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Kombucha is typically produced by placing a culture in a sweetened tea, as sugars are necessary for fermentation. Black tea is a popular choice, but [[green tea]], [[white tea]] and ''[[yerba mate]]'' may also be used. Herbal teas or those treated with oils may harm the kombucha culture over time.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kombuchakamp.com/2011/01/tea-and-kombucha-what-to-use-and-what-to-avoid.html |title= Teas To Use & Teas To Avoid When Making Kombucha |work= kombuchakamp.com}}</ref>
Kombucha is typically produced by placing a culture in a sweetened tea, as sugars are necessary for fermentation. Black tea is a popular choice, but [[green tea]], [[white tea]] and ''[[yerba mate]]'' may also be used. Herbal teas or those treated with oils may harm the kombucha culture over time.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kombuchakamp.com/2011/01/tea-and-kombucha-what-to-use-and-what-to-avoid.html |title= Teas To Use & Teas To Avoid When Making Kombucha |work= kombuchakamp.com}}</ref>


A standard kombucha recipe calls for one cup of sugar per gallon of water or tea, though some variation in the ratio is tolerated by the culture. Kombucha may be fermented with many different sugar sources, including refined white sugar, evaporated cane juice, brown sugar, glucose/fructose syrups, molasses and honey ([[pasteurized]] only). High concentration of honey and its [[bacteriostatic agent]]s may potentially disturb the stability of the culture. Kombucha should never be fermented with [[stevia]], [[xylitol]], [[lactose]], or any artificial sweetener.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kombuchakamp.com/2011/02/sugar-and-kombucha-faq-top-10.html |title= Top 10 Questions About Kombucha & Sugar |work= kombuchakamp.com}}</ref>
A standard kombucha recipe calls for one cup of sugar per gallon of water or tea, though some variation in the ratio is tolerated by the culture. Kombucha may be fermented with many different sugar sources, including refined white sugar, evaporated cane juice, brown sugar, glucose/fructose syrups, molasses and honey ([[pasteurized]] only). High concentration of honey and its [[bacteriostatic agent]]s may potentially disturb the stability of the culture. Pure Agava also can be used. Kombucha should never be fermented with [[stevia]], [[xylitol]], [[lactose]], or any artificial sweetener.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kombuchakamp.com/2011/02/sugar-and-kombucha-faq-top-10.html |title= Top 10 Questions About Kombucha & Sugar |work= kombuchakamp.com}}</ref>


The container is often covered with a closed-weave cloth to prevent contamination by dust, mold, and other bacteria, while allowing gas transfer ("breathing"). A "baby" (new layer of the SCOBY) is produced on the liquid/gas interface during each fermentation. The surface area is the most favorable location for both aerobic bacteria on the top of the new "pancake" and anaerobic bacteria on the bottom. The surface area also has ideal concentration of oxygen for the yeast in the matrix to propagate readily.
The container is often covered with a closed-weave cloth to prevent contamination by dust, mold, and other bacteria, while allowing gas transfer ("breathing"). A "baby" (new layer of the SCOBY) is produced on the liquid/gas interface during each fermentation. The surface area is the most favorable location for both aerobic bacteria on the top of the new "pancake" and anaerobic bacteria on the bottom. The surface area also has ideal concentration of oxygen for the yeast in the matrix to propagate readily.

Revision as of 18:05, 11 February 2014

For the Japanese seaweed tea, see Kombu. For the Japanese squash, see kabocha.
Kombucha including the culture

Kombucha Russian: chaynyy grib (чайный гриб), Chinese: chájūn (茶菌), Korean: chabeoseot (차버섯), is a lightly effervescent fermented drink of sweetened black tea that is used as a functional food. It is produced by fermenting the tea using a symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast, or "SCOBY". Although kombucha is claimed to have several beneficial effects on health, these claims are not supported by scientific evidence. Drinking kombucha has been linked to serious side effects and deaths, and improper preparation can lead to contamination.[1]

