Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 18:12, 22 July 2015

Welcome to the miscellaneous section
of the Wikipedia reference desk.

skip to bottom

Select a section:

Shortcut

WP:RD/M

Want a faster answer?

Main page: Help searching Wikipedia

How can I get my question answered?

Select the section of the desk that best fits the general topic of your question (see the navigation column to the right).
Post your question to only one section, providing a short header that gives the topic of your question.
Type '~~~~' (that is, four tilde characters) at the end – this signs and dates your contribution so we know who wrote what and when.
Don't post personal contact information – it will be removed. Any answers will be provided here.
Please be as specific as possible, and include all relevant context – the usefulness of answers may depend on the context.
Note:
- We don't answer (and may remove) questions that require medical diagnosis or legal advice.
- We don't answer requests for opinions, predictions or debate.
- We don't do your homework for you, though we'll help you past the stuck point.
- We don't conduct original research or provide a free source of ideas, but we'll help you find information you need.

Ready? Ask a new question!

How do I answer a question?

Main page: Wikipedia:Reference desk/Guidelines

The best answers address the question directly, and back up facts with wikilinks and links to sources. Do not edit others' comments and do not give any medical or legal advice.

July 17

Wondering

Has it ever happened that a cop hires someone to kill his mother-in-law and then claims that it was a sting operation? 2A02:582:C55:2A00:A422:A242:75D2:F99E (talk) 01:04, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Smells like some kind of movie plot... --Jayron 32 03:08, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Will the cartoon, King of the Hill, ever come back?

I miss that show. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.239.8.205 (talk) 03:35, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Great show! But we're really not equipped to predict the future for you. If someone pops up and says that Mike Judge has given an interview to Variety promising a continuation or reboot, then I'll stand corrected, but for now I doubt that any satisfactory answer can be given. Speaking personally, I don't necessarily think it would be a good idea. Shows have their time and their run, and then you have to let them go. It's especially sad when a show is cut off before it's had a chance to say everything it could have said, like Firefly or Caprica, but that's not really the case for King of the Hill. It quit before it wore out its welcome, which is the right time to quit. --Trovatore (talk) 05:39, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Other people have written praising the show, and asked that Netflix revive it, but I can find no plans by anyone, including creator Mike Judge, to actually do so. --Jayron 32 05:44, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Note that there is precedent for a recent American prime time cartoon, aimed at an adult audience, being cancelled and later revived. StuRat (talk) 06:09, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

In King_of_the_Hill#Cancellation, Judge is quoted as saying in 2011 that that there were no current plans to revive it, although he did not rule out the possibility of it returning. Rojomoke (talk) 12:02, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Black People and Monkey

When and how did this deeply offensive association begin appearing? Presumably, during the rise of the european slave trade. Or are there earlier mentions? I would like to investigate the origins of this crude insult.

It's not clear how it came to be, unlike the N word that has a clearly documented background. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.27.84.192 (talk) 10:30, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Here are two refs:

DMacks (talk) 10:39, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Just to note, I find it hard to assume good faith here. Questions have a responsibility not to be offensive too. This question pushes the limits. Bus stop (talk) 11:25, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

People usually compare things to something they are familiar with. Monkeys don't live in Europe, and the most human-like apes live south of the Sahara desert. Therefore in the early colonial era comparisons to monkeys/apes wouldn't have meant much to most Europeans. While I don't know when it started, the popularity of these comparisons was greatly influenced by 19th century evolutionary theories, see e.g. Darwin's Descent of Man, also Scientific racism. - Lindert (talk) 11:36, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

There are monkeys in Europe, in Gibraltar. velvetsundown 17:55, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Chimps have hairy bodies, flat buttocks, thin lips, pale juvenile faces, and small penises. Nor can they dance or jump. μηδείς (talk) 02:57, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

How dare you call my boyfriend a chimp! :) -- Jack of Oz ^{[pleasantries]} 20:40, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Oh great, just stake me on an anthill and pour honey over me. 0_o μηδείς (talk) 22:58, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Well ... if that's what you're into. :-) StuRat (talk) 19:38, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

