow its own food, lessening dependence on imports. To these ends he advocated irrigation and growing under glass to boost local food production ability.[citation needed]

Works

The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin, influential work which presents the economic vision of anarcho-communism

Books

  • Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1955 paperback (reprinted 2005), includes Kropotkin's 1914 preface, Foreword and Bibliography by Ashley Montagu, and The Struggle for Existence, by Thomas H. Huxley ed.). Boston: Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers. ISBN 0-87558-024-6. {{cite book}}: External link in |publisher= (help) Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
  • The Conquest of Bread Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
  • Fields, Factories and Workshops
  • In Russian and French Prisons, London: Ward and Downey; 1887.
  • Memoirs of a Revolutionist, London : Smith, Elder; 1899. Kropotkin's own memoirs, which were also published in the United States in the same year and have appeared in a number of modern editions.
  • The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, London, William Heinemann, 1909, translated from the French by N.F. Dryhurst. e-text (in French)
  • Russian Literature: Ideals and Realities (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1915). Available online at the Anarchy Archives,[23]
  • Ethics (unfinished). Included as first part of Origen y evolución de la moral (Spanish e-text)

Articles

  • "Research on the Ice age", Notices of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 1876.
  • "The desiccation of Eur-Asia", Geographical Journal, 23 (1904), 722-741.
  • Mr. Mackinder; Mr. Ravenstein; Dr. Herbertson; Prince Kropotkin; Mr. Andrews; Cobden Sanderson; Elisée Reclus, "On Spherical Maps and Reliefs: Discussion", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. (Sep., 1903), pp. 294–299, JSTOR
  • "Baron Toll", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 6. (Jun., 1904), pp. 770–772, JSTOR
  • "The population of Russia", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Aug., 1897), pp. 196–202, JSTOR
  • "The old beds of the Amu-Daria", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3. (Sep., 1898), pp. 306–310, JSTOR

Pamphlets

See also

References

  1. ^ Peter Kropotkin entry on 'anarchism' from the Encyclopaedia Britannica (eleventh ed.), Internet Archive. Public Domain text.
  2. ^ a b Harman, Oren (2011). The Price of Altruism: George Price and the Search for the Origins of Kindness. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 20. ISBN 9780393339994.
  3. ^ Peter Kropotkin: From Prince to Rebel. Black Rose Books. 1990. p. 13. ISBN 9780921689607. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  4. ^ Roger N. Baldwin, "The Story of Kropotkin's Life," in Kropotkin's Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings, ed. by Baldwin (Orig. 1927; Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1970), p. 13.
  5. ^ Kropotkin, Peter (1899). Memoirs of a Revolutionist. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 63.
  6. ^ Winkle, Justin, ed. (2009). "Kropotkin, Petr Alexseyevich". The Concise New Makers of Modern Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 425. ISBN 9780415477826.
  7. ^ Todes, Daniel Philip (1989). Darwin Without Malthus: The Struggle for Existence in Russian Evolutionary Thought. Oxford University Press. p. 124. ISBN 9780195058307.
  8. ^ Ward, Dana (2010). "Alchemy in Clarens: Kropotkin and Reclus, 1877-1881". New Perspectives on Anarchism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 211. ISBN 9780739132418. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b Marshall, Peter (2010). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. PM Press. p. 311. ISBN 9781604860641.
  10. ^ a b c Riggenbach, Jeff (2011-03-04) The Anarchism of Peter Kropotkin, Mises Institute
  11. ^ Cahm, Caroline (2002). Kropotkin: And the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism, 1872-1886. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780521891578.
  12. ^ Bell, Jeffrey A. (2002). "Kropotkin, Pyotr". In Bell, Jeffrey A. (ed.). Industrialization and Imperialism, 1800-1914: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 199. ISBN 9780313314513.
  13. ^ Bromley Council guide to blue plaques
  14. ^ Peter Marshall Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism, London: Fontana, 1993, p.315
  15. ^ Burbank, Jane (1989). Intelligentsia and Revolution: Russian Views of Bolshevism, 1917-1922. Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780195045734.
  16. ^ a b Sale, Kirkpatrick (2010-07-01) Are Anarchists Revolting?, The American Conservative
  17. ^ Kropotkin, Peter (1902). quotation from Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution.
  18. ^ Gallaher, Carolyn. "Anti-statism". Key Concepts in Political Geography. SAGE Publications. p. 262. ISBN 9780921689607. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Vucinich, Alexander (1988). Darwin in Russian Thought. University of California Press. p. 349. ISBN 9780520062832.
  20. ^ Morris, David. Anarchism Is Not What You Think It Is -- And There's a Whole Lot We Can Learn from It, AlterNet, February 13, 2012
  21. ^ Kropotkin wrote: "After the Collectivist Revolution instead of saying 'twopence' worth of soap, we shall say 'five minutes' worth of soap." (quoted in Brauer, Fae (2009). "Wild Beasts and Tame Primates: 'Le Douanier' Rosseau's Dream of Darwin's Evolution". In Larsen, Barbara Jean (ed.). The Art of Evolution: Darwin, Darwinisms, and Visual Culture. UPNE. p. 211. ISBN 9781584657750.)
  22. ^ Avrich, Paul (2005). The Russian Anarchists. AK Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 9781904859482.
  23. ^ Russian Literature: Ideals and Realities entry at the Anarchy Archives

Further reading

Books

  • Alan, Barnard (March 2004). "Mutual Aid and the Foraging Mode of Thought: Re-reading Kropotkin on the Khoisan". Social Evolution & History. 3 (1): 3–21.
  • Joll, James (1980). The Anarchists. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-03641-7. LCCN 80-010503.
  • The Anarchist Prince: A Biographical Study of Peter Kropotkin. 1950. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  • Morris, Brian (2004). Kropotkin: the Politics of Community. Humanity Press.
  • The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists and Secret Police by Alex Butterworth (Pantheon Books, 2010)
  • Engelbert, Arthur (2012). Help! Gegenseitig behindern oder helfen. Eine politische Skizze zur Wahrnehmung heute. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 978-3-8260-5017-6.

Journal articles

Template:Persondata

Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&oldid=545509019"