Etymology

In Japan Konbucha (昆布茶, "kelp tea") stands for a different beverage made from dried and powdered kombu (an edible kelp from the Laminariaceae family).[2] For the English word kombucha, first recorded in 1995 and of uncertain etymology,[3] the American Heritage Dictionary suggests: "Probably from Japanese kombucha, tea made from kombu (the Japanese word for kelp perhaps being used by English speakers to designate fermented tea due to confusion or because the thick gelatinous film produced by the kombucha culture was thought to resemble seaweed)."[4]

The proper Japanese name for what English speakers know as kombucha is kōcha kinoko 紅茶キノコ (literally, 'red tea mushroom'), compounding kōcha "black tea" and kinoko 茸 "mushroom; toadstool". The Chinese names for kombucha are hóngchájùn 红茶菌 ('red tea fungus'), cháméijùn 茶黴菌 ('tea mold'), or hóngchágū 红茶菇 ('red tea mushroom'), with jūn 菌 'fungus, bacterium or germ' (or jùn 'mushroom'), méijūn 黴菌 'mold or fungus', and gū 菇 'mushroom'. ("Red tea", 紅茶, in Chinese languages corresponds to English "black tea".)

A 1965 mycological study called kombucha "tea fungus" and listed other names: "teeschwamm, Japanese or Indonesian tea fungus, kombucha, wunderpilz, hongo, cajnij, fungus japonicus, and teekwass."[5] Some further spellings and synonyms include combucha and tschambucco, and haipao, kargasok tea, kwassan, Manchurian fungus or mushroom, spumonto, as well as the misnomers champagne of life, and chai from the sea.[6][clarification needed]

History

Kombucha originated in Northeast China or Manchuria and later spread to Russia and from there to the rest of the world.[7] In Russian, the kombucha culture is called chainyj grib чайный гриб (lit. "tea fungus/mushroom"), and the fermented drink is called chainyj grib, grib ("fungus; mushroom"), or chainyj kvas чайный квас ("tea kvass"). Kombucha was highly popular and seen as a health food in China in the 1950s and 1960s. Many families would grow kombucha at home.

It was brought to Russia sometime before 1910 and spread from there to Germany and Europe.[8]

Some promotional kombucha sources suggest the history of this tea-based beverage originated in ancient China or Japan, though no written records support these assumptions (see history of tea in China and history of tea in Japan). One author reported kombucha, supposedly known as the "Godly Tsche [i.e., tea]" during the Chinese Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE), was "a beverage with magical powers enabling people to live forever".[9]

Chemical and biological properties

Yeast and bacteria in kombucha at 400X

The kombucha culture is a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), comprising Acetobacter (a genus of acetic acid bacteria) and one or more yeasts. These form a zoogleal mat. In Chinese, this microbial culture is called haomo in Cantonese, or jiaomu in Mandarin, (Chinese: 酵母; lit. 'yeast mother'). It is also known as Manchurian Mushroom.

A kombucha culture may contain one or more of the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Candida stellata, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Alcohol production by the yeast(s) contributes to the production of acetic acid by the bacteria.

Although the bacterial component of a kombucha culture comprises several species, it almost always includes Gluconacetobacter xylinus (formerly Acetobacter xylinum), which ferments the alcohols produced by the yeast(s) into acetic acid. This increases the acidity while limiting the alcoholic content of kombucha. G. xylinum is responsible for most or all of the physical structure of a kombucha mother, and has been shown to produce microbial cellulose.[10] This is likely due to artificial selection by brewers over time, selecting for firmer and more robust cultures.

The acidity and mild alcoholic element of kombucha resists contamination by most airborne molds or bacterial spores. As a result, kombucha is relatively easy to maintain as a culture outside of sterile conditions. The bacteria and yeasts in kombucha promote microbial growth.