No, it's that Jack has kindly provided me with an opening I don't dare take advantage of, to the point of rendering me prostrate with an unscratchable itch. μηδείς (talk) 20:28, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Finding which article a quote is in

In one of our articles there is a sentence something like: "It's been quipped that the only reason we need sleep is to cure sleepiness." (Probably not a direct quote.) It's tagged [citation needed]. I happened to find a source. I've now searched for the word "sleepiness" in the articles where I feel the quote should maybe be, and can't find it. (Searched: Sleep, Somnolence, Somnology, Insomnia, Robert Stickgold, J. Allan Hobson, etc.)

Is there any way to find where that quote might be found?

Thanks, --Hordaland (talk) 16:47, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

You can always find your own contributions here: Special:Contributions/Hordaland. It seems to be in the second paragraph of Neuroscience of sleep. --Thomprod (talk) 16:57, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Wow! That took you all of ten minutes! I think I should be using the Reference desk more often. Thank you very much! Wikipedia thanks you, too; that'll be one less [citation needed] in Wikipedia. --Hordaland (talk) 17:16, 17 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Glad to help out. You're welcome. --Thomprod (talk) 14:23, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

BTW, if you hadn't made that contribution yourself, but still wanted to find it, I suggest a Google search, just using the keywords from the quote, and specifying that you only want matches from English Wikipedia:

"quipped" "sleepiness" site:en.Wikipedia.org

My results: [1]. Give it a try ! StuRat (talk) 15:31, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Shorter link, equally effective: [2] —Tamfang (talk) 19:22, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Resolved

July 18

Animal wheelchair

Hi! There is no article about animal wheelchair on Wikipedia. Maybe someone could create one ;) 203.111.224.69 (talk) 05:47, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Or maybe you could add some information to the existing article. :) ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 05:59, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

We have an article about a company that makes them for dogs (Walkin' Wheels) but I'm surprised we don't have a general article on the topic. This, however, is not the proper venue for suggesting such. Please see WP:Requested articles and/or WP:Articles for creation for further help. You will likely also find that they are much more friendly to newcomers than some of the people who frequent this Desk.--William Thweatt ^Talk^Contribs 06:45, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

That someone, @203.111.224.69:, is you. See WP:BOLD. Nothing at Wikipedia ever gets done unless people who care do it. Since you care, there is no one better to do it than you. Just create an account (it's free and takes about 30 seconds) and create the article yourself. WP:YFA explains how to do it. --Jayron 32 03:14, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Can a KC-135 be called a Boeing 707.

The KC-135 was built parallel to the 707, but they are still similar. So, is it ok to call the KC-135 a Boeing 707? D.M. Krol (talk) 19:46, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

is it ok in what context? AndyTheGrump (talk) 19:49, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

No, because they aren't the same thing. Our article on the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker are pretty clear that the two craft are different, functionally and structurally. The KC-135 is both shorter and narrower, for example. They are not interchangeable. Mingmingla (talk) 19:58, 18 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

July 19

Colleges that Ban the Teaching of Evolution

We have many lists of American colleges, sorted in different ways. Do we have a list of colleges that ban the teaching of evolution? These would, I suppose, be mainly colleges affiliated with some religious denomination. I'm motivated to ask this by the recent issues at Bethel College (Indiana). If we don't have such a list, are there any places that provide one, ideally in a copyright-free, regularly maintained form? Thank you. RomanSpa (talk) 13:39, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

All colleges accredited by TRACS are required to be "undergirded by a belief in biblical inerrancy, biblical authority and the historicity of the first eleven chapters of Genesis, including special creation" (from their official policy document). I've not been able to download the equivalent document from CCCU, the organization with which Bethel College is affiliated (that is, the document exists on their website, but my attempts to download it have failed). Perhaps someone else could see if that document makes any statement on the issue? Tevildo (talk) 18:19, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

The "exists" link worked for me, but didn't contain any policy details. It is just a graphical summary of the relationships among religions that fall under the CCCU umbrella. Dragons flight (talk) 19:37, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks anyway. It may be in one of the other documents on this page, none of which I can download. Tevildo (talk) 21:20, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Cholestorol

My mother is of the opinion that eating the skin of roasted chicken causes high cholestorol. I don't suffer from it, mother doesn't eat it, and my father doesn't suffer from it, but my brother does. That's because he eats lots of fatty fried foods, and I believe has nothing to do with eating chicken skin. Who is right? 82.35.216.24 (talk) 14:32, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

It's complicated because there is good cholesterol and bad cholesterol (and triglycerides). Also, it's not clear that eating cholesterol contributes to your own cholesterol level much. However, note that the skin is also likely to contain most of the sodium, if salt was sprinkled on it, so removing the skin could eliminate most of that, and since most people in developed nations get way too much sodium, this is a good thing. Restaurants are a particularly bad offender here, as they serve over-salted foods so you will get thirsty and order more expensive drinks. The sodium is often difficult to remove from the food, but if it's on the chicken skin it's easier. StuRat (talk) 15:46, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I call shenanigans. CDC Salt Guidelines Too Low for Good Health, Study Suggests. μηδείς (talk) 16:21, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

As your source says "The CDC stands by its recommendation for less than 2,300 mg of salt per day for healthy people under 50, and less than 1,500 mg per day for most people over 50, an agency representative said". Also, see sodium sensitive hypertension (which runs in my family) and Sodium#Biological role.

But, even if we take the word of your study and only try to keep sodium down to 4945 mg per day, there are still lots of restaurant items that exceed that. Take a look at Famous Dave's Sampler Appetizer Platter (boneless wings) here: [3], with 8900-9270 mg of sodium. Yes, you might share that, but then again, this isn't likely to be a person's only source of sodium for the day. For example, you might follow it up with their Ultimate BBQ Burger with 5340 mg of sodium or their Feast for One with 6480 mg.

Now, since this Q is about chicken skin, consider that Famous Dave's whole BBQ chicken has 8930 mg of sodium. I can eat half a chicken at a sitting, and an entire chicken in a day (at 1770 calories, that's not excessive). Removing the skin would be a good way to keep the sodium level down, at least to the level recommended in your study.

Another way to look at it is the ratio of sodium to calories. If we go with the CDC guidelines, that's about 1 mg of sodium per calorie (technically, per kilocalorie). If we use your study, that's about 2 mg per cal. But 8930/1770 is 5 mg of sodium per calorie, which is way too high. Removing the skin may bring it down closer to the proper ratio. StuRat (talk) 18:46, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Sodium sensitive hypertension is a specific medical condition. One shouldn't be declaring all Americans need to lower their salt intake without authority or references. Indeed I routinely test low on sodium, which is flagged on my bloodwork. Shenanigans! μηδείς (talk) 20:26, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I agree that we should defer to scientific studies, yet common sense also enters here. Once, salt was so valued that the word Salary derived from it. Camel caravan crossed north Africa to distribute salt. There is and old saying (song) that only Mad Dogs and Englishmen went out in the midday sun – because they (the englishmen not the dogs – who were mad) had access to more salt than food provided. However, now modern-day food processors simply use modern-day-cheap-salt as a flavor enhancer. Far way above and beyond what the modern Homo sapiens metabolism were evolved to cope with. You may well be right in stating that: One shouldn't be declaring all Americans need to lower their salt intake. Yet, as north america is resident to some 300 millions souls. Which equates to something like 92% of Americans should lower their salt intake – because they don't live off their own land any more. American Gothic was already a fading memory when it was painted. Mankind survived for eons on natural, local diets -without added salt. Please don't plead that modern day gobbled gook says modern day consumption of salt is good! Bloods low on sodium can indicate kidney disease, cirrhosis and other conditions. So keep it real and dont confuse readers-OK!.--Aspro (talk) 21:47, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I provided plenty of other sources, too, concerning sodium recommendations for the general population, making yours a straw man argument. In case you don't have enough links, here's another: Health effects of salt. Note that Canada, Australia, and New Zealand (the only ones listed), put the upper limit around 2300 mg, too. StuRat (talk) 20:29, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Okay, but I am really not arguing this guys. I probably cook 6/7th of what I eat from scratch; milk, alcohol, and the occasional bacon, scrapple, Nathan's hot dogs and baked and black beans are all I get that's really "processed". μηδείς (talk) 23:42, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

MOD instructional airframe inventory

Hi, I'm looking for details of airframws retained by all arms of the British armed forces for instructional purposes, namely type, numbers and purpose.