The kombucha culture can also be used to make an artificial leather.[11]

Kombucha flavoured with rose hips

Kombucha contains multiple species of yeast and bacteria along with the organic acids, active enzymes, amino acids, and polyphenols produced by these microbes. The precise quantities of a sample can only be determined by laboratory analysis and vary depending on the fermentation method, but kombucha may contain any of the following: Acetic acid, Ethanol, Gluconic acid, Glucuronic acid, Glycerol, Lactic acid, Usnic acid and B-vitamins.[12][13][14]

According to the American Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, many Kombucha products contain more than 0.5% alcohol by volume, but some contain less.[15]

Many claims have focused on glucuronic acid,[16] a compound used by the liver for detoxification. The idea that glucuronic acid is present in kombucha is based on the observation that glucuronic acid conjugates (glucuronic acid waste chemicals) are increased in the urine after consumption. Early chemical analysis of kombucha brew suggested glucuronic acid was the key component, and researchers[citation needed] hypothesized that the extra glucuronic acid would assist the liver by supplying more of the substance during detoxification. These analyses were done using gas chromatography to identify the chemical constituents, but this method relies on having proper chemical standards [17] to match to the unknown chemicals.

Reports of adverse reactions may be related to unsanitary fermentation conditions, leaching of compounds from the fermentation vessels, or "sickly" kombucha cultures that cannot acidify the brew.[18] Cleanliness is important during preparation, and in most cases, the acidity of the fermented drink prevents growth of unwanted contaminants.

Health claims

According to the American Cancer Society, Kombucha has been promoted as a "cure-all" for many conditions, but

Available scientific evidence does not support claims that Kombucha tea promotes good health, prevents any ailments, or ... works to treat cancer or any other disease. Serious side effects and occasional deaths have been linked with drinking Kombucha tea.[1]

While no randomized, case-controlled studies have been published in relation to its effect on humans, there has been suspicion in isolated incidents of its effect on the central nervous system, liver, metabolic acidosis, and toxicity in general,[19][20] though no specific links have been established. Acute conditions, such as lactic acidosis, caused by drinking of kombucha, are more likely to occur in persons with pre-existing medical conditions.[20] Other reports suggest care should be taken when taking medical drugs or hormone replacement therapy while regularly drinking kombucha.[21] It may also cause allergic reactions.[22]

Some adverse health effects may be due to the simple acidity of the tea, which may be mitigated by avoiding over-fermentation when preparing it.[23]

Brewing kombucha

Kombucha is typically produced by placing a culture in a sweetened tea, as sugars are necessary for fermentation. Black tea is a popular choice, but green tea, white tea and yerba mate may also be used. Herbal teas or those treated with oils may harm the kombucha culture over time.[24]

A standard kombucha recipe calls for one cup of sugar per gallon of water or tea, though some variation in the ratio is tolerated by the culture. Kombucha may be fermented with many different sugar sources, including refined white sugar, evaporated cane juice, brown sugar, glucose/fructose syrups, molasses and honey (pasteurized only). High concentration of honey and its bacteriostatic agents may potentially disturb the stability of the culture. Pure Agava also can be used. Kombucha should never be fermented with stevia, xylitol, lactose, or any artificial sweetener.[25]

The container is often covered with a closed-weave cloth to prevent contamination by dust, mold, and other bacteria, while allowing gas transfer ("breathing"). A "baby" (new layer of the SCOBY) is produced on the liquid/gas interface during each fermentation. The surface area is the most favorable location for both aerobic bacteria on the top of the new "pancake" and anaerobic bacteria on the bottom. The surface area also has ideal concentration of oxygen for the yeast in the matrix to propagate readily.

After a week or two of fermentation, the liquid is tapped. Some liquid is retained for the subsequent batch to keep the pH low to prevent contamination. This process can be repeated indefinitely. In each batch, the "mother" culture will produce a "baby", which can be directly handled, separated like two pancakes, and moved to another container. The yeast in the tapped liquid will continue to survive. A secondary fermentation may be accomplished by removing the liquid to a closed container (bottle) for about a week to produce more carbonation. Care should be taken, as carbon dioxide build up can cause bottles to explode.