Thanks

92.40.249.89 (talk) 19:35, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

The numbers are on page 9 of this document - to summarize, 11 Westland Scout helicopters, 3 Harrier GR7s, 4 F4 Phantoms, and 3 Lightnings. It's not further divided into purpose, I'm afraid. Tevildo (talk) 21:28, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

See also those designated as Trainer aircraft in List of active United Kingdom military aircraft. Nanonic (talk) 22:50, 19 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

July 20

Population and Life Expectancy

I've heard that the population explosion is not caused by people having more children, but by the fact that people lived longer. Is that true?

125.255.167.126 (talk) 04:40, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Which population explosion? When? And there would be more than just one reason. People living longer would help, yes. But there's also the exponential growth of the population via good old childbirth. If two people have two kids, and those kids have two kids each, and those kids each have two kids, that's 8 kids from the original 2 parents. And that's not taking into consideration that many families have more than just two children. Dismas|^(talk) 04:56, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

That'd be the explosion in human population worldwide that we have all been seeing for our entire lifetimes. The poster is asking for facts, not hypothetical cases. See for example the opening pages of this document from the World Bank. "Around the world, death rates gradually decreased in the late 19th and the 20th centuries, with death rates in the developing world plummeting after World War II thanks to the spread of modern medicine. In much of the developing world the decline in death rates preceded the decline in birth rates by 20 years or more, resulting in record-high rates of population growth of 3 percent or even 4 percent a year." In summary, I'd call that a yes. --174.88.133.35 (talk) 05:17, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Actually Dismas, having only two kids would maintain the population, not increase it. Richard-of-Earth (talk) 08:12, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I see your point. I was trying to make the math/example simple. Dismas|^(talk) 08:20, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Sort of, but rather than simply being due to "people living longer" its the more specific "more people living long enough to reproduce". If every couple has two children (that survive and reproduce), then population will remain constant. If people on average have more than that, population will grow. In the past, people tended to have large families (unless limited by death in childbirth), but infant mortality was very high, resulting in an much lower life expectancy. For most of history (and pre-history), these were closely balanced, meaning population growth was relatively low. In modern times, improvements in medicine, sanitation, and agriculture have drastically reduced infant mortality and death in childbirth, meaning lots more people can survive to reproduce themselves. ("The last 100 years have seen a rapid increase in population due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity[6] made possible by the Green Revolution", with sources). Generally, as health and wealth improve, societies eventually stop having so many children, but this tends to lag behind the improvements in survivability, resulting in a period of rapid population growth. Iapetus (talk) 11:23, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Good articles to read related to the OP's question are Demographic transition and Demographic-economic paradox. --Jayron 32 03:01, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Söke, Turkey's Stealth Airfield

http://national.bgnnews.com/greek-f-16-pilot-allegedly-landed-jet-in-turkey-to-withdraw-money-haberi/7784

... pilot Sipostopoulos was flying a patrol over the Greek island of Samos when he suddenly changed course and head towards an abandoned airfield in the town of Söke just 3 kilometers away in Turkey’s western province of Aydın.

I checked Google Maps, there does not seem to be an anandoned airfield anywhere near Söke. At least within walking distance. The only firport I can find on the sattlelite image is Milas–Bodrum Airport which is about 100 km from Söke.

On the other hand, how does a pilot start his F-16 at the base normally? Do they use an auxiliary power unit truck? Or does he use the F-16's own jet fuel starter?