Left entirely alone to ferment with oxygen, the kombucha settles into months of production time (the "baby" thickening considerably), creating an ever more acidic and vinegar-flavored cider. At any point the kombucha can be tapped or have tea added. Liquid from the previous batch will preserve some of the culture.

Safety and contamination

Mold contamination on the culture surface.

As with other foods, there is a risk of contamination during preparation and storage. Key components of food safety when brewing kombucha include clean environment, proper temperature, and low pH. If a culture becomes contaminated, it will most likely be identifiable as common mold which is often green, blue, or black in color. This is visually distinct from the brownish root filaments on the underside of the culture. If mold does grow on the surface of the kombucha culture, or "mushroom", both culture and tea are disposed of and the maker must start again with a fresh kombucha culture.

There is a greater risk of mold growth when the kombucha mushroom is lifted out of the liquid by its own gases, thus keeping it covered with liquid in the later stages, i.e. when the new kombucha mushroom starts growing, can successfully prevent mold from growing. [clarification needed]

The low rate of contamination by the home brewer might be explained by protective mechanisms, such as formation of organic acids and antibiotic substances. [clarification needed] Thus, subjects with healthy metabolisms are appropriate for cultivating kombucha tea cultures to drink the product tea. However, those suffering from immunosuppression should preferably consume controlled commercial kombucha beverages.[26]

In every step of the preparation process, it is important that hands and utensils (or anything that will to come into contact with the culture) be well cleaned to prevent contamination of the kombucha. Also, kombucha becomes very acidic (approximately pH 3.0 when finished), so it can leach unwanted and potentially toxic materials from containers in which it is fermenting if they are not food-grade.[18] Food-grade glass is very safe. Other acceptable containers may also include lead-free china or glazed earthenware, raw wooden bowls, and stainless steel.[27] Keeping cultures covered and in clean environments also reduces the risk of introducing contaminants and insects.