If the F-16 did not use the jet fuel starter to start the engine and he use it in the abandoned airfield, wouldn't it be a big problem for him?

A trip to the town to withdraw and exchange money and back may take a couple of hours. How did he explain his fuel level? Did he dump the unused jet fuel somewhere above water?

Does a typical Turkish ATM have Greek language instructions? I guess it's not a big issue. They probably have English instructions. If not, there are smartphone apps to help him decipher Turkish instructions. -- Toytoy (talk) 13:48, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

OpenStreetMap shows a large "Military area" on the southern end of Söke, and Google Earth shown that the southern part of that has some dilapidated structures near a strip of crumbling concrete that could be the (truncated) remains of a runway. Also, many ATMs in Europe (and possibly non-European parts of Turkey) will automatically translate when a foreign card is inserted. However, the story seems pretty unlikely for other reasons. Turkey and Greece have been teetering on the edge of war for decades, and the idea that a Greek fighter plane would enter Turkish airspace, land for long enough for the pilot to do quite a bit of banking in a foreign country, and then leave again, with nothing more than a "formal complaint" to Athens (and that the source for this would be an anonymous forum post rather than the Turkish defense ministry or embassy to Greece) presses the edges of belief. It would be hard to get approach plates for a long-closed airbase, and the F16 is not really suitable for landing on an unprepared runway. Finally, the capital controls in Greece affect overseas withdrawals from most banks as well. It's worth noting that The Telegraph briefly reported on this before apparently deleting the story. Smurrayinchester 15:17, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

dog retirement

While shopping yesterday, I met an acquaintance who is blind. She mentioned that she has a new guide dog, her previous dog being "retired". What happens to retired service dogs? Are they offered to the general public as pets? —Tamfang (talk) 20:44, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

The website for Guide Dogs of America states that "when a guide dog is retired, the guide dog user has the option to keep the dog or give it back to Guide Dogs of America for adoption." Anyone can apply to adopt, though the waiting list is "over six years" long for those not retired for "medical issues". Clarityfiend (talk) 21:41, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

It seems to be similar in the UK - see here, which also talks about re-homing dogs that don't make it through the training. The waiting list is shorter, though, at "several months to a year". AndrewWTaylor (talk) 13:52, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Empty quarter

What are the two most cost-effective agricultural crops/plants/trees that can be grown in the Rub' al Khali ? 78.144.241.217 (talk) 21:01, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Not much of anything, unless you add lots of water and soil. From the article, the area is mostly sand dunes and gypsum flats, and natural flora is at a very low density as well as low diversity. Basically, 3 cm of rainfall per year and daily high temperatures around 120F are not conducive to agriculture. Arabian_Desert#Ecology_and_natural_resources lists a few plants that grow there, but they are all red links. Search the genus names to see what coverage WP has - e.g. Cornulaca_monacantha is an example species of one of the genera that grows there. SemanticMantis (talk) 21:22, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Yes, but assuming you used water from a desalination plant. 78.144.241.217 (talk) 21:40, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Plants need more than water to flourish. Nitrogen plays a very important part. See Nitrogen_fixation. The sand would not support diazotrophs very well. So you would need to fertilize with chemicals. This will work out too expensive to be viable.196.213.35.146 (talk) 07:08, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

We have an articles on Desert farming and Arid-zone agriculture which might help. See also Center for Desert Agriculture (Saudi Arabia) and Desert Farming Experiment Yields First Results. Alansplodge (talk) 12:58, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

What are the college equivalents of Grades 13-16+?

I'm filling out a job application, and it says "Please circle highest grade completed: 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16+" I have a Bachelor's Degree from a four-year college. Do I circle 16? --Aabicus (talk) 21:45, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Yes. At least in the United States, high school consists of grades 9 to 12, so that the four years of college are considered 13 through 16. That notation is not uncommon in the United States. Robert McClenon (talk) 21:49, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Not uncommon?? I don't think I've ever seen college referred to as grades 13-16. That said, I'd probably know what they meant and circle 16. Dismas|^(talk) 23:16, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I don't want to speak for Robert McClenon. But, I think he meant (or, at least, I interpreted his comment to mean) not that it is common to refer to college as grades 13 through 16, but, rather, that notation ("Please circle highest grade completed: 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16+") is pretty common on job applications and other forms. Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 03:27, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Exactly. On job application forms, it is always used that way in the United States. In the United States, no college sophomore would ever say that they are in grade 14, but it is grade 14 based on the numbering. (Being a sophomore, they may say something that is both wise and foolish. Oh well.) If you are somewhere else, your mileage will vary. Robert McClenon (talk) 03:52, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Death Rate

What was the death rate of the world in 1850, 1900, 1950 and 2000?

Nineguy (talk) 23:26, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

To quote Myron Cohen: "One per person." ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 23:57, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Actually, only 90 some percent of the people who ever have lived are dead now. Now you can assume that everyone will eventually die, but maybe not, with enough technology it might be possible to keep the essence of a person alive forever. StuRat (talk) 16:44, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I'm not exactly sure what you mean by 'death rate', but maybe Mortality rate is a place to start. According to that article (and UNData), between 1950-1955 19.5/1000 people died every year (called the crude death rate or CDR), and between 2000-2005 8.4/1000 people per year. It may not be easy to find worldwide data that goes back more than a century, but assuming that the death rate wasn't changing fast, you can use Life expectancy data to calculate the crude death rate. For example, if the average lifespan of a person is 40 years, it follows that 1 in 40 people (or 25/1000) dies each year. - Lindert (talk) 12:17, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I don't think that method is very good, because people die far more as babies or near their life expectancy than in their prime. For example, a baby boom will bring with it an increased death rate when they start to reach their life expectancy. Plagues, famines, and wars can have an effect, too. StuRat (talk) 16:48, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

That is true. It would only be useful for a stable period with little variation in population and life expectancy. - Lindert (talk) 17:14, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Infant Mortality Rate of Australia

What was the infant mortality rate and under-5 mortality rate of Australia in 1850, 1900, 1950 and 2000?

Nineguy (talk) 23:29, 20 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

It's unclear whether you are just asking multiple random questions, or if this is homework. Your first question is ambiguous; the second one needs to define infant, assuming someone can get you the statistics. μηδείς (talk) 00:20, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

"Under 5" seems to define it clearly. StuRat (talk) 15:51, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

OK. Our article defines infant mortality as under 1, so we can use that. StuRat (talk) 16:18, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Read it again, Stu. The OP asked for the infant and under five rate. They are not the same thing, and different countries define infant mortality differently. μηδείς (talk) 15:55, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Our article puts infant mortality at under 1, so we can use that. StuRat (talk) 18:08, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Technically the problem is that some countries count stillbirth as infant mortality, others only live births, and others only children that survive 24 hours from delivery. But the OP seems to be a puppet of the indeffed Bowei Huang 2, report in progress. μηδείς (talk) 18:31, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

See this for infant mortality (1912-2012) and this for child mortality (1960-2013). Note that further statistics may be available from the Australian Bureau of Statistics if they were recorded. Nanonic (talk) 06:47, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Before a certain date I doubt if the Aboriginal rate would have been recorded. StuRat (talk) 15:51, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

July 21

OverDrive's name

Does anyone know how OverDrive, Inc. got its name? I can't find any information on it from a quick search of their website and WP's article. Thanks. 151.132.206.26 (talk) 00:22, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

This article from 1988 seems to imply that the original company was "Turbosoft" and "Overdrive" was a product. I found here that "Turbosoft" and "Overdrive" were trademarks owned by "Turbo Law Laboratories, Inc". Finally this link shows that the company was previously called "Potash & Nigbor - Legal Applications, Inc." M. Steve Potash is the founder and CEO of Overdrive and was apparently a lawyer who according to this article, practiced with "Potash & Podor Co., L.P.A." Richard-of-Earth (talk) 07:54, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