Maintaining a correct pH is an important factor in a home brew. Acidic conditions are favorable for the growth of the kombucha culture, and inhibit the growth of molds and bacteria. The pH of the kombucha batch should be between 2.5 and 4.6. A pH of less than 2.5 makes the drink too acidic for normal human consumption, while a pH greater than 4.6 increases the risk of contamination.[28] Use of fresh "starter tea" and/or distilled vinegar can be used to control pH. Some brewers test the pH at the beginning and the end of the brewing cycle to ensure the correct pH is achieved and the brewing cycle is complete.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Kombucha Tea". American Cancer Society. 21 October 2010. Retrieved August 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  2. ^ Wong, Crystal. U.S. 'kombucha': Smelly and No Kelp, The Japan Times. July 12, 2007.
  3. ^ Algeo, John; Algeo, Adele (1997). "Among the New Words". American Speech. 72 (2): 183–97. doi:10.2307/455789. JSTOR 455789.
  4. ^ American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed. 2000, updated 2009, Houghton Mifflin Company. kombucha, TheFreeDictionary.com.
  5. ^ Hesseltine, C. W. (1965). "A Millennium of Fungi, Food, and Fermentation". Mycologia. 57 (2): 149–97. doi:10.2307/3756821. JSTOR 3756821. PMID 14261924.
  6. ^ Kombucha, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
  7. ^ Sreeramulu, Guttapadu; Zhu, Yang; Knol, Wieger (2000). "Kombucha Fermentation and Its Antimicrobial Activity". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48 (6): 2589–94. doi:10.1021/jf991333m. PMID 10888589.
  8. ^ Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, 1932
  9. ^ Harald W. Tietze, 1995, Kombucha" The Miracle Fungus, Tietze Publications,[page needed]
  10. ^ Nguyen, Vu Tuan; Flanagan, Bernadine; Gidley, Michael J.; Dykes, Gary A. (2008). "Characterization of Cellulose Production by a Gluconacetobacter xylinus Strain from Kombucha". Current Microbiology. 57 (5): 449–53. doi:10.1007/s00284-008-9228-3. PMID 18704575.
  11. ^ "Suzanne Lee: Grow your own clothes". TED2011. March 2011.
  12. ^ Teoh, Ai Leng; Heard, Gillian; Cox, Julian (2004). "Yeast ecology of Kombucha fermentation". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 95 (2): 119–26. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020. PMID 15282124.
  13. ^ Dufresne, C.; Farnworth, E. (2000). "Tea, Kombucha, and health: A review". Food Research International. 33 (6): 409. doi:10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00067-3.
  14. ^ Velicanski, Aleksandra; Cvetkovic, Dragoljub; Markov, Sinisa; Tumbas, Vesna; Savatovic, Sladjana (2007). "Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of lemon balm Kombucha". Acta periodica technologica (38): 165–72. doi:10.2298/APT0738165V.
  15. ^ "Kombucha FAQs". Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. Retrieved August 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  16. ^ Mongrove (2009), Harvard University. {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ^ . 2007 http://www.webmd.com. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ^ a b Phan, TG; Estell, J; Duggin, G; Beer, I; Smith, D; Ferson, MJ (1998). "Lead poisoning from drinking Kombucha tea brewed in a ceramic pot". The Medical journal of Australia. 169 (11–12): 644–6. PMID 9887919.
  19. ^ Ernst, E. (2003). "Kombucha: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence". Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde. 10 (2). doi:10.1159/000071667. PMID 12808367.
  20. ^ a b Sunghee Kole, A.; Jones, H. D.; Christensen, R.; Gladstein, J. (2009). "A Case of Kombucha Tea Toxicity". Journal of Intensive Care Medicine. 24 (3): 205–7. doi:10.1177/0885066609332963. PMID 19460826.
  21. ^ Srinivasan, Radhika; Smolinske, Susan; Greenbaum, David (1997). "Probable gastrointestinal toxicity of kombucha tea". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 12 (10): 643–4. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1997.07127.x. PMC 1497178. PMID 9346462.
  22. ^ Perron, AD; Patterson, JA; Yanofsky, NN (1995). "Kombucha "mushroom" hepatotoxicity". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 26 (5): 660–1. PMID 7486385.
  23. ^ Nummer, Brian A. (2013). "Kombucha brewing under the food and drug administration model Food Code: risk analysis and processing guidance". Journal of Environmental Health. 76 (4).
  24. ^ "Teas To Use & Teas To Avoid When Making Kombucha". kombuchakamp.com.
  25. ^ "Top 10 Questions About Kombucha & Sugar". kombuchakamp.com.
  26. ^ Mayser, P; Fromme, S; Leitzmann, C; Gründer, K (1995). "The yeast spectrum of the 'tea fungus Kombucha'". Mycoses. 38 (7–8): 289–95. PMID 8559192.
  27. ^ "How to make your own Kombucha Tea". kombu.de.
  28. ^ Singh, Nirinjan (2005). "Ph Levels For Kombucha Tea Beverage". organic-kombucha.com.

Further reading

  • "Lead induced oxidative stress: beneficial effects of Kombucha tea". 16 (3). September 2003: 276–82. PMID 14631833. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • "Kombucha: a systematic review of the clinical evidence". Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 10 (2): 85–7. April 2003. doi:10.1159/000071667. PMID 12808367.
  • Frank, Günther W. (1995). Kombucha: Healthy Beverage and Natural Remedy from the Far East, Its Correct Preparation and Use. Steyr: Pub. House W. Ennsthaler. ISBN 978-3-85068-337-1.
  • "Studies on toxicity, anti-stress and hepato-protective properties of Kombucha tea". 14 (3). September 2001: 207–13. PMID 11723720. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Tietze, Harald W. (1995). Kombucha: The Miracle Fungus. London: Salamander Books. ISBN 978-1-85860-029-1.

External links

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