And for those too young to remember, an overdrive was additional gear unit for high performance cars before the days of five-speed gearboxes, so "going into overdrive" was what you did when you wanted to cruise at high speed. Alansplodge (talk) 12:53, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Not necessarily just "high performance" cars - my Dad had an Austin 1100 with overdrive in the early 1960s. It was activated by a lever on the steering wheel (like the ones used to work indicators). AndrewWTaylor (talk) 14:00, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I stand corrected. I used to drive my sister's Morris 1300 in the 1970s but if it had one, I never found out how to use it. Alansplodge (talk) 19:06, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

And many cars with automatic transmissions had automatic overdrive. They often had a D with a circle around it (an O), or sometimes a rounded square [4], which meant overdrive was available. I think it had more to do with fuel economy than "going fast", however: [5]. Note that overdrive was only engaged at high speeds, though, hence the association with high speed. StuRat (talk) 15:57, 21 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

July 22

Des Moines International Airport international service or fully domestic

If there is no international flight service then why is Des Moines International Airport called International in its name. I didn't even see any Mexico or Canadian flight service. Is this true most airports in the USA even it is a big city like Denver International Airport, San Diego International Airport it is unlikely you can go to China or Japan or Africa by direct shot? Do San Diego actually have direct service to Japan or Europe on a average basis for customers, or San Diego only does Japan or Europe for charter schools or business service. I heard Portland is like that. Is it because Des Moines have hub so multiple of airport stations connects to it?--107.202.105.233 (talk) 03:06, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

From the article you linked to: "The airport was renamed the Des Moines International Airport in 1986 to acknowledge the presence of a United States Customs Service office at the airport". Rojomoke (talk) 04:08, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

All three of the other airports mentioned serve multiple international destinations by major or regional carriers. Rmhermen (talk) 06:16, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Googling "faa definition of international airport" indicates that the presence of a Customs service is the basis for labeling an airport as "International". ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 08:15, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

An international airport doesn't have to be the terminus of an international flight. For example, I can fly from Des Moines to Atlanta's international section and then off to many international destinations. Once I go through customs in Des Moines and remain in an international terminal, I am technically on an international flight. It works the other way also. If I fly from China to Des Moines, I will likely land in San Francisco, but I won't leave the international terminal. I will then fly to Des Moines where I will go through customs. 209.149.113.45 (talk) 15:05, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

That seems really unlikely, and needs supporting evidence, as it does not match my experience with international travel or common sense. For example, there is no flight from Des Moines to "Atlanta's international section"; such a flight would have to consist of only international travelers (or domestic travelers who are electing to and capable of clearing customs). That doesn't happen; flights from Des Moines to Atlanta are a mix of international and domestic travelers and the international-bound travelers don't go through customs until they're actually entering a fully-international portion of the travel leg, and they clear customs on the other side when they exit such a portion.

Now, all that said, the likely parallel to Bugs' note on the FAA definition of "international airport" is to note that passengers are not the only things that land at an airport; if there are no international passenger flights from Des Moines, I would guess that cargo flights make up the international portion of Des Moines' traffic (and justify/drive the existence of the customs office) -- a guess that the DSM website confirms. And since cargo can't walk across the domestic/international divide in a connecting airport of its own volition, the "clear customs in Des Moines before flying to Atlanta and beyond" explanation is the true one here. — Lomn 18:02, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I was only using "Des Moines" as an example because that is what the question used. I've never flown in or out of Des Moines. In my most recent trip back from Norway, I flow into Maine, switched to a smaller aircraft, and flew into Atlanta. I went through customs in Atlanta, switched aircraft, and flew home. Similarly, went to Spain before that, I flew into Atlanta, went through customs, flew to New York, was allowed to walk around, but stayed on the same plane, flew to London, switched planes without going through customs, then flew to Lisbon, where I went through customs. So, the point was not specifically about Des Moines. It was about airports in general. You can go through customs at one airport and then fly to another airport where you leave the country. 209.149.113.45 (talk) 18:12, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Death, Fertility and Literacy Rate, of Australia

What was the death rate of Australia in 1850, 1900, 1950 and 2000?

Nineguy (talk) 08:01, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

What was the fertility rate of Australia in 1900?

Nineguy (talk) 08:04, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Literacy Rate of Australia

What was the literacy rate of Australia in 1900?

Nineguy (talk) 08:05, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

I have combined the above questions under one head. Users should be aware this editor is currently under SPI investigation as a sockpuppet of User:Bowei Huang 2. μηδείς (talk) 16:31, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

What breed of dogs did the Spaniards use to conquer Mexico.

What kind of dogs did Cortes and the conquistadors use in their campaign against the Aztecs? Were they an early form of Spanish Mastiff? If so, the wiki doesn't mention their use by the conquistadors.--Captain Breakfast (talk) 08:17, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

According to "Dogs of the Conquest" by John and Jeannette Varner, they were mastiffs. I wouldn't suggest reading the book though. It is hard to stomach page after page of graphic descriptions of dogs being used to attack and eat children to keep the natives in order. 209.149.113.45 (talk) 15:02, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Lesbian Sex

Apparently when two women rub their clitorises together it's called Tribadism? Why is it called this, how did this word originate. It's a strange one. Could it just be called something like rubbing?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.152.12.4 (talk • contribs)

Not sure if this will help but I just thought I'd point out that we have an article on Tribadism. Bus stop (talk) 10:34, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

See Tribadism#Etymology and usage. Lots of sexual terms - penis, vagina, cunnilingus, fellatio, etc. etc. - derive their names from classical languages, because the people who first wrote extensively about them in the 19th and early 20th centuries intended that discussion be limited only to those academics who understood classical languages, not the hoi polloi. Ghmyrtle (talk) 10:46, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Reverberation Time

According to the following study [6] research found that: "There is an interaction of noise and gender on performance; girls tend to perform better in quiet classrooms, while boys tend to perform better in noisy classrooms". Can this gender bias be explained, and is there any strategy for addressing that question ? Thanks --Askedonty (talk) 13:15, 22 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]

@@ Line 269: / Line 269: @@
 ::That seems really unlikely, and needs supporting evidence, as it does not match my experience with international travel or common sense. For example, there is no flight from Des Moines to "Atlanta's international section"; such a flight would have to consist of only international travelers (or domestic travelers who are electing to and capable of clearing customs). That doesn't happen; flights from Des Moines to Atlanta are a mix of international and domestic travelers and the international-bound travelers don't go through customs until they're actually entering a fully-international portion of the travel leg, and they clear customs on the other side when they exit such a portion.
 ::Now, all that said, the likely parallel to Bugs' note on the FAA definition of "international airport" is to note that passengers are not the only things that land at an airport; if there are no international passenger flights from Des Moines, I would guess that cargo flights make up the international portion of Des Moines' traffic (and justify/drive the existence of the customs office) -- a guess that the [http://www.dsmairport.com/at-the-airport/air-cargo.aspx DSM website confirms]. And since cargo can't walk across the domestic/international divide in a connecting airport of its own volition, the "clear customs in Des Moines before flying to Atlanta and beyond" explanation is the true one here. &mdash; [[User talk:Lomn|Lomn]] 18:02, 22 July 2015 (UTC)
+:::I was only using "Des Moines" as an example because that is what the question used. I've never flown in or out of Des Moines. In my most recent trip back from Norway, I flow into Maine, switched to a smaller aircraft, and flew into Atlanta. I went through customs in Atlanta, switched aircraft, and flew home. Similarly, went to Spain before that, I flew into Atlanta, went through customs, flew to New York, was allowed to walk around, but stayed on the same plane, flew to London, switched planes without going through customs, then flew to Lisbon, where I went through customs. So, the point was not specifically about Des Moines. It was about airports in general. You can go through customs at one airport and then fly to another airport where you leave the country. [[Special:Contributions/209.149.113.45|209.149.113.45]] ([[User talk:209.149.113.45|talk]]) 18:12, 22 July 2015 (UTC)
 == Death, Fertility and Literacy Rate, of Australia